.

Unit impulse signal,

x(t )=δ (t )
∞
X( jω)= ∫ x( τ)e−jωt dt
−∞∞

= ∫ δ( τ)e−jωt dt=1
−∞
The unit impulse has a FT consisting of equal contributions at all frequencies.
Unit step signal,
x(t )=u(t )
∞
X( jω)= ∫ u(t )e−jωt dt
−∞∞

∫ 1 . e− jωt dt
= 0
∞
− jωt
e
X ( jω)=
− jω
|
0
−∞t 0
e e 1
= =
− jω jω
1
X ( jω)=
jω
Determine the Fourier transform of the signal,
−a|t|
x(t )=e ,a.>0
The Fourier transform is given be,
∞
−a|t| − jωt
X ( jω)= ∫ e e dt
−∞
0 ∞
+at − jωt
=∫ e e dt+∫ e−at e− jωt dt
−∞ 0
1 1
+
= a− jω a+ jω
2a
X ( jω)=
a + ω2
2

Determine the Fourier transform of the signal x(t) = eat u(-t), a > 0.
By definition of FT,
 ∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
∞
= ∫ e at u(−t )e− jωt dt
−∞ ∞
(− jω) t
X ( jω)=∫ e dt
0
(a− jω)t 0
e
=
(a− jω )
0 −∞
e −e 1
= =
a− jω a− jω
1
X ( jω)=
a− jω
1. Determine the Fourier transform of x (t) = 1 for -1 ≤ t ≥ 1 and zero for other
values of t. [April / May 2004] (6 Marks)

By definition,
∞
X( jω)= ∫ x(t )e−jωt dt
−∞
1
X ( jω)=∫ 1. e− jωt dt
−1
− jωt 1
e
=
[ ] − jω −1

e− jω−e jω e jω −e− jω
= [
(− jω)
1
=
jω ]
X ( jω)= . 2 cosω
jω

2 cosω
= .(− j)
ω
2 cosω − jπ /2
X ( jω)= .e
ω
Determine the Fourier transform of the signal x(t)=e-at u(t),
a>0. Plot the Magnitude & Phase spectrum.
ii. Determine the Fourier transform of the signal x(t)=e--2 |t|
Solution:
−at
i. x (t )=e u(t ); a>0
∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e−jωt dt
−∞
∞
= ∫ e−at u(t).e− jωt dt
−∞
∞
−( a+ jω)t
X ( jω)=∫ e dt
0
−1 −( a+ jω) ∞
X ( jω)= [e ]
a+ jω 0

= [ e −e ]= 1
−1 −∞ 0
a+ jω a+ jω
1
X ( jω)=
a+ jω
1
|X ( jω)|=
√ a2 +ω2

X(j)
=−tan−1 ( ωa )
 ii. x(t )=e−2t
∞
X( jω)= ∫ x(t )e−jωt dt
−∞
∞
= ∫ e−21+1 e−jωt dt
−∞∞ ∞
= ∫ e 2t e−jωt dt+ ∫ e2t e−jωt dt
−∞ −∞
0
1 ( 2− jω) t ∞
=
2− jω
[ e ]−∞ + −1 e−(2+ jω )t
2+ jω [ ] 0

1
= [ e 0−e−∞ ]= −1 [ e−∞ −e 0]
( )
2− jω 2+ jω
1 1 2+ jω+2− jω
+ = =
2− jω 2+ jω 4+ω 2
4
X ( jω)=
4 +ω 2
Determine the Fourier Transform of the signal x (t )=Sgn (t )
Solution:
The signum [Sgn(t)] function is defined as

1 , t>0
Sgn[t ] = 0 , t=0
-1 , t<0
Using Dirichlet condition, a function can have FT if & only if they are absolutely
integrable. But sgn(t) has discontinuities and is not absolutely integrable.

∴Sgn(t ) is redefined as,

x ( t )= Lt =e −a|t|
Sgn( t )
a→0
By definition,
∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
 Lt ∫ e
∞
= −a|t|
sgn( t )e− jωt dt
a→ 0 −∞
0
Lt ∫ e[ ]
∞
+at − jωt −at − jωt
= .(−1 )e dt+ ∫ e .1 e dt
a→ 0 −∞ 0
0
Lt − ∫ e [ ]
∞
( a− jω) t −( a+ jω )t
= dt +∫ e dt
a→ 0 −∞ 0

Lt { ] } Lt {
0
1 −1 −(a− jω )t 0
=
a→ 0
−
[
a− jω
e( a− jω) t
−∞
+
a→ 0
a+ jω
(e ) −∞ }
= Lt [ a−−1jω ( e −e 0 −∞
)− 1
a+ jω
( e−∞ −e 0 ) ]
a→ 0

= Lt [ a−−1jω ( e −e )− a+1jω ( e 0 −∞ −∞
−e 0 ) ]
a→ 0

= Lt [
−1 1
a− jω a+ jω ]
+
a→ 0

= Lt [ −a−ajω+a−
+ω
jω
] 2 2
a→ 0

= Lt [ −2 jω
=
−2 jω
a +ω ] [ ω ]
2 2 2
a→ 0

2 jω 2
= =
jω× jω jω
2
∴ X ( jω)=
jω
−at
Determine the Fourier Transform of the signal x ( t )=e Sin ω0 tu(t ) .
Solution:
By definition of FT,
∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
 ∞
= ∫ e−at sin ω0+e− jωt u(t )dt
−∞
∞ jω 0 t − jω t
e
( )
0
−e
=∫ e−( a+ jω) t dt
0 2j
jω 0 t − jω) 0 t
∞
e−( a+ jω )t e ∞
e−(a + jω )t e
X ( jω)=∫ dt ∫ dt
0 2j 0 2j

∞ −[ ( a+ j( ω−ω 0 )] t ∞ − (a + j (ω+ω ) t
[ ]
e e 0

X ( jω)=∫ dt−∫ dt
0 2j 0 2j
∞ ∞
X ( jω)=
−1
[ e−[ a+ j( ω−ω0 ] t ] − −1
[ e−[ a+ j(ω +ω0 ]t ]
[(a+ j(ω−ω 0 )] 2 j 0 2 j [ a+ j(ω+ω0 ) ] 0

1 −1 1
=
[
2 j [ a+ j(ω−ω0 ) ]
( e−∞−e 0 ) +
a+ j(ω+ω0 )
[ e−∞ −e 0 ]
]
1 1 −1
=
[[ +
2 j a+ j(ω−ω0 )] a+ j(ω+ω 0 ) ]
1 a+ jω+ jω0 −a− jω+ jω0 )
=
2j [ ( a+ jω)2 + ω 2 )
0
]
ω0
X ( jω)=
[ ( a+ jω )2 +ω
02
] −at
6. Determine the FT. of the signal
x(t )=e cosω 0 tu(t )
( a+ jω)
X ( jω)=
( a+ jω)2 + ω
Ans: 02
−at
7. Determine the Fourier Transform of the signal, x(t )=te u(t )
Solution:
x (t )=te−at u(t )
Using differentiation property,
 dx( jω)
CTFT j
tx(t ) dω
−at
Let us consider x 1 (t )=e u( t )
dX 1 ( jω)
FT j
∴tx 1 (t ) dω
∞
X 1 ( jω)= ∫ e−at u(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
∞
−(a+ jω)t −1 −∞ 0
=∫ e dt= [ e −e ]
0 a+ jω

1
X 1 ( jω)=
a+ jω
Differentiating the above equation, we get

dX 1 (ω ) 1
= ×j
d( ω) (a+ jω)2
1
∴ FT {tx 1 (t ) }=
(a+ jω)2
Note : In general,

n−1
t +1
. e−at u (t )FT n
(n−1 )! ↔ ( jω+a )

8. Determine the Fourier transform of the signal

d [ e−at u(t )]
x(t )= ;
i. dt
d −2 t
x (t )=
dt
{ [ e u(t )]∗[ e−3t u (t−3) ]}
ii.
Solution:
d [ e−at u(t ) ]
x (t )=
i. dt
∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
∞
d [ e−at u (t ) ]
=∫ . e −jωt dt
−∞ dt
 d [ e−at u(t )]
=−ae−at u(t )+e−at δ (t )
Consider, dt
=−ae−at u(t )+e−at δ (t )
∞ ∞
X( jω)= ∫ [−ae u(t )] e dt+ ∫ δ (t )e−at e− jωt dt
−at −jωt
−∞ −∞
∞ ∞
−(a+ jω) t −( a+ jω )t
=−a∫ e dt +∫ e dt
0 0

−1 −( a+ jω )t ∞
] [( ) ]
−1 −( a+ jω )t ∞
=−a
a+ jω [
e
0
+
a+ jω
e
0

a −∞ 0 −1 −∞ 0
=
a+ jω
( e −e ) +
a+ jω ( )
( e −e )

−a 1
= +
a+ jω a+ jω
1−a
X ( jω)=
a+ jω
d −2 t
x (t )=
dt
{[ e u(t )]∗[ e−3t u (t−3) ]}
ii.
d
x ( t )= { ω( t )∗V ( t ) }
Let us consider, dt
By property of differentiation in time,
dx
x( t ) FT jωX ( jω )
dt

X ( jω)= jωW ( jω)V ( jω )

where
−2t −3t
W ( jω)=e u(t ).∧V (t )e u(t−3)
 ∞
W( jω)= ∫ e−2t u(t).e−jωt dt
−∞ −∞
−(2+ jω) t
=∫ e dt
0
1
=
2+ jω
1
W ( jω)=
2+ jω
∞
V ( jω)= ∫ e−3t u(t−3 )e−jωt dt
−∞ ∞
−(3+jω)t
=∫ e dt
3
−1 −∞ −(3 jω ) −9
= ( e −e e )
3+ jω
−1
= [ (−e−9 . e−3 jω ) ]
3+ jω
e−9 .e− j3 ω
V ( jω)=
3+ jω
1 e−9 e−j 3 ω
∴ X ( jω)= jω
2+ jω ( )( 3+ jω )
jωe− j3 ω
X ( jω )=e −9
[ (2+ jω)( 3+ jω ) ]
Determine the output response of the system whose impulse response is
−at −bt
h(t )=e u(t ), a>0 to the input signal x(t )=e u(t );b>0
Solution:
−bt
x (t )=e u(t );b >0
−at
h(t )=e u(t ),a>0

x (t) h (t) y (t) = x(t )∗h(t )

Using convolution property the system o/p is ,

Y ( jω )=X ( jω). H ( jω )
t
−b
Input s/g, x (t )=e u(t ), b>0
∞
X ( jω)=∫ e−bt e− jωt dt
0
∞
=∫ e−(b+ jω)t dt
0
1
X ( jω)=
b+ jω
−at
Impulse response, h(t )=e u(t ),a>0
∞
1
H ( jω)=∫ e−(a+ jw)t dt=
0 a+ jω
Y ( jω )=X ( jω). H ( jω ).
1 1
= .
b+ jω a+ jω
Using partial Fraction expansion

A B 1
Y ( jω )= + =
b+ jω a+ jω (a+ jω)+(b+ jω )

A=Y ( jω).(b+ jω)|b=

− jω
1 1 1
A= |b= = =
( a+ jω ) − jω a−(− jω ) a−b
1
B=Y ( jω)(a+ jω)|a= = (a+ jω)|a=
− jω (a+ jω)(b+ jω) − jω
1
B=
b− a
1 1 1 1
∴Y ( jω)= . + .
( a−b ) (b+ jω) (b−a ) (a+ jω)

1 1 1
Y ( jω )=
[
−
a−b (b+ jω) (a+ jω) ]
 Taking inverse Fourier transform,
1 −bt
y (t )= [ e u(t )−e−at u (t ) ]
a−b
1 −bt −at
y(t )= [ e −e ] u(t )
a−b
10. Determine the Fourier transform of the triangular signal
|t|

Solution:
A( 1− )

x (t )= {
T |t|<T

0 otherwise

By definition of FT.,
∞
X( jω)= ∫ x(t)e−jωt dt
−∞
T
|t| − jωt
X ( jω)= ∫ A 1−
−T
( T )
e dt

0 0 T T
=A
[∫
−T
− jωt
e
1
dt + ∫ te
T −T
− jωt
dt + A
0
] [∫ 0
e
− jωt 1
dt − ∫ te
T 0
− jωt
dt
0
]
e− jωt dt A e− jωt
=A
− jω [ ] [
+
−T T (− jω)
2
(− jωt−1 )
] −T

T T
e− jωt A e− jωt
+A [ ] [
−
− jω 0 T (− jω)2
(− jωt −1 )
] 0

+ jωt
− A Ae
= +
jω jω
0 jωt
A 0 jωt A . e (0−1)−e (. jωT −1)
=
− jω
[ e −e ] +
T [
( jω )2 ]
 A jωt 0 A .e− jωT (− jωT −1)−e 0(−1)
+
− jω
[ e −e ]−
T [
( jω )2 ]
− A Ae jωT − A Ae jωt ( jωT ) Ae jωT Ae− jωT A
= +
jω jω
+ −
(
( jω )2 T ( jω)2 T ) + −
( jω)2 T jω
+
jω

− jωT
Ae .( jωT ) Ae− jωT A
+ + −
T ( jω)2 ( jω)2 T ( jω)2 T

jωT jωT jωT − jωT − jωT − jωT

Ae A Ae Ae Ae Ae Ae A
= − 2 − + − + + −
jω ( jω ) T jω ( jω)2 T jω jω ( jω)2 T ( jω)2 T

A jωT − jωT 2A
= [ +e +e ] −
( jω)2 T ( jω )2 T

2 A e jωT +e− jωT

=
( jω)2 T [
2
−1 ]
2A
= [ cosωT −1 ]
( jω)2 T

−2 A
= 2
( 1−cosωT )
( jω) T
2A
X ( jω)= ( 1−cosωT )
ω2 T
Using Trigonometric functions,
1−Cos 2 θ=2 sin2 θ
2
∴1−Cosθ=2 sin θ /2
2A ωT
X ( jω)= 2
ω T (
2 sin2
2 )
AT
= 2
. ( sin 2 ωT /2 )
( ωT /2 )
 2
X ( jω)= ATSinc ( ωT / 2 )

11. For the system, find the output voltage for an input signal
−at
x(t )=te u(t )
Assume the constant a=1/RC. The impulse response for the system.
h(t)=1/RC e-t/RC.u(t)
Solution:
The output of the system is given by
y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Y(j) = X(j) H (j) -------------- (1)
−at
Consider, x(t )=te u(t )
∞
X ( jω)=∫ te−at e− jωt dt
0
∞
X ( jω)=∫ te−at e− jωt dt
0
By differentiation property,
1
X ( jω)=
(a+ jω)2
1 ( RC )2
X ( jω)= 2
=
1 (1+ jω RC)2
RC ( + jω ) (2)
1 −at
h(t )= e RCu(t )
RC
∞
1 −t/ RC − jωt
H ( jω)=∫ e e dt
1 RC
∞
1
= ∫ e−(1/ RC + jω) t dt
RC 0
1 −1 ∞

[ ]
−(1 /RC + jω )t
= e
RC ( 1
+ jω ) 0
RC

1 −RC −∞ 0 ∞
=
RC ( 1+ jω RC )[e −e
] 0
 1
H ( jω)=
1+ jω RC (3)
Substitute equations (2) & (3) in (1)
( RC )2 1
Y ( jω )=
[ ( 1+ jω RC ) ][
2 1+ jω RC ]
( RC )2 1 1
= 3
= 3
( 1+ jω RC ) RC 1
( RC
+ jω )
Taking Inverse Fourier Transform,

1 t 2 e−t/ RC
y (t )=
RC [ 2 ]
u(t )

t n−1 −at
[ ∵ WKT . FT [ (n−1 )!
e u(t ) =
1
( jω+a )n ] ]
1. Determine the impulse response of the differential equation
dy (t )
=3 y (t )=x(t ), −2t
dt where x(t )=e u(t ) . And also find the system
response.
Solution:
dy (t )
+3 y (t )=x (t )
dt
jω Y ( jω )+3 Y ( jω)= X ( jω)
Y ( jω) 1 1
H ( jω)= = ⇒ Y ( jω)= . X ( jω)
X ( jω) (3+ jω) (3+ jω )
Given, x(t)=e-2t u(t)
∞ ∞
−2 t − jωt −(2+ jω)t
X( jω)=∫ e e dt=∫ e dt
0 0
1
=
2+ jω
1
∴Y ( jω)=
(3+ jω)(2+ jω)
On taking partial Fraction,
A B
Y ( jω )= +
3+ jω 2+ jω
A=(3+ jω )Y ( jω)|jω=−3
 1
= |
2+ jω jω=−3
A=1
B=(2+ jω)Y ( jω)|jω=−2
1
=
3−2
B=1

−1 1
∴Y ( jω)= +
3+ jω 2+ jω
Taking inverse Fourier Transform,
y(t )=−e−3 t u(t )+e−2 t u(t )
2. The continuous time LTI system is described by the differential
2
d y (t ) dy (t ) dx (t )
2
+3 2
+2 y (t )= +x (t )
equation dt dt dt
Find i. Impulse response of the system
ii.The output response of the system for the input signal
−3t
x(t )=e u(t )
( jω+ 1)
H ( jω)=
i. ( jω)2 +3( jω )+ 2

1 1
Y ( jω )= −
ii. jω+2 jω+3
y(t )=e−2 t u(t )−e−3 t u(t )

State and prove the following properties of continuous time Fourier transform.
(or)
Explain the following properties of continuous Fourier transform.
i. Differentiation iv. Time Reversal property
ii. Integration v. Time shifting
iii. Multiplication

i. Differentiation in time
When a periodic signal x(t) is differentiated with respect to time, then the
Fourier transform becomes

dx(t ) CTFT
dt jω×( jω )
Proof: The Fourier Transform of signal x(t) is given by
∞
1
x(t )= ∫ X ( jω)e jωt dω
2π −∞
Differentiating the signal
∞
dx(t ) 1
= jω ∫ X ( jω)e jωt dω
dt 2π −∞
dx(t ) CTFT
dt j X (j)
Differentiation in Frequency:
When a periodic signal x(t) is differentiated .r-to Frequency than the Fourier
transform becomes,

CTFT d×( jω)

j
tx(t ) dω
ii. Integration property:
When a periodic signal x(t) is integrated then the Fourier transform representation
becomes,

t
1
∫ x(t )dt
−∞
CTFT
jω
×( jω )
Proof: The Fourier transform of signal x (t) is given by

1 ∞
x(t )= ∫ X( jω )e jωt .dω
2π −∞
Integrating the signal

t t
∫−∞ x(t )dt= jω1 1
∫
2 π −∞
X ( jω )e jωt dω

t
FT 1
∫ x(t )dt
−∞ jω
X ( jω)
.
iii. Multiplication property:
The multiplication of two signals is given by
1
x(t )Xy (t )
FT [ X ( jω)∗Y ( jω) ]
2π
Proof:
Let us consider two signals x (t )∧ y(t ) whose Fourier transform are given by
 ∞
1
x(t )= ∫ X ( jω )e jωt dω
2 π −∞
∞
1
y(t )= ∫ Y ( jω )e jωt dω
2 π −∞
Let Multiplication of two signals be, ω(t )=x(t )× y(t )

The Fourier transform of signal w(t) is

∞
W ( jω)= ∫ ω(t )e− jωt dt
−∞∞
= ∫ [ x (t )× y (t )] e− jωt dt
−∞

Since the FT of x(t) is given by

∞
1
x(t )= ∫ X ( jθ )e jθt dθ
2 π −∞
∞
1 ∞
∴W ( jω)= ∫
−∞ [ ∞
∫
2 π −∞
∞
]
X ( jθ)e jθt dθ . e− jωt y (t )dt

1
= ∫ X( jθ), ∫ y(t).e
2π ∞−∞ −∞
[
− j(ω−θ)t
dt dθ ]
1
W ( jω)= ∫ X ( jθ)Y ( j(ω−θ))dθ
2π −∞
1
W ( jω)= [ X ( jω)∗Y ( jω )]
2π
iv. Time Reversal property:
When the signal x (t) with period T is time reversed (180 o phase shift), the
periodicity remains unchanged,

x(−t ) CTFT X (− jω )

The time reversal property changes the Fourier transform.

Proof:
The Fourier transform representation of signal x (t) is given by
 ∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(t )e− jωt dt
−∞
FT of time reversed signal is given by,
∞
− jω(+t )
X ( jω)= ∫ x(−t )e dt
−∞∞
1
x(t )= ∫ X ( jω )e jωt dω
2 π −∞
∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x(−t )e− jω(+t ) dt
−∞

Let, τ =−t ,−dt=dτ

∞
X ( jω)= ∫ x( τ )e+ jωτ dτ
−∞
∞
− j(−ω) τ
= ∫ x( τ )e dτ=X (− jω)
−∞
∴x(−t ) CTFT X (− jω )
V. Time shifting:

x(t ) FT x(− jω)

If then

FT − jωt 0
x(t−t0 ) e ×( jω)
Proof:
1 ∞
x(t )= ∫ X ( jω )e jωt dω
2π −∞
Replace t by t-t0,
1 ∞ jω(t−t0 )
x(t−t 0 )= ∫ X ( jω)e dω
2π −∞
 1 ∞
[ − jϖt
x(t−t 0 )= ∫ X ( jω)e jωt dω e 0
2π −∞ ]
− jωt 0
x(t−t0 ) FT X ( jω). e
vi. Time scaling:
x(t ) FT X ( jω)
It

FT 1 jω
then x(at )
×( )
|a| a
Proof:
∞
X( jω)= ∫ x(t )e−jωt dt
−∞
Apply time scaling factor ‘a’ to the signal,
∞
− jωt
X ( jω)= ∫ x( at )e dt
then −∞
Let at = 
τ dτ
t= ; dt =
a a
jω

∴ X ( jω)=∫ x( τ )e
(
−
a ) dτ
a
jω
−( ) τ
1 ∞ a
= ∫ x (τ )e dτ
|a| −∞
1 jω
∴x(at ) = |a|
×
a ( )