1. ocular - magnifies the image formed by the objective.

2. nosepiece - holds the objectives.

3. objectives - lenses that receive the light from the field of view and form
the first image.
4. stage - supports the slide and the specimen.
Beneficial vs. Harmful Bacteria 5. stage clips - hold the slide in place.
6. base - foundation which supports the scope & keeps it stable.

• Most are beneficial (over 99%) contribute to the quality of human
life
• They live in every environment on earth
• Microbes are important in ecological systems
• They are important to biogeochemical cycles
• Human digestion depends upon them
• They are important to the food industry and the productions of many
products
• Microbes help with wastewater and oil spill cleanup
• A small minority of microbes cause disease
FOOD PRODUCTION
• Milk into yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, cheese
• Aid in production of chocolate, bread products, wine, beer,
tea
• Pickling process to make pickles from cucumbers and
sauerkraut from cabbage
FOOD SPOILAGE AND DECOMPOSITION OF FOOD
• Microbes play a key role – bacteria and fungi – in food spoilage and
decomposition
• Many types can live at low temperatures as mold on food in the refrigerator
• Food preservation techniques as salt and high acid affect microbes
7. diaphragm - controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.
8. illuminator - source of light. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY
9. course adjustment - used for initial or low power adjustment.
10. fine adjustment - used for fine tuning & high power focusing.
11. arm - supports the ocular, objectives and body tube.
• Major producers in aquatic environments
12. body tube - tube or barrel between the ocular and the objectives. • Decomposers – bacteria and fungi – in many
ecosystems
• Key role in Biogeochemical cycles to recycle carbon,
nitrogen, carbon, water
• Natural pest killers in gardens and on crops
• Breakdown oil from oil spills
• Serve as natural water treatment
• Can cause some ecological problems as red tide
and algal blooms
• Involved in many symbiotic relations as lichens,
human digestion, rumens of cows
• Key in maintaining ecological balance on Earth
WASTEWATER MICROBIOLOGY
• Microbes play a key role in drinking water and waste
treatment facilities
9
• Are involved in natural waterways
• Involved in maintaining septic tanks
• Coliform bacteria as E. coli can contaminate water
making it unsafe

FERMENTATION PRODUCTS
• Carbon dioxide – bread making using baker’s yeast Differential - Interference Microscope
• Alcohol – wine making and brewing using yeast • Allows for detailed view of live, unstained specimens
• Lactic Acid – lactic acid bacteria ferment milk into products as yogurt • Includes two prisms that add contrasting colors to the image
• The image is colorful and three-dimensional
INDUSTRIAL USES
• Microbes (fungi and bacteria) are used to make antibiotics Ultraviolet rays are the source of illumination: (up to 2000X)
• Algae are being used to make petroleum Fluorescence Microscope
• Yeast and bacteria are used in producing medicines • Includes a UV radiation source and a filter that protects the viewer’s eyes
• Used with dyes that show fluorescence under UV rays
• Forms a colored image against a black field
• Used in diagnosing infections caused by specific bacteria, protozoa, and
2011 MICROBIAL DISEASES viruses using fluorescent antibodies
VIRAL DISEASES
• AIDS • Mononucleosis(Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),herpes virus) Confocal Microscope
• Chicken Pox & Shingles(varicella zoster virus) • Polio • Allows for viewing cells at higher magnifications using a laser beam of
• Common Cold • Rabies(no cure, nervous system) light
• Dengue Fever(mosquito) • Small pox to scan various depths in the specimen
• Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever • Viral encephalitis(brain) • Most often used on fluorescently stained specimens
• Herpes • Viral pneumonia
• Influenza • West Nile Fever(bird/mosquito) Electron beam forms image of specimen:
• Measles(respiratory system) • Yellow Fever • Originally developed for studying nonbiological materials
• Mumps(inflammation salivary glands) • Biologists began using it in the early 1930s
BACTERIAL DISEASES • Forms an image with a beam of electrons
• Anthrax(endospores, not fungus) • Peptic Ulcer Disease(Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped o Electrons travel in wavelike patterns 1,000 times shorter
bacteria) than visible light waves
• Bacterial Meningitis(brain+spinal cord, meninges) • Pertussis (whooping cough) o This increases the resolving power tremendously
• Bacterial Pneumonia • Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever(ticks) • Magnification can be extremely high (between 5,000X and
• Botulism(spore, poison) • Strep throat 1,000,000X for biological
• Cholera • Syphilis specimens)
• Dental Caries (tooth decay) • Tetanus • Allows scientists to view the finest structure of cells
• Gonorrhea • Toxic Shock Syndrome Transmission Electron Microscope - TEM (up to
• Legionnaire's Disease(Gram negative, aerobic bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella) 100,000X)
• Tuberculosis • Often used to view structures of cells and viruses
• Lyme Disease • Typhus • Electrons are transmitted through the specimen
FUNGAL DISEASES • The specimen must be very thin (20-100 nm thick) and
• Athlete’s foot stained to
• Histoplasmosis(affects lungs, common in immune depressed patients) increase image contrast
• Ringworm • dark areas of a TEM image represent thicker or denser
• Thrush(white, yeasty, mouth) parts
PROTOZOAN/ALGAL DISEASES
• Malaria Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM (up to 650,000X)
• Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning(toxins) • Creates an extremely detailed three-dimensional view of all
• Estuary Associated Syndrome(toxins) kinds of objects
PRION DISEASE – Mad Cow Disease • Electrons bombard the surface of a whole metal-coated
specimen
Bactera: • Electrons deflected from the surface are picked up by a
Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic sophisticated detector
bacteria that can present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long) or thread-like (10 μm • The electron pattern is displayed as an image on a
long). Obligate intracellular parasites, the Rickettsia survival depends on entry, growth, and television screen
replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial cells) • Contours of specimens resolved with SEM are very
 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever revealing and surprising
• The images may be computer enhances to give them color