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krill
The industry, however, was beset by 50 percent of the
numerous problems, least of all being the total caught in
huge amount of fuel required to undertake 2010 according to
journeys to Antarctica and then remaining on CCAMLR statistics.
site for catching and processing. Much of the krill
It collapsed for the most part after the fishery depends on
demise of the USSR, which had been able to large trawl nets with
bankroll its expensive operation without an very fine meshes,
eye towards profit. producing a very
Highly palatable feed ingredients such as krill have an important role to play, The increase in sustain- In the late 1990s, the controversial high drag that gen-
able catch tonnage is largely due to krill fishing innovations by Norwegian-based Aker BioMarine, Reverend Sun Myung Moon stepped in, organ- erates a bow wave,
according to WWF Norway ising Alaskan-based Top Ocean to fish for krill deflecting the krill to
with the idea that krill meal could feed the the side.
world’s population. In addition, fine
R
Although Top Ocean’s factory trawler mesh trawls tend
ecent headlines from around feedmill operators are already nervous as to America’s southern tip of Tierra del Fuego worked the Southern Ocean grounds from to clog very fast,
the world are enough to what this year will bring. and the Antarctic Peninsula. 2000 to 2004—and even won an award and perhaps worse,
keep any aquaculture feed
One ShOt At
However, in all this glum reportage, there Krill are shrimp-like zooplankton, growing at the Boston Seafood Show with its krill the tiny mesh size
producer up all night with is one natural resource in which there is such to a length of about 6cm (2.4in). They live in products—Top Ocean’s owners decided not catches everything
worry! With increasing commodity abundance of biomass, it literally staggers the large schools, called swarms, which can reach to pursue it. in its path, leading to
prices, fishmeal inclusion is decreasing imagination. a density of 10,000 to 30,000 individual krill However, since then Antarctic krill indus- a large by-catch.
and vegetable material contents are Depending on which source and method- per cubic metre. try has picked itself up and is expanding Once caught
increasing - highly palatable feed ingre-
dients such as krill have an important
role to play.
ology is used to estimate the amount, there
is somewhere between 125 million to 1800
million tonnes (that’s 1.8 billion tonnes) of
Because of the krill’s efficient filtering
action, it is the largest animal that can feed
directly on minute phytoplankton cells – with
with catches around 200,000 tonnes, shared
mainly between Norway, South Korea, Japan,
and Poland.
in the net, two
problems occur.
Krill caught early
AquAfeed PerfectiOn
krill in the ocean, though most seem to agree world’s largest concentration to be found in The increase in sustainable catch tonnage during the run will
Following a year of disastrous South Pacific on an amount of around 400–500 million the Southern Ocean. In turn, baleen whales, is largely due to krill fishing innovations by be compacted and In the competitive aquafeed industry, you
jack mackerel catches; Chile has slashed its tonnes. seals, penguins and other birds feed on krill. only get one shot to put the perfect product in
2011 quotas for high seas and coastal fishing Still, no matter which figure you use, this These animals eat an estimated 152–313 the bag. That’s why so many leading aquafeed
by 76 percent. Further up the South American still makes krill today the most successful million tons of krill annually, making krill the manufacturers in the industry count on Extru-Tech to
coastline in mid-January the Peruvian govern- single species organism in the world. keystone species of the Antarctica ecosystem.
ment closed the anchovy fishery in the centre Today, however, the catch capacity is mar- What makes krill so special to these ani- Krill Canada Sales Corp. engineer the perfect aquafeed production solution.
and north because of a high level of juveniles ginal compared with the existing biomass, mals is its high protein content – 40 percent North America’s largest supplier of Is your aquafeed production system on target?
in the catch. China Fishery has shut down according to the CCAMLR (Convention for or more of dry weight – with nearly 20 amino krill products! Could you use a cost effective improvement
three of its fishmeal plants. the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living acids. Lipids make up about 20 percent of E.
in performance and finished product quality?
The UK’s 2010 Seafish Annual Review of Resources). The Antarctic krill stocks are superba and this contains a high concentrate
feed grade fish stocks reported that most of monitored and fishing is controlled by the of omega-3 fatty acids and phospholipids.
Krill usage Contact one of the Aquafeed Consultants
Smoult sea water entry diets
the stocks of the world’s top 10 species are CCAMLR. The size of the krill biomass, its nutritional at Extru-Tech today at 785-284-2153.
Weaning and broodstock diets
fully exploited or overexploited and “there- value and its purity from persistent pollut- Starter diets for marine and fresh water species
fore cannot be expected to produce major Krill 101 ants found in industrial fish species in the Fin fish growth: color, taste, stimulate eating and breeding
increase in catches”. Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, by bio- Northern Hemisphere has not escaped the Crustaceans: growth and brood stock supplements
Blazing summer temperatures last year mass is the main species of krill (there are attention of man as well. Tropical fish: whole feed and supplement feeds
in some parts of the world devastated grain about 85 species) and lives in the Antarctic But with E. superba living in the isolated Invertabrates: whole feed
production – enough so in Russia that it waters of the Southern Ocean, with the and stormy Southern Ocean, wanting it and Fish bait and attractants
®
quit exporting grains. While elsewhere, largest concentrations found in the Scotia Sea. catching it has proven to be two completely
other major plant protein producers such as This is the region of water between South different things.
Australia and Brazil are now Added to these problems are Corporate Office
experiencing floods. other huge ones to overcome in har- Our products include P.O. Box 8 • 100 Airport Road
On the seafood produc- The increase vesting krill; it must be processed very Fresh Frozen Pacifica Krill Sabetha, KS 66534, USA
in sustainable Fresh Raw Frozen Superba Krill Phone: 785-284-2153
tion side, aquaculture is catch quickly due to the rapid enzymatic
Fresh Boiled Frozen Superba Krill Fax: 785-284-3143
overwhelmingly concentrated tonnage breakdown and tainting of the meat
Fresh Shell off Frozen Superba Krill extru-techinc@extru-techinc.com
in one country – China – is largely by the intestines.
Superba Krill Meal www.extru-techinc.com
which has the population, the due to krill
demand and now the financial fishing Rough seas
innovations For more information & our full product range, visit:
www.krill.ca
reserves to seemingly corner by In the late 1960s the Soviet Union
the world’s production of Norwegian- sent its specially designed Antarktida-
fishmeal. based Aker class vessels to the Southern Ocean to
China’s buying spree drove BioMarine, see if there was potential in fishing for
up fishmeal prices for a time according to the world’s largest biomass. Despite
WWF Norway North America’s largest supplier of krill products!
last year to US$2000 a tonne; the Soviets finding major problems in
18 InternatIonal AquAFeed
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March-april 2011
2011 March-april
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19
ET-210B.indd 1 12/17/10 10:27 AM
F: Krill
crushed at the cod end of the trawl. If they In addition, Aker BioMarine actively col- diet. Four experimental diets with Qrill™
die, their flesh starts self-destructing before laborates with environmental organizations Antarctic krill meal or Qrill™ oil, both from
they are brought onboard for processing. like the WWF Norway to adopt and pro- Aker BioMarine, were prepared with differ-
And, when a full net is hauled out of the mote new standards for operations where ent percentages of krill oil ranging from one
sea, the krill compress against each other, the health of the environment is foremost. percent to 11 percent.
resulting in a great loss of the krill’s liquids. “We believe that it is important to work Weighing samples each week showed
As it looks today it seems that Aker with the most proactive players to ensure the shrimp in all tanks grew continuously
BioMarine has come up with a way of har- the continued sustainability of this fishery,” throughout the culture period. There were
vesting krill which eliminates these problems. says Nina Jensen, Conservation Director in no statistically significant differences in the
WWF Norway. shrimp weight with any of the diets provided
A better way “Aker BioMarine is the only operator in the indoor tanks and there were signifi-
The company’s fishing system, so called in the krill fishery doing all the right things: cant cost savings when using krill ingredients
Eco-Harvesting, allows the net to stay under 100 percent observer coverage, VMS [ves- in comparison with the base diet.
water during the entire operation. According sel monitoring system], real-time reporting “These data indicate that krill meal and
to the Aker BioMarine web site the krill procedures, science and research contribu- krill oil are able to fully replace fishmeal,
is filtered at the end of the net and flows tions by allowing onboard scientists at soya lecithin or cholesterol and meet the
upwards in a flexible hose, with air injected no cost, and economic participation in nutritional requirements of L. vannamei,”
to create the upward lift. The equipment establishing a science fund.” says Alberto Nunes.
stays underwater while a continuous stream Aker BioMarine Vice President Sigve
of water flows through the hose, bringing the Qrill™ offers feed benefits Nordrum explains that for commercial
krill live and fresh directly into the factory Aker BioMarine’s brand name Qrill™ purposes the addition of Qrill™ Antarctic
vessel, allowing for the processing of fresh has become recognised in the aquaculture krill meal alone will provide krill oil as well
raw material with superior product quality. industry for being a novel high quality feed as the nutrient input from krill meal.
In addition, the company claims that Eco- ingredient. “Qrill™ Antarctic krill meal contains 25
Harvesting It is described as containing a pure pack- percent krill oil, thus a feed with 10 percent
results in age of healthy and nutritional ingredients. krill meal will have 2.5 percent oil. Because
minimal The protein quality is high – at least 56 of the refinement process, pure krill oil
environ- percent – it is rich in marine phospholipids costs more and is best reserved for larval
m e n t a l and omega-3 fatty acids and it contains diets where the benefits justify the invest-
impact due significant levels of the antioxidant and ment,” he says.
to a special pigment astaxanthin. In separate tasting trials run by Nunes
selection The astaxanthin level in Qrill is and his team, consumers preferred shrimp
mechanism 110–1200ppm. raised on feed containing krill oil in contrast
w h i c h After an advanced extraction process, to fish oil or soya oil.
identifies Qrill™ Phospholipid oil is ready to use and, Shrimp fed the krill diets had the top
unwanted says Aker BioMarine, it is an outstanding rating for colour, probably because of the
Sigve Nordrum, Aker
BioMarine vice president by-catch source of phospholipids, omega-3 fatty acids astaxanthin in krill. While scores for texture
and Nina Jensen, for release DHA and EPA, and astaxanthin. were similar, krill diets again scored best
Conservation Director in unharmed. In shrimp feed trials undertaken in Brazil, for flavour.
WWF Norway Rapid it was found that Qrill™ Antarctic krill Feeding trials with gilthead sea bream
and con- meal – which contains 25 percent krill larvae in Spain clearly demonstrated that
tinuous oil – offered numerous advantages over krill phospholipids significantly improved
onboard processing preserves all the key conventional fishmeal-based feed. larval growth in comparison with a control
nutrients in both krill meal and krill oil. Economic advantages were revealed diet containing soya lecithin as the phos-
Processed krill products are collected by a when growth performance was maintained pholipid source.
second vessel and delivered to Montevideo, with krill meal diets. Larval growth was assessed in terms
Uruguay, for onward distribution. Aker Additionally, separate trials showed of body weight, total length and specific
BioMarine’s krill fisheries are certified by consumers preferred shrimp fed on krill. growth rate (SGR). In addition, fatty acid
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Vo l u m e 1 4 I s s u e 2 2 0 1 1
• See the full issue
Aquaculture:
• Visit the International Aquafeed website
Producing aquafeed pellets
Krill:
Feed makers need to look at krill
Feed Management:
• Contact the International Aquafeed Team
An assessment of aquaculture production with
special reference to Asia and Europe
Pigmentation
Effects of Corn Gluten Meal on Flesh
Pigmentation of Rainbow Trout
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