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A team of physicists and engineers at Dartmouth College led by Dr. Victor Petrenko have unlocked the secrets of ice and perfected a number of ways to make ice work for us instead of against us.
M.S., Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Ph.D., U.S.S.R. Academy of Science, Moscow 1974 D.Sc., Physics and Mathematics, U.S.S.R. Academy of Science, Chernogolovka 1983 Publishing: Physics of Ice Physics of Semiconductors Over 150 scientific publications (See video interview)
ICECODE
At POLARSTAR, we have deciphered the secrets, decoded the details and changed mans interface with ice forever.
Where can we break ice? Ice makers Power lines Windshields Wings and wind blades Bridges, buildings and ships Refrigerators and airconditioning ...and more
VRC technology controls ice on power transmission lines without service interruption.
Today, the US power grid is over-capacity causing massive loss of heat energy. VRC means higher capacity lines can be employed improving transmission efficiency by up to 25% for over 50% of the grid worldwide.
Distribution and transmission lines today carry much more power than their original design capacity. While this overcapacity produces excess heat, which conveniently serves as an anti-icer, the energy loss is immense. As smart grids replace old grids worldwide, VRC technology will allow engineers to design for capacity and maximum efficiency unencumbered by the compromises in efficiency once demanded by the threat of ice. Successfully tested winter '09-'10 in The Ural Mountains of Russia. (See Video)
(VRC Technical Paper) (Patent)
VRC Animation
VRC solution uses proprietary power electronics and slightly modified conventional power-line cables to switch from lowresistance to high-resistance mode for deicing without service interruption. De-Icing takes from between 30 seconds to three minutes and consumes less than 5 percent of the electricity running through the lines. VRC also works on power transmission and distribution infrastructure.
Uses conventional power cables, either modified or replaced Requires inexpensive high power switching electronics Fast, cost and energy efficient
Simple Diagram
VRC Math
Nwire is the number of strands (wires) in a conductor, 3, 4, 5, 6, Iline is the line current Iswitch is the current passing through one switch Vswitch is the voltage drop across one switch Rtransmission is conductor resistance per meter in the normal (transmission) mode Rdeicing is conductor resistance per meter in the deicing/anti-icing mode Pdeicing is heating power per meter of the conductor length
Test Specifications: Line voltage: 10.5kV Line frequency: 50Hz Distance between towers: 35m to 60m Type of conductor used: bundled Line current: Ampacity: 175A Current during the test: 60A to 70A VRC was designed for 40A to 100A range
Test Specifications: Line voltage: 10.5kV Line frequency: 50Hz Distance between towers: 35m to 60m Type of conductor used: bundled Line current: Ampacity: 175A Current during the test: 60A to 70A VRC was designed for 40A to 100A range
Lab Demonstration
Fig 1. Termination 1
Fig 2. Termination 2
High TensionII
High Tension Transmission VRC Line Configuration (Tower Not Shown) Conductors Termination Isolators
Conductors
Not Shown: Temperature, Wind and Ice Sensors Control Electronics Hub Containing Switches
insulatio n
steel wire
aluminum wire
Cable temperature
Power and control electronics of PL de-icing This part is under power line potential
Computer
GSM module
Antenna
Switches for high voltage power lines Vacuum Recloser Example: OVR-1 by ABB
One-phase recloser for a power line with 3 conductors in a bundle. For a bundle with more than 3 conductors a three-phase recloser may be used. Six 25kV/800A ABB OVR reclosers are sufficient for deicing 50km to 100km sections. Vacuum reclosers (one or three-phase) by ABB can withstand up to 170kV of lightning surge, up to 60 kV for up to 1 minute surge, current up to16kA and up to 1200A of continuous current and 34.5kV of continuous voltage.
25k g 45k g
Other Solutions
Single Conductor Heating (Couture, Hydro Quebec) Has been tested, but only heats one conductor at a time. High Frequency PL De-Icing (IceCode) Alternative method developed by IceCode Tower Reinforcement Expensive; requires tower replacement. Not 100% reliable.
Power Danger I
Cost Small % in overall cost of cable installation VRC components exceed the 30-50 year cable lifespan Redirects less than 5% of electrical energy during operation Environment Recovers substantial electric energy now being lost Eliminates continuous heat dissipating into atmosphere
VRC Advantage
Advantages
Complete and rapid de-icing No interruption to customers service No external (auxiliary) power supply required De-ice sections of any length Anti-icing mode Uses widely available cables, switches and dielectric spacers Cheapest method to implement Uses significantly less energy than conventional short-circuit method Not subject to overheating and damaging lines as with short-circuit method Provides customers with power even if the electronics fail Easiest to implement Successfully tested in Oremburg Russia
About ICECODE
ICECODE is an ice management technology company currently based in Lebanon, New Hampshire. Founded by Dartmouth Engineering Professor Victor Petrenko to commercialize technologies developed in his Ice Research Lab, IceCode has exclusive rights to more than 170 granted or pending patents in the field of ice management worldwide. The principal technology, Pulse Electro-Thermal Deicing (PETD) can instantly break the bond between ice and surfaces. In another configuration, PETD can increase the friction between ice and other objects such as shoes or tires, creating ice brakes.
About IceCode
The breakthrough that PETD represents is the discovery that the amount of energy required to de-ice a surface is inversely proportional to the intensity of the power applied and the thinness of the interface being heated. Paradoxically, short, 1 to 5 second high-density electrical pulses applied to a variety of surfaces, detaches ice using very little energy. Over $20 million in development funding has produced highly optimized PETD-based ice management solutions with broad and disruptive commercial applications in aerospace, defense, automotive, wind energy, power transmission and refrigeration among others.