MOOKAMBIGAI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Srinivasanagar,Kalamavur 622 502

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR PERIODICAL TEST III

1.How are voltage controlled buses treated in Newton Raphson’s method?

If a voltage controlled bus appears in a four bus system (for example) then the
value of voltage for the fourth bus has a specified constant value and the voltage
correction factor must always be zero. Consequently the sixth column of the
Jacobian matrix is multiplied by zero and so it may be removed. Furthermore since
Q4 is not specified mismatch value of ∆Q4 be defined and so we must omit the
sixth row of the equation corresponding to Q4.In the general case if there are Ng
voltage controlled buses besides the Slack bus, a row and a column for each such
bus is omitted from the polar form of the system Jacobian matrix, which then has
(2N-Ng-2) rows (2N-Ng-2) columns.

2.What are the basic two observations based on the decoupled power flow method?

1.Change in voltage angle at a bus primarily affects the flow of real power P
in the transmission lines and leaves the power flow of the reactive power Q
relatively unchanged.

2.Change in the voltage magnitude at a bus primarily affects the flow of

reactive power Q in the transmission lines and leaves the flow of real power
relatively unchanged.

3.What are the causes of permanent faults in a power system?

Permanent faults are caused by lines being on the ground,by strings of insulator
breaking because of ice loads,by permanent damage to towers and by surge
arrestor failures.

4.What are unsymmetrical faults and which fault is the most common type of fault?

Faults which causes imbalance between the phases are called as unsymmetrical
faults.Line to line faults,single line to ground fault and double line to line faults are
generally the unsymmetrical faults.Experience has shown that 70 to 80% of
transmission line faults are single line to ground faults which arise from flashover of
only one line to the tower or ground.

5.On what basis the circuit breaker selection depends?

The selection of a circuit breaker for a power system depends not only on the
current the breaker is to carry under normal working conditions,but also on the
maximum current it may have to carry MOMENTARILY and the current it may have
to INTERRUPT at the voltage of the line in which it is placed.

6.Give the equation for the instantaneous fault current and give its components.

Refer class notes.

7.Define subtransient and transient reactance.

After a fault occurs, the subtransient,transient and steady state periods are
characterized by the subtransient Xd”, the transient Xd’ and the steady state Xd
reactance respectively.These reactances have increasing values such that
Xd”<Xd’<Xd and the corresponding components of the short circuit current hve
decreasing magnitude.

8.What are the factors that are to be considered before selecting a circuit breaker?

1.The maximum instantaneous current which the circuit breaker must carry
(withstand)

2.The total current when the breaker contacts part to INTERRUPT the circuit.

9.Define the following.

1.Iniitial symmetrical current,Momentary current,Interrupting rating of a

circuit breaker.

1.Initial Symmetrical current:It is that subtransient current which does not

include d.c. component of the current.

2.Momentary current:Inclusion of the d.c. component results in a rms value of

the current immediately after the fault which is higher than the subtransient
current.For circuit breakers above 5KV the subtransient current multiplied by 1.6
times is considered to be the rms value of the current whose disprutive forces the
breaker must withstand during the first half cycle after the fault occurs.This current
is called as the momentary current.

Interrupting rating:The interrupting rating of a circuit breaker is specified in

KVA or MVA.The interrupting KVA equals √3 X(the Kilovolts of the bus to which the
breaker is connected)X(the current which the breaker must be capable of
interrupting when its contacts are separated).This is lower than the momentary
current and depends on the speed of the breaker.

9.How are circuit breakers rated?

Circuit breakers are rated based on their short circuit capacity or shor circuit
MVA and is given by
 Short circuit MVA = √3X(Nominal Voltage in KV) X Magnitude of short circuit
current IscX 10-3

10.How are circuit breakers classified?

Circuit breakers are classified by their rated interrupting times.The rated

interrupting time of the circuit breaker is the period between the instant of
energizing the trip circuit and the arc exrtinction on an opening operation.

11.What are the assumptions made for decoupled load flow stydies?

1.The angular differences between the typical buses of the system is too
small.

2the line suseptances are many times higher than the line conductances.

3.The reactive [power injected into any bus of the system during normal
operation is much less than the reactive power which would flow if all lines from
that bus were short circuited to the reference.

12.What are symmetrical components?

Any balanced phasors of a three phase system can be resolved into three
balanced system of phasors.These balanced sets of components are

1.Positive sequence networks which consists of three phasors equal in

magnitude displace from each other by 120 degrees in phase and having the phase
sequence as that of the original

2.negatuve sequence components which consists of three phasors equal in

magnitude displace from each other by 120 degrees in phase and having the phase
sequence opposite to that of the original.

3.Zero sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in magnitude

and with zero phase displacement from each other.

13.Give then matrix form of a set of balanced phasors interms of its symmetrical
components.

Refer class note.

14.Draw the syquence networks of a loaded three phase synchronous generator.

Refer class notes.

15.Draw the zero sequence network of a three phase transformer whose primary is
star grounded and secondary is delta.

Refer classnotes.
16.Compare load flow solution methods.

From the view point of the computer memory requirements the polar coordinates
are preferred for the solution based on the NR method as compared to the
rectangular coordinated required by the GS method. The time taken to perform one
iteration is relatively smaller in case of the GS method as compared to that of the
NR method but the number of iterations required in GS method is much higher and
they increase as the size of the system increase further. In the case of the NR
method the number of iterations is more or less independent of the size of the
system and varies between 3 to 5 iterations. The convergence characteristics of NR
method are not affected by the selection of the slack bus whereas that of the GS
method is sometimes seriously affected and the selection of the slack bus may
result in poor convergence.

The main advantage of the GS method over NR is its ease in programming and
more efficient use of the computer core memory. Anyhow for large power systems
NR methods and decoupled methods are found t be more efficient and practical
from the point of computational time and convergence.Eventhough the NR method
can solve most of the practical problems it may fail in respect to some ill
conditioned problems where other advanced programming techniques like non
linear programming methods can be used.