God 1

God
God is the English name given to a singular being in theistic and deistic religions (and other belief systems) who is
either the sole deity in monotheism, or a single deity in polytheism.[1]
God is most often conceived of as the supernatural creator and overseer of the universe. Theologians have ascribed a
variety of attributes to the many different conceptions of God. The most common among these include omniscience
(infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), omnibenevolence
(perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence.
God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation,
and the "greatest conceivable existent".[1] These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish,
Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Maimonides,[2] Augustine of Hippo,[2] and Al-Ghazali,[3]
respectively. Many notable medieval philosophers and modern philosophers developed arguments for the existence
of God.[3] Many notable philosophers and intellectuals have, in contrast, developed arguments against the existence
of God.

Etymology and usage

The earliest written form of the Germanic word god comes from the 6th century Christian Codex Argenteus. The
English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. Most linguists agree that the reconstructed
Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to
invoke".[4] The Germanic words for god were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process
of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the word became a
masculine syntactic form.[5]
The capitalized form God was first used in Ulfilas's Gothic translation of the New Testament, to represent the Greek
Theos. In the English language, the capitalization continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God"
and "gods" in polytheism.[6] [7] In spite of significant differences between religions such as Christianity, Islam,
Hinduism, the Bahá'í Faith, and Judaism, the term "God" remains an English translation common to all. The name
may signify any related or similar monotheistic deities, such as the early monotheism of Akhenaten and
Zoroastrianism.
When used in English within a community with a common monotheistic background, "God" always refers to the
deity they share. Those with a background in different Abrahamic religions will usually agree on the deity they
share, while still differing on details of belief and doctrine—they will disagree about attributes of [the] God, rather
than thinking in terms of "my God" and "your (different) God".

Names of God
Conceptions of God can vary widely, but the word God in English—and its counterparts in other languages, such as
Latinate Deus, Greek Θεός, Slavic Bog, Sanskrit Ishvara or Deva, or Arabic Allah—are normally used for any and
all conceptions. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton
(written YHWH), in origin the name of a Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible,
when the word "LORD" is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.[8] God may also be
given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God, with early
references to his name as Krishna-Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari.[9] For aboriginal Guanches
(Tenerife, Spain) God is called Achamán.[10]
It is difficult to distinguish between proper names and epitheta of God, such as the names and titles of Jesus in the
New Testament, the names of God in the Qur'an, and the various lists of the thousand names of Hindu gods and List
of titles and names of Krishna in Vaishnavism.
God 2

Throughout the Hebrew and Christian Bible there are many names for God that portray his (God is always
characterised as male in Biblical sources, except  Genesis 1:26-27[11] ) nature and character. One of them is
elohim,[12] [13] (which is actually a plural word). Another one is El Shaddai, meaning “God Almighty”.[14] A third
notable name is El Elyon, which means “The Most High God”.[15]

Conceptions of God
Conceptions of God vary widely. Theologians and philosophers have
studied countless conceptions of God since the dawn of civilization.
The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition
of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic
concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the
divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste,
ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic to atheistic. Divinity were
recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma.
However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a
supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God
in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more
prominent place to notions of the divine.

In modern times, some more abstract concepts have been developed,

such as process theology and open theism. Conceptions of God held by
individual believers vary so widely that there is no clear consensus on
the nature of God.[16] The contemporaneous French philosopher Detail of Sistine Chapel fresco Creation of the
Michel Henry has however proposed a phenomenological approach Sun and Moon by Michelangelo (c. 1512), a well

and definition of God as phenomenological essence of Life.[17] known example of the depiction of God the
Father in Western art.

Existence of God
Many arguments which attempt to prove or disprove the existence of God have been proposed by philosophers,
theologians, and other thinkers for many centuries. In philosophical terminology, such arguments concern schools of
thought on the epistemology of the ontology of God.
There are many philosophical issues concerning the existence of God. Some definitions of God are sometimes
nonspecific, while other definitions can be self-contradictory. Arguments for the existence of God typically include
metaphysical, empirical, inductive, and subjective types, while others revolve around perceived holes in evolutionary
theory and order and complexity in the world. Arguments against the existence of God typically include empirical,
deductive, and inductive types. Conclusions reached include: "God does not exist" (strong atheism); "God almost
certainly does not exist"[18] (de facto atheism); "no one knows whether God exists" (agnosticism); "God exists, but
this cannot be proven or disproven" (weak theism); and "God exists and this can be proven" (strong theism). There
are numerous variations on these positions.
Some theologians, such as the scientist and theologian A.E. McGrath, argue that the existence of God cannot be
adjudicated on for or against by using scientific method.[19] [20] Agnostic Stephen Jay Gould argues that science and
religion are not in conflict and do not overlap. (Non-overlapping magisteria)
God 3

Theological approaches
Theologians and philosophers have ascribed a number of attributes to God, including omniscience, omnipotence,
omnipresence, perfect goodness, divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God has been described as
incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable being existent.[1] These
attributes were all claimed to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars, including St
Augustine,[2] Al-Ghazali,[3] and Maimonides.[2]
Many medieval philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God,[3] while attempting to comprehend the
precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical
problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will
choose to act. If God does know this, their apparent free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply
predestination; and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.[21]
However, if by its essential nature, free will is not predetermined, then the effect of its will can never be perfectly
predicted by anyone, regardless of intelligence and knowledge. Although knowledge of the options presented to that
will, combined with perfect-infinite intelligence, could be said to provide God with omniscience if omniscience is
defined as knowledge or understanding of all that is.
The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by
such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from
morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, like Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic";
or to take, like Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position.[22] Some theists agree that none of the arguments for
God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no
risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by
Pascal as: "The heart has reasons which reason knows not of."[23]
Most major religions hold God not as a metaphor, but a being that influences our day-to-day existences. Many
believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings, and give them names such as angels, saints,
djinni, demons, and devas.

Theism and Deism

Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God
created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; personal and interacting with the universe
through for example religious experience and the prayers of humans.[24] It holds that God is both transcendent and
immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.[25] Not all theists
subscribe to all the above propositions, but usually a fair number of them, c.f., family resemblance.[24] Catholic
theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is
omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and
suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence,
omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience
does not mean the deity can predict the future. "Theism" is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god
or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.[26] [27]
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was
necessary to create it.[25] In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and does not literally answer prayers or cause
miracles to occur. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of
humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs
discussed below.
God 4

History of monotheism
Some writers such as Karen Armstrong believe that the concept of
monotheism sees a gradual development out of notions of henotheism
and monolatrism. In the Ancient Near East, each city had a local patron
deity, such as Shamash at Larsa or Sin at Ur. The earliest known
claims of global supremacy of a specific god date to the Late Bronze
Age, with Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten, and, depending on
dating issues, Zoroaster's Gathas to Ahura Mazda. Currents of monism
or monotheism emerge in Vedic India in the same period, with e.g. the
Nasadiya Sukta. Philosophical monotheism and the associated concept
of absolute good and evil emerges in Classical Antiquity, notably with
Plato (c.f. Euthyphro dilemma), elaborated into the idea of The One in
Neoplatonism.
The Name of God written in Arabic calligraphy
According to The Oxford Companion To World Mythology, "The lack by 17th century Ottoman artist Hâfız Osman. In
Islam, it is considered a sin to anthropomorphize
of cohesion among early Hebrews made monotheism – even
God.
monolatry, the exclusive worship of one god among many – an
impossibility...And even then it can be argued that the firm
establishment of monotheism in Judaism required the rabbinical or Talmudic process of the first century B.C.E. to
the sixth century C.E.".[28] In Islamic theology, a person who spontaneously "discovers" monotheism is called a
ḥanīf, the original ḥanīf being Abraham.

Austrian anthropologist Wilhelm Schmidt in the 1910s postulated an Urmonotheismus, "original" or "primitive
monotheism", a thesis now widely rejected in comparative religion but still occasionally defended in creationist
circles.

Monotheism and pantheism

Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions
under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is
especially emphasized in Hinduism[29] and Sikhism.[30] Adherents of different religions, however, generally disagree
as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to
reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they
are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the
Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes
that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view
in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third
approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example in Christianity is
universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism,
mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but
is not identical to, the Universe; the distinctions between the two are subtle. It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic
Church, Theosophy, some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism which believes in panentheism, Sikhism, some
divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within
denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God — which has wide
acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov — but only as an addition to the
Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.
God 5

Dystheism and nontheism

Dystheism, which is related to theodicy is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully
malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil. One such example would be Satanism.
Nontheism holds that the universe can be explained without any reference to the supernatural, or to a supernatural
being. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists
understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations.Others such as Dawkins see the idea of God as entirely
pernicious.

Non-religious views regarding God

Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping
magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of
God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to
answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about
ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium
of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.[31]
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds
that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a
scientific difference."[18]
Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only
conceivable scientific discovery that could challenge it would be an infinitely old universe.[32]

Anthropomorphism
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general,
supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the
best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek Mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern
soap opera than other religious systems.[33] Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through
formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable
entities as intermediaries.[34] Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto
non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that
god concepts are projections of one's father.[35]
Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to
include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans
began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups,
morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However it is much harder to enforce morality
using social forces in much larger groups. He indicates that by including ever watchful gods and spirits, humans
discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.[36]
God 6

Distribution of belief in God

As of 2000, approximately 53% of the world's
population identifies with one of the three primary
Abrahamic religions (33% Christian, 20% Islam, <1%
Judaism), 6% with Buddhism, 13% with Hinduism, 6%
with traditional Chinese religion, 7% with various other
religions, and less than 15% as non-religious. Most of
these religious beliefs involve a god or gods.[37] (Other
Abrahamic religions include Baha'i, Samaritanism, the
Rastafari movement, Yazidism, and the Unification
Church.)

Notes
[1] Swinburne, R.G. "God" in Honderich, Ted. (ed)The Oxford
Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 1995.
The percentage of population in European countries who responded
[2] Edwards, Paul. "God and the philosophers" in Honderich, Ted.
in a 2005 census that they "believe there is a God". Countries with
(ed)The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Oxford University
Roman Catholic (e.g.: Poland, Portugal) Eastern Orthodox (Greece,
Press, 1995.
Romania, Cyprus) or Muslim (Turkey, Cyprus) majorities tend to
[3] Platinga, Alvin. "God, Arguments for the Existence of,"
poll highest.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, 2000.
[4] The ulterior etymology is disputed. Apart from the unlikely
hypothesis of adoption from a foreign tongue, the OTeut. "ghuba" implies as its preTeut-type either "*ghodho-m" or "*ghodto-m". The former
does not appear to admit of explanation; but the latter would represent the neut. pple. of a root "gheu-". There are two Aryan roots of the
required form ("*g,heu-" with palatal aspirate) one with meaning 'to invoke' (Skr. "hu") the other 'to pour, to offer sacrifice' (Skr "hu", Gr.
χεηi;ν, OE "geotàn" Yete v). OED Compact Edition, G, p. 267
[5] Barnhart, Robert K (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words, page 323.
HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270094-7
[6] Webster's New World Dictionary; "god n. ME < OE, akin to Ger gott, Goth guth, prob. < IE base * ĝhau-, to call out to, invoke > Sans
havaté, (he) calls upon; 1. any of various beings conceived of as supernatural, immortal, and having special powers over the lives and affairs
of people and the course of nature; deity, esp. a male deity: typically considered objects of worship; 2. an image that is worshiped; idol 3. a
person or thing deified or excessively honored and admired; 4. [G-] in monotheistic religions, the creator and ruler of the universe, regarded
as eternal, infinite, all-powerful, and all-knowing; Supreme Being; the Almighty
[7] Dictionary.com (http:/ / dictionary. reference. com/ browse/ God); "God /gɒd/ noun: 1. the one Supreme Being, the creator and ruler of the
universe. 2. the Supreme Being considered with reference to a particular attribute. 3. (lowercase) one of several deities, esp. a male deity,
presiding over some portion of worldly affairs. 4. (often lowercase) a supreme being according to some particular conception: the god of
mercy. 5. Christian Science. the Supreme Being, understood as Life, Truth, Love, Mind, Soul, Spirit, Principle. 6. (lowercase) an image of a
deity; an idol. 7. (lowercase) any deified person or object. 8. (often lowercase) Gods, Theater. 8a. the upper balcony in a theater. 8b. the
spectators in this part of the balcony.
[8] Barton, G.A. (2006). A Sketch of Semitic Origins: Social and Religious. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 142861575X.
[9] Hastings 2003, p. 540
[10] Guanche Religion (http:/ / www. eldia. es/ 2009-08-23/ CRITERIOS/ 3-Religion-guanche. htm)
[11] Elaine H. Pagels "What Became of God the Mother? Conflicting Images of God in Early Christianity" (http:/ / holyspirit-shekinah. org/ _/
what_became_of_god_the_mother-1. htm) Signs, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter, 1976), pp. 293-303
[12] Isa. 45:18; 54:5; Jer. 32:27; Gen. 1:1; Deut. 5:23; 8:15; Ps. 68:7
[13] Bible Gateway, http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ . & nbsp;. & nbsp;. (http:/ / www. biblegateway. com/ passage/ ?search=Isa. 54:5&
version=31)
[14] Gen. 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; Ex. 6:31; Ps. 91:1, 2
[15] Gen. 14:19; Ps. 9:2; Dan. 7:18, 22, 25
[16] "DOES GOD MATTER? A Social-Science Critique" (http:/ / www. hds. harvard. edu/ news/ bulletin/ articles/ does_god_matter. html). by
Paul Froese and Christopher Bader. . Retrieved 2007-05-28.
[17] Michel Henry : I am the Truth. Toward a philosophy of Christianity (Stanford University Press, 2002)
[18] Dawkins, Richard. "Why There Almost Certainly Is No God" (http:/ / www. huffingtonpost. com/ richard-dawkins/
why-there-almost-certainl_b_32164. html). The Huffington Post. . Retrieved 2007-01-10.
God 7

[19] View (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=V9dr6167AJ8C) at Google Books

Citation will soon be automatically completed. In the meantime, please check that you have correctly copied the book identifier.
[20] View (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Jb5aRB7OxWsC) at Google Books
Citation will soon be automatically completed. In the meantime, please check that you have correctly copied the book identifier.
[21] Wierenga, Edward R. "Divine foreknowledge" in Audi, Robert. The Cambridge Companion to Philosophy. Cambridge University Press,
2001.
[22] Beaty, Michael (1991). "God Among the Philosophers" (http:/ / www. religion-online. org/ showarticle. asp?title=53). The Christian
Century. . Retrieved 2007-02-20.
[23] Pascal, Blaise. Pensées, 1669.
[24] Smart, Jack; John Haldane (2003). Atheism and Theism. Blackwell Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 0631232591.
[25] Lemos, Ramon M. (2001). A Neomedieval Essay in Philosophical Theology. Lexington Books. p. 34. ISBN 0739102508.
[26] "Philosophy of Religion.info – Glossary – Theism, Atheism, and Agonisticism" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080424071443/ http:/ /
www. philosophyofreligion. info/ definitions. html). Philosophy of Religion.info. Archived from the original (http:/ / www.
philosophyofreligion. info/ definitions. html) on April 24, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-07-16.
[27] "Theism – definition of theism by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia" (http:/ / www. thefreedictionary. com/ theism).
TheFreeDictionary. . Retrieved 2008-07-16.
[28] The Oxford Companion To World Mythology (David Leeming, Oxford University Press, 2005, page 153)
[29] See Swami Bhaskarananda, Essentials of Hinduism (Viveka Press 2002) ISBN 1-884852-04-1
[30] Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib (http:/ / www. srigranth. org/ servlet/ gurbani. gurbani?Action=Page& Param=1350& english=t&
id=57718)
[31] Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Great Britain: Bantam Press. ISBN 0-618-68000-4.
[32] Sagan, Carl (1996). The Demon Haunted World p.278. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40946-9.
[33] Boyer, Pascal (2001). Religion Explained, (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=wreF80OHTicC& pg=PA142& lpg=PA142& dq=boyer+
modern+ soap+ opera). New York: Basic Books. pp. 142–243. ISBN 0-465-00696-5. .
[34] du Castel, Bertrand; Jurgensen, Timothy M. (2008). Computer Theology,. Austin, Texas: Midori Press. pp. 221–222. ISBN 0-9801821-1-5.
[35] Barrett, Justin (1996) (PDF). Conceptualizing a Nonnatural Entity: Anthropomorphism in God Concepts (http:/ / www. yale. edu/
cogdevlab/ People/ Lab_Members/ Frank/ Frank's papers pdfs / Frank's articles/ conceptualizingnonnaturalentity. pdf). .
[36] Rossano, Matt (2007) (PDF). Supernaturalizing Social Life: Religion and the Evolution of Human Cooperation (http:/ / www2. selu. edu/
Academics/ Faculty/ mrossano/ recentpubs/ Supernaturalizing. pdf). . Retrieved 2009-06-25.
[37] National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World p. 49

References
• Beck, Guy L. (Ed.) (2005). Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity (http://
books.google.com/?id=0SJ73GHSCF8C). SUNY Press. ISBN 0791464156.
• Pickover, Cliff, The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience, Palgrave/St Martin's Press, 2001. ISBN
1-4039-6457-2
• Collins, Francis, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief, Free Press, 2006. ISBN
0-7432-8639-1
• Harris interactive, While Most Americans Believe in God, Only 36% Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or
More Often
• Miles, Jack, God: A Biography, Knopf, 1995, ISBN 0-679-74368-5 Book description (http://www.jackmiles.
com/default.asp?ID=15).
• Armstrong, Karen, A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Ballantine
Books, 1994. ISBN 0-434-02456-2
• National Geographic Family Reference Atlas of the World, National Geographic Society, 2002.
• Pew research center, The 2004 Political Landscape Evenly Divided and Increasingly Polarized – Part 8: Religion
in American Life
• Sharp, Michael, The Book of Light: The Nature of God, the Structure of Consciousness, and the Universe Within
You. Avatar Publications, 2005. ISBN 0-9738555-2-5. free as eBook (http://bookoflight.michaelsharp.org/
?act=intro0973855525)
• Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, Vol. 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951). ISBN 0-226-80337-6
• Hastings, James Rodney (2nd edition 1925–1940, reprint 1955, 2003) [1908–26]. [[Encyclopedia of Religion and
Ethics (http://books.google.com/?id=Kaz58z--NtUC&pg=PA540&vq=Krishna)]]. John A Selbie (Volume 4
God 8

of 24 ( Behistun (continued) to Bunyan.) ed.). Edinburgh: Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 476.

ISBN 0-7661-3673-6. Retrieved 5 March 2008. "The encyclopedia will contain articles on all the religions of the
world and on all the great systems of ethics. It will aim at containing articles on every religious belief or custom,
and on every ethical movement, every philosophical idea, every moral practice."

External links
• Concept of God in Christianity (http://www.armatabianca.org/eng/padre.php?sottomenu=4)
• Concept of God in Islam (http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm)
• God Christian perspective (http://www.allaboutgod.com)
• God in Judaism (http://www.chabad.org/search/keyword.asp?kid=3001)
• Hindu Concept of God (http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm)
• Jewish Literacy (http://www.aish.com/literacy/concepts/Understanding_God.asp)
• Mystical view of God (http://www.fatherspeaks.net)
• Relation of God to the Universe (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06614a.htm)
• Discussion about God in Germany 2009 (http://knol.google.com/k/nils-horn/
the-science-of-proving-god-s-existence/d0nwq0okqs4d/28/)
Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and Contributors

God  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=416737305  Contributors: !Remagoediv, (, -Midorihana-, -Ril-, 0, 1059, 10jlyn, 119, 12.2.94.xxx, 12.9.138.xxx, 165.155.160.xxx, 172,
192.146.101.xxx, 193.237.249.xxx, 1Shady2, 212.211.66.xxx, 2nd Piston Honda, 334a, 5thhour, 64.105.112.xxx, 65.96.132.xxx, 96T, A purple wikiuser, A-giau, A. B., A.K.Karthikeyan, A.Ou,
A3RO, A3i179, ABCD, ACV777, AI master god Helios, AShipway, Aaarrrggh, Aaron Brenneman, Aaron Schulz, Abczyx, Abdullais4u, Abigirl164, AbsolutDan, Academic Challenger,
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Article Sources and Contributors 10

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