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ا ال
) ( (I
(1.1ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ :
• ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ .
• ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻝ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺬﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ .
• ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻣﺨﺘﺰﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻛﺴﺪ ﻭﻣﺨﺘﺰﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ.
(2.1ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ :
ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺰﻝ réd2ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ
.oxyd1 ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- = Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O )(x1
)Fe2+(aq = Fe3+(aq) + e- )(x 5
)5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq = 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O
(II
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com ذ .ا ال
(1.2ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ La cinétique chimique
ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ) ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ( ﺧﻼﻝ
ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .
ﻫﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ .
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ :ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ ) ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻠﺰﻳﺔ( ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ......
و :
+ -
H2O2 + 2 H + 2 e = 2 H2O
-
2 I- = I2 + 2 e
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 I- = I2 + 2 H2O
(2.3ﺍﻹﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ:
• ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺎﻟﻴﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺣﻤﻀﻲ :ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ
www.ibnalkhatib2.canalblog.com ذ .ا ال
-
ﺗﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﻨﻐﻨﺎﺕ ) MnO4ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﻟﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺎ ( ﻣﻊ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺎﻟﻴﻚ H2C2O4
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .
ﻧﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ 20°Cﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ
40°Cﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ
ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ .
(3.3ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ
:
)MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- = Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l
-
H2C2O4(aq) = 2 CO2(aq) +2 H+(aq) + 2 e
)2 MnO4-(aq )+ 5 H2C2O4(aq) + 6 H+(aq) = 2 Mn2+(aq) + 10 CO2(aq) + 8 H2O(l
(4.3ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ :
ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ
ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
.1ﻓﻲ ﻛﺄﺱ 1ﻧﻤﺰﺝ 20ml :ﻣﻦ ﺛﻴﻮﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ C1 = 5.10 -2 mol.l-1
ﻭ 20mlﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ C2 = 0,1mol. l -1
/ EJK : GHIآ #آن ا آ ا H/E# ,A)0ت آ0ا آن ا ! ل ا ,Aأ:ع
(5.3ا:ت :
Mإ.ف * D/Eآ K : OE$ K ,Aة ع آ "#$# , ,Aا ,#/E
HIل * D/Eآ /: Q6* ,Aا * Q6* ' D/Eآ H/Eت ) هك
*H/Eت ) ##6ا ا HI V* ,ل * Uره /آT Aع ا : D/Eا ! Eا 2ا*( ,
H/E Mت أن *!)ث K ".-د H/Eت Y - * Z' DKوط !)وE@ : 4Cز
، Z:در @ارة ... M "\ ،
ا !Eز دة * ^T* M Mر D/E* /: ^-دون * *آ 0و') ه 4 )/
* OJآ ا@ Dآ آ : M Dدر ا !ارة ،وا آ ا H/E# ,A)0ت و@_ ر @Eز