Processes and methods employed in transformation of tangible inputs (raw materials, semi-finished goods, or

subassemblies) and intangible inputs (ideas, information, know how) into goods or services.

>Production means the development and creation of goods and services using resources to stimulate exchange.
It is the physical output of a manufacturing or service company. Production involves three processes – raw
materials, work in process and finished goods. Means of production refer to the concept which combines the
means of labor and the subject of labor. Means of labor simply means all the things which requires labor to
transform it. Subject of labor means the material to work on. Production, therefore, is the combined resources
and equipment needed to come up with goods or services.

Production and Operations Management ("POM") is about the transformation of production and operational
inputs into "outputs" that, when distributed, meet the needs of customers.

The process in the above diagram is often referred to as the "Conversion Process".

There are several different

methods of handling the conversion or production process - Job, Batch, Flow and Group

Batch production is the manufacturing technique of creating a group of components at a workstation before
moving the group to the next step in production. Batch production is common in bakeries and in the
manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), inks, paints and adhesives. In the manufacture
of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is used. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest
colour first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and
so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the
machinery between each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not transparent ink) is the only colour
that cannot be used in a colour-run because a small amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium
colours. The chemical, tire, and process industry (CPT) segment uses a combination of batch and process
manufacturing depending the product and plant.

Advantages and Disadvantages

There are several advantages of batch production; it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single
production line can be used to produce several products. As shown in the example, batch production
can be useful for small businesses who cannot afford to run continuous production lines. If a retailer
buys a batch of a product that does not sell, then the producer can cease production without having to
sustain huge losses. Batch production is also useful for a factory that makes seasonal items, products for
which it is difficult to forecast demand, a trial run for production, or products that have a high profit
margin.

Batch production also has disadvantages. There are inefficiencies associated with batch production as
equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Idle
time between batches is known as downtime. The time between consecutive batches is known as cycle time.
Cycle time variation is a Lean Manufacturing metric.

Job production, sometimes called jobbing, involves producing a one-off product for a specific customer. Job
production is most often associated with small firms (making railings for a specific house, building/repairing a
computer for a specific customer, making flower arrangements for a specific wedding etc.) but large firms use
job production too. Examples include:

• Designing and implementing an advertising campaign

 • Auditing the accounts of a large public limited company
• Building a new factory
• Installing machinery in a factory
• Machining a batch of parts per a CAD drawing supplied by a customer

Fabrication shops and machine shops whose work is primarily of the job production type are often called job
shops. The associated people or corporations are sometimes called jobbers.

Benefits and disadvantages

Key benefits of job production include:

• work is generally of a high quality

• a high level of customisation is possible to meet the customer's exact requirements
• significant flexibility is possible, especially when compared to mass production
• workers can be easily motivated due to the skilled nature of the work they are performing

Disadvantages include:

• higher cost of production

• requires the use of specialist labour (compare with the repetitive, low-skilled jobs in mass production)
• slow compared to other methods (batch production and mass production)

Essential features

There are a number of features that should be implemented in a job production environment, they include:

• Clear definitions of objectives should be set.

• Clearly outlined decision making process.

Continuous production is a method used to manufacture, produce, or process materials without interruption.
This process is followed in most oil and gas industries and petrochemical plant, process manufacturing and in
other industries such as the float glass industry, where glass of different thickness is processed in a continuous
manner. Once the molten glass flows out of the furnace, machines work on the glass from either side and
either compress or expand it. Controlling the speed of rotation of those machines and varying them in numbers
produces a glass ribbon of varying width and thickness. Continuous production is largely controlled by
production controllers with feedback. The majority of transducers and controllers employ PID (Proportional,
Integral, and Derivative) control which controls the final output element based on the variables response to the
control element.

The most important difference between batch production and continuous production is that in continuous
production, the chemical transformations of the input materials are made in continuous reactions that occur in
flowing streams of the materials whereas in batch production they are done in containers.

Responsibilities
Provide overall Management of the ongoing Production operations including Inventory
Control, Scheduling, Documentation, Equipment Maintenance, Calibration, Shipping, and
Quality Control/Inspection.
Assist in creation of efficient processes through hands-on development and training.
Track quality of all processes through analysis of recorded data and formation of
additional test-points. Correlate results with requirements/specifications.

Report directly to COO.