METAL DETECTOR

Submitted By
Vineesh A. V.
Vimiya Varkey Guided BY
Viji M. C. M^. K. Gnanasheela
Ms^Sumol N. C.
Ms. Seena George

ABSTRACT

In security aspects, metal detector isan essential equipment. But, the metal

detector, which is available in the market today, is very costly. Hence this stands as a

problem for hobbyists and for small applications. Hence we have taken an endeavor to bring

out a metal detector of minimum cost.

CONTENTS

□ INTRODUCTION

□ BLOCK DIAGRAM

□ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

□ CIRCUI DESCRIPTION AND WORKING

□ PCB LAYOUT

□ COMPONENT LAYOUT

□ COST ESTIMATION

□ CONCLUSION

□ REFERENCES

□ DATASHEETS
1. INTRODUCTION

In security aspects, metal detector isan essential equipment.

But, the metal detector, which is available in the market today, is very

costly. Hence this stands as a problem for hobbyists and for small

applications. Hence we have taken an endeavor to : bring out a metal

detector of minimum cost.

The salient features of our project is that the equipment is

i , ■ '
compact, simple in design and can be used practically anywhere needs.
The
metal detector produces an audible alarm signal when a metallic particle

comes

near to the sensor. A visible blinking LED is also there to indicate the

presence of metal.
 SENSINGCURRENTASTABEE.TRANSFORMERBOOSTERMUL
TIVIBRATOR

I
Aivlri,..ir- Ii: iv C OMP AR ATOR ------ - M ONO S i . AB LE
► M ULTIVIB R ATOR
,
-----
[>.
B UZZER
U
 5V

detection
transformer

ir
LM555
»0K
o

' D/S
BD139 > JK

0
2 .
THR
1K

§ >
o

0.1 MF

ASTABLE

LM324

2K2 100K 100K

70M

O L

TR
>
LM555 0

D/S

THR Q

I22MF

N O N I N V. A M P L I F I E R COMPARATOR MONOSTABLE
 POWER SUPPLY

4. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND WORKING

The circuit of metal detector is shown in Fig. 1. An astable multi-

vibrator is wired around 1C 555. The free running frequency is selected

as 1.2 KHz.

■ _________________________________

i !
o a:
7 _______
1K
_J

' ' ,,/ _ 3 THfi 2 t _______

*- 1X1
i 0
IMF

In astable operation, the trigger terminal and the threshold

terminal are connected so that a self-trigger is formed, operating as a

multivibrator. When the timer output is high, its internal discharging Tr.

turns off and the VC1 increases by exponential function with the time

constant (RA+RB)*C.

When the VC1. or the threshold voltage, reaches 2Vce/3.

the comparator output on the trigger terminal becomes high, resetting

the F/F and causing the timer output to become low. This in turn turns

on the discharging Tr. and the C1 discharges through the discharging

channel formed by RB and the discharging 'TV. When the VCI falls

below Vcc/3. the comparator

output on the trigger terminal becomes high and the timer output becomes

high asain. The discharging Tr. turns off and the VC 1 rises aaain.

RESET • ~1
iH.'.i: H
TPM:.
' P. K
T HP E :. '>

-----V -OUT =k ''-'1

GUI' - 1
PL - _ 1' L'
—

O.'-NT 5

ASTABLE OPERATION

This frequency is given to the primary of the detecting

transformer through a transistor. So due to the pulsating current How. a

varying magnetic field will formed in me transformer. A voltage will

normally induce in the secondary coil due to the mutual induction. But the

transformer has no core (air core) and so the magnitude of this induced

emf is very low.

detecting trans former

TO AMPLIFIER K\—-•—\ (■ *.<SV

i>
O C J
i BD139

I 2

1K

When a ferrite substance conies near to the winding of the

transformer, an effect of core is produced and the induced emf will be

much grater than former. This voltage is amplified with the help of a

non inverting amplifier build with opamp L.M324.

v,—....

NON INVERT ING AMPLIFIER

 The amplified signal is given to the input of a voltage

comparator. The reference voltage is set to a value below the magnitude

of induced emf without any core. So. when the ferrite body is near to the

transformer, the input of comparator is more then thai of reference pin.

Then the output of the comparator goes low.

>

1 OK

COMPARATOR
 This low pulse is given to the triggering input of

monostable multi-vibrator build around 555. The time is selected to 2.5

seconds and so the output will high for 2.5 seconds. The transistor

BC547 starts conducting and the buzzer beeps to indicate the presence

of metal. Also the LED turned off for this time.

r
ROiVT COMPARATOR '»

[17
'>N[> -
PI 1-

r r • r
Tt>< r
' TP 10

THPEv- *

x -oui

MO NOSTA B1 .If. OPERATION

In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever

the trigger voltage falls below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage

applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the timer output is low;

the timer's internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the

timer output to become high by charging the external capacitor C I and

setting the flip-flop output at the same time.

The voltage across the external capacitor C L VC 1

increases exponentially with the time constant t= : RA*C and reaches

2Vcc/3 at td=l. 1 RA*C. Hence, capacitor C1 is charged through resistor

RA. The greater the time constant RAC. the longer it takes for the VC1

to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the time constant RAC controls the

output pulse width. When the applied voltage to the capacitor C I

reaches 2Vcc/3, the comparator on the trigger terminal resets the flip-

flop, turning the dischi irtiiim 1 r. on. At tins time, C I begins to

discharge and the timer output converts to low. In this way. the timer

operating in monostable repeats the above process.

 The output of monostable is given to base of transistor

BC547 and a buzzer is connected to the colector. So when the

monostable Iriggeres, the transistor will conduct and hence the buzzer

will be on and it produce a tone to indicate the presence of metal.

After the time over, the device will be read)' for next detection.
5. WINDING DETAILS OF DETECTING

TRANSFORMER

The detecting trams former has a 1:1 winding (the primary

and secondary has the same number of turns). The primary is wound

over a 1cm diameter plastic former with 35 SWG enamaled copper wire.

The primary winding has 210 turns and is wound very closely. An

insulating coating is applied over the primary for isolation. Then the

secondary is wounded over the primary with 40 SWG copper wire and

has also 210 turns. The whole assemly is covered with a well insulator

and apply warnish to allow the winding to set. The leads are taken from

the primary and the secondary.

6. IMLB LAYOUT
 7. COMPONENT LAYOUT

O 0-| n |-0
XX' Q-| »l [
o
o o o
o o
o o rnq o 40
o o S3
0 — |n0O7j"L-
0 J *-o
o ) 0
JU00
o
0 o 1
□ o
0
a
LA

O0

o OH
 8. COST ESTIMATION

COMPONENTS QTY RATE COST

LM324 1 14.00 14.00
LM555 2 10.00 20.00
BD139 1 3.00 3.00
BUZZER 1 40.00 40.00
DETECTING TRANSFORMER 1 300.00 300.00
3mm LED 2. LOO 2.00
1/4W RESISTOR 10 0.25 2.50
47K PRESET 5.00 10.00
BC547 2 2.50 5.00
12-0-12/1A TRANSFORMER 1 100.00 100.00
1N4007 2 1.00 2.00
4700MFD/30V CAPACITOR 1 25.00 25.00
10MFD/25V CAPACITOR 4 2.50 10.00
0.1 MFD DISC CAPACITOR 5 1.00 5.00
14PIN IC BASE 1 2.00 2.00
8P1N IC BASE 2 1.00 2.00
LM7805 1 10.00 10.00
PCB 1 150.00 150.00 •
WIRE lOMi 5.00 50.00
r
HANDLE 75.00 75.00
SOLDERING IRON (25W) 1 200.00 200.00
SOLDER & FLUX 1 50.00 50.00
EXTRA 350.00
TOTAL 1427.50
 9. CONCLUSION

This project has been developed considering the need for

"'intelligent" low cost and longer lasting lamp. With this purpose in

mind, a study has been conducted to understand about the electronic

components available in the market. The equipment is compact, simple

in design and can be used practically anywhere needs.

10. REFERENCE

□ OP- AMPS and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A .

Gayakwad.

□ vvww.national.com

□ www. fa irchild.c om

□ www.google.com
F=/\IROHII_D

SEMICONDUCTOR" www.fairchildsemi.com

LM555/NE555/SA555
Single Timer

Features accurate timing pulses. With monostable operation,

the time delay is controlled by one external resistor
• High Current Drive Capability
and one capacitor. With astable operation, the
(200mA)
frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled
• Adjustable Duty Cycle with two external resistors and one capacitor.
• Temperature Stability of 0.005WC
• Timing From p.Sec to Hours
• Turn off Time Less Than 2u.Sec

Applications
• Precision Timing
• Pulse Generation
• Time Delay Generation
• Sequential Timing
Description
The LM555/NE555/SA555 is a highly
stable controller capable of producing

Internal Block Diagram

G N D 0-------------WW Wv -AVA—0 Vcc

V
Dischargi
Trigger (2 ng Tr. 0Disch arge

Output0— m0Threshold

Control
Reset 0
Voltage

Rev. 1.0.2
©2002 Fairchild Semiconductor
Corporation

13
LM555/NE555/SA555

Application Information
Table 1 below is the basic operating table of 555 timer:

Table 1. Basic Operating Table

Threshold Voltage Trigger Voltage Reset(PIN 4) Output(PIN 3) Discharging Tr. (PIN

(VthMPIN 6) (VtrXPIN 2) 7)
Don't care Don't care Low Low ON
Vth > 2Vcc / 3 Vth > 2Vcc / 3 High ' Low ON
Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 Vcc / 3 < Vth < 2 Vcc / 3 High - -
Vth < Vcc / 3 Vth < Vcc / 3 High High OFF
When the low signal input is applied to the reset terminal, the timer output remains low
regardless of the threshold voltage or-the trigger voltage. Only w hen the high signal is
applied to the reset terminal, timer's output changes according to threshold voltage and
trigger voltage.
When the threshold voltage exceeds 2/3 of the supply voltage while the timer output is high,
the timer's internal discharge TV. turns on. lowering the threshold voltage to below |/3 of the
supply voltage. During this time, the timer output is.maintained low. Later, if a low signal is
applied to the trigger voltage so that it becomes I/3 of the supply voltage, the timer's internal
discharge Tr. turns off. increasing the threshold voltage and driving the timer output again at
high.
1. Monostable Operation

Figure 2. Resistance and

Figure 1. (Vlonoalable Circuit Capacitance vs. Time
delay(td)
lY«iv.*An*/Jiv

L U 'J. II.U. K, I M.„\ ( I D.IM.il-. \ n- M

Figure 3. Waveforms of Monostable Operation

Figure I illustrates a monostable circuit. In this mode, the timer generates a fixed pulse whenever the nigger
voltage falls below Vcc/3. When the trigger pulse voltage applied to the #2 pin falls below Vcc/3 while the
timer output is low. the timer's internal flip-flop turns the discharging Tr. off and causes the timer output to
become high by charging the external capacitor CI and setting the flip-flop output at the same time.
The voltage across the external capacitor C1. Vci increases exponentially with the time constant 1=Ra* C and
reaches 2Vce/3
at ld=l. I Ra* C. Hence, capacitor CI is charged through resistor Ra . The greater the time constant Ra C. the
longer it lakes
for the Vci to reach 2Vcc/3. In other words, the lime constant RaC controls the output pulse w idth.
When the applied voltage lo the capacitor C1 reaches 2Vcc/3. the comparator on the trigger terminal resets
the Hip-flop.
turning the discharging Tr. on. Al this time. CI begins lo discharge and the timer output converts to low.
In this way. the timer operating in monostable repeals the above process, figure 2 shows the time constant
relationship based
on Ra and C. figure 3 shows the general waveforms during monostable operation.
It must be noted that, for normal operation, the trigger pulse voltage needs to maintain a minimum of Vcc/3
before the timer output turns low. That is. although the output remains unallected even if a different nigger
pulse is applied while the output is high, it ma\ he affected and the waveform not operate properly if the
trigger pulse voltage al the end of the output pulse remains al below Vcc/3. I'igure -I shows such timer oulpul
abnormality.

I\7iliv. fllus/div
LM555/NE555/SA555

K^'Alkll UL-lkQ, ('l=II.OIul'°. \'n-5\

Figure 4. Waveforms of Monostable Operation

(abnormal) 2. Astable Operation

Figure 5. Astable Circuit Figure 6. Capacitance and Resistance vs.

Frequency
 wjt LM124
k
T#@ LM224 - LM324
LOW POWER QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

■ WIDE GAIN BANDWIDTH : 1.3MHz

■ INPUT COMMON-MODE VOLTAGE RANGE
INCLUDES GROUND
N
■ LARGE VOLTAGE GAIN : 100dB DIP14
(Plastic
9 VERY LOW SUPPLY CURRENT/AMPLI : 375|iA Package)

■ LOW INPUT BIAS CURRENT : 20nA the magnitude of the power supply
voltage.
■ LOW INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE : 5mV max. (for D
more accurate applications, use the equivalent S01
parts LM124A-LM224A-LM324A which feature 4
3mV max.) (Plastic Micropackage)

■ LOW INPUT OFFSET CURRENT : 2nA

■ WIDE POWER SUPPLY RANGE : SINGLE
SUPPLY : +3V TO +30V
■ DUAL SUPPLIES : ±1.5V TO ±15V
P
TSSOP14
DESCRIPTION
(Thin Shrink Small Outline
Package)
These circuits consist of four independent, high
gain, internally frequency compensated operation-
al amplifiers. They operate from a single power
supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation PIN CONNECTIONS (top view)

from split power supplies is also possible and the

low power supply current drain is independent of

ORDER 3 14 OwipuM

CODE
Part NumberTemperature
] 13 Inverting Inpul -1

*■ ] 12 Non-inverting
RangePackage
Inpul 4

NDPLM124-55X, + 125X•••LM224- ] n Vcc

40°C, +105X•••LM324OX, + l 3 10 Non-irivtrting

70X••mExample : LM224N Input 3

N = Dual in Line Package (DIP) "2
D = Small Outline Package (SO) - also 1 Inverting Input
available in Tape & Reei (DT) P = Thin
Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP) -
only available in Tape &Reel (PT)

December 1/13
2001

Output 1 1 C
Inverting Inpul 1 2

[]

Non-inverting Input 1 3

vfcc* 'I C
Non-inverting Input 2 5

£ \t

Inverting Input 2 6 L~
LM124-LM224-LM324

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM (1/4 LM124)

LJ

T :6MA
lOOt'A
V
05 ./
[06
777,
•-- ^
Inverting . Q2 Q3 • Q7
input

777, Q4j 27?

Non-inverting ; ; - • • - |Q11
Output
input .

foiO * | Q12

X
Q8 |" |Q9 ' 50MA

777, 777, ^777, 777, 777, GND

557
~777

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Symbol Parameter LM124 LM224 LM324 Unit
Vcc Supply voltage ±16 or 32 V
Vi Input Voltage -0.3 to +32 V
Vid Differential Input Voltage 1' + 32 V
Power Dissipation N Suffix 500 500 400 500 400 mW
Plot
D Suffix mW
Output Short-circuit Duration z) Infinite
'in Input Current ' 3
50 50 50 mA
^oper Opearting Free-air Temperature Range -40 to -55 to
0 to +70 °C
+105 +125
T
stg Storage Temperature Range -65 to +150 X
Either or both input
dnuii-LiiLuu^ iFuui me uuipui iu v^*^ lchi LdUbe excessive neduny u vpc > ov. i ne maximum uuipui
currer of the magnitude of Vcc. Destructive dissipation can result from voltages must not
simultaneous short-circuit on all amplifiers. exceed the magnitude of
Vcc* or Vcc".
Short-circuits from the output lo VCC can cause excessive healing if VgC > 15V. The maximum output current is approximately 40mA
independent
This input current only exists when the voltage at any of the input leads is driven negative. It is due to the collector-base junction of the
input PNP transistor becoming forward biased and thereby acting as input diodes clamps. In addition to this diode action, there is also
NPN parasitic action on the IC chip, this transistor action can cause the output voltages of the Op-amps to go lo the Vcc voltage level (or
to ground for a large overdrive) for the time duration than an inpul is driven negative.
This is not destructive and normal output will set up again for input voltage higher than -0.3V.

2/13 L
1I

TYPICAL SINGLE - SUPPLY APPLICATIONS

HIGH INPUT Z ADJUSTABLE GAIN DC
NON-INVERTING
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
DC GAIN Rl 100k As shown e0 = 101
(e2-.en).
t? J 1/4 R3 R4 100k
iLM124 100
k e
'° ■ ♦
R2 I T o R5 100k ■ 1/4 <V. i.
2k
1/4 R6
.LM124
R7 100k
N W «a ,.uin t
100 -<\ ^J< K _____
:|_M124 • !!
k DC SUMMING AMPLIFIERe - 100k
e 1M

if Rl - R5 and R3 - R4 = = ' . :LM124 o-

R6 R7 "___________ Inpul cunenl

'o f ^ • i- LIeoi3 |>nlyt?

100k
-■
e0 = (e2 -e,)
e pDlyt.'fittM'HiniK
LM124
1M>' ' • £o +5V- 1 ► ]|
/■y-■ RlR2 Ehyleritt
o—f | r^r100ke 100k
e, (rnV)1 o i re = e, +e -e, -e 4Where (e, te?)
> (e3 *e4) 0to keep 2e0 > Ov4

LOW DRIFT PEAK

DETECTOR
LM124-LM224-LM324

8/13
MOTOROLA Order this document
SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNICAL DATA by BC546/D

Amplifier Transistors BC546, B

NPN Silicon BC547, A, B, C
BC548, A, B, C

BAS

EMITTER
MAXIMUM CASE 29-04, STYLE 17 TO-92
(TO-226AA)
RATINGS
RatingSymbolBC 546BC 547BC
548UnitCollector-Emitter
VoltagevCEO654530VdcCollector- Base
VoltagevCBO805030VdcEmitter-Base
VoltagevEBO6.0VdcCollector Current —
Continuousic100mAdcTotal Device Dissipation @
T/\ = 25=C Derate above 25°Cpd625 5.0mW
mW/XTotal Device Dissipation @ Jq = 25~C
Derate above 25°CPd1.5 12Watt mW/cCOperating
and Storage Junction Temperature RangeTj. Tstg-
55 to +150XTHERMAL
CHARACTERISTICSCharacteristicSymbolMaxU
nitThermal Resistance, Junction to
AmbientRHJA200°c/wThermal Resistance,
Junction to CaseR0JC83.3cc/w
 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25°C
unless otherwise noted)

CharacteristicSymbolMinTypMaxUnitOFF CHARACTERISTICSCollector-Emitter
Breakdown VoltageBC546v(BR)CEO65——V(IC = 1.0 mA, Ib = 0)BC54745——BC54830
——Collector-Base Breakdown VoltageBC546v(BR)CBO80——V(IC = lOOuAdc)BC54750
——BC54830——Emitter-Base Breakdown VoltageBC546v(BR)EBO6.0——V(lE = 10 uA,
IC = 0)BC5476.0——BC5486.0——Collector Cutoff Current'CES(VCE = 70V,VBE =
0)BC546—0.215nA(VCE = 50V. VBE = 0)BC547—0.215(VCE = 35 V, VBE = 0)BC548—
0.215(VCE = 30 V, TA = 125°C)BC546/547/548——4.0uA

REV 1

—------------------------------------------— (M) MOTOROLA

© Motorola. Inc. 1996

• oe2 100k iI
10k(As shown Av = 101)1 1/4 !
F=/\IROHIL-D

SEMICONDUCTOR TU

BD1 35/137/139

Medium Power Linear and

Switching Applications
• Complement to BD136, BD138 and BD140
respectively

1 TO-126
1. Emitter 2.Collector 3.Base

NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor

Absolute Maximum Ratings TC=25°C unless otherwise noted
Symbol Parameter Value Units
V
CBO Collector-Base Voltage : BD135 45 V
BD137 60 V
BD139 80 V
VfJEO Collector-Emitter Voltage BD135 45 V
BD137 60 V
BD139 80 V
V
EBO Emitter-Base Voltage 5 V
lc Collector Current (DC) 1.5 A
'CP Collector Current (Pulse) 3.0 A
lB Base Current 0.5 A
Pc Collector Dissipation (TC=25°C) 12.5 W
Pc Collector Dissipation (Ta=25°C) 1.25 w
Tj Junction Temperature 150 c
T
STG Storage Temperature - 55 - 150 ■ =c

Electrical Characteristics Tc=25°C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Test Condition Min. Typ. Max. Units
VCE0(sus) Collector-Emitter Sustaining Voltage : lc = 30mA, lB = 0 45 60 VVV
BD135 : BD137 : BD139 80
'CBO Collector Cut-off Current VCB = 30V, lE = 0 0.1 uA

'EBO Emitter Cut-off Current VEB = 5V. Ic = 0 10 pA

h n
FE1 FE2 DC Current Gain : ALL DEVICE : ALL VCE = 2V, lc = 5mA VCE 25 250
h
FE3 DEVICE : BD135 = 2V, lc = 0.5A VCE = 25 40 160
: BD137, BD139 2V, lc = 150mA 40
VCE(sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage lc = 500mA, lB = 50mA 0.5 V

VBE(on) Base-Emitter ON Voltage VCE = 2V, lc = 0.5A 1 V

Classification'61016nFE340 - 10063 - 160100 - 250

t-2000 Fawchild Rev. A,
Semiconductor Feb'uaiy
International 2000
hFE Classification
(—/-VI t-t l_» Ml 11_ L/

SEMICONDUCTOR* www.fairchildsemi.com

KA78XX/KA78XXA
3 -Terminal 1 A Positive Voltage Regulator

Features The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of tin 'ce-tcrminul positive

regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package
Output Current up to IA
and with several fixed output voltages, making them
Output Voltages of 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 12. 15. 18. 24 useful in a wide range of applications. Each type
V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down
Protection and safe operating area protection, making it
Output Transistor Sale Operating Area essentially indestructible. If adequate heal sinking is
Protection provided. the\ can deliver over IA output cunenl.
Description Although designed primarily as fixed voltage
regulators, these devices can be used with external
components lo obtain adjustable \oltages and currents.

TO-220

D-PAK

1
1. Input 2. GND 3.
Output

Internal Block Digram

INPUT SEHlbS
PASS
E l.EMKN T

GND

Rev.
©2001 Fairchild Semiconductor 1.0.0
Corporation