FUZZY SETS

LESSON 01
Dewi Yanti Liliana, M.Kom
 Learning Objectives
• Reviews the concepts and notations of sets
(crisp sets)
• Introduces the concepts of fuzzy sets. (Convex
set, α - cut operation)
• Cardinality of fuzzy set and fuzzy number

Material sources is taken from First Course on Fuzzy Theory and Applications, Lee, K.H.
 Elements of Sets
• An universal set X is defined in the universe of discourse and it includes all
possible elements related with the given problem.
• If we define a set A in the universal set X, we see the following
relationships:

• a set A is included in the universal set X.

• If A is not included in X the relationship is:

• If an element x is included in the set A, this element is called as a member

of the set and the notation is:

• If the element x is not included in the set A the notation is:

• represent a set by enumerating its elements. For example,
• elements a1, a2, a3, an are the elements of set A, it is represented as:

• Another representing method

• The number of elements is called cardinality

• The cardinality of set A is denoted by |A|.
• If the cardinality |A| is a finite number, the set A is a finite set.
• If |A| is infinite, A is an infinite set.
 Relation between Sets
• A set consists of sets is called a family of sets.
• For example, a family set containing sets A1, A2,… is represented by

• where i is a set identifier and I is an identification set.

• If all the elements in set A are also elements of set B, A is a subset of B.

• If ; then A and B have the same elements ( A = B )

• If ; then B has elements which is not involved in A. In
this case, A is called a proper subset of B

• A set that has no element is called an empty set Ø.

• An empty set can be a subset of any set.
 Membership

• The number of elements in a set A is denoted by the cardinality |A|.

• A power set P(A) is a family set containing the subsets of set A represented
by
 Operation of Sets
• Complement
 Operation of Sets (cont.)
• Union
• X

• D

• F

• d
 Operation of Sets (cont.)
• Intersection
 Characteristics of Crisp Set
• Feature of Crisp Set
 Convex Set

In other ways, if every point on the line connecting two points s and r in
A is also in A.
Fuzzy Set
Graphical representation of crisp set
Graphical representation of fuzzy set
• Example: Consider fuzzy set ‘two or so’. In this instance, universal set X are
the positive real numbers.
 Fuzzy Set
Example #1
• The term “Young age” is vague.
• When we refer “young” might be in range [0 80]  it is a continuous set
• The horizontal axis shows age and the vertical axis means the numerical
value of membership function.
• The line shows possibility (value of
• membership function) of being contained in the fuzzy set "young".
• Ten year-old boy may well be young. So the possibility for the "age ten” to
join the fuzzy set of "young is 1. Also that of "age twenty seven" is 0.9.
• We might not say young to a person who is over sixty and the possibility of
this case is 0.
• If we add “very young” set, it means that the age should be lowered (the
line is moved leftward as in the figure).
• only the person who is under forty years old can be included in the set of
"very young".
• That is, if we denote A= "young" and B="very young",
 Fuzzy Set
Example #2
• Define a fuzzy set A ={real number near 0}. The boundary for set “real
number near 0” is pretty ambiguous. The possibility of real number x to be
a member of prescribed set can be defined by the following membership
function.
• We can also write the fuzzy set with the function.

• Another fuzzy set A ={real number very near 0} can be defined and its
membership function is
the possibility of 1 is 0.25, that of 2 is 0.04 and of 3 is 0.01
 Expansion of Fuzzy Set
• Definition (Type-n Fuzzy Set) The value of membership degree might
• include uncertainty. If the value of membership function is given by a
• fuzzy set, it is a type-2 fuzzy set. This concept can be extended up to Type-
n fuzzy set.
• Consider set A= “adult”. The membership function of this set maps whole
age to “youth”, “manhood” and “senior”.

Fuzzy Set of Type-2

• For instance, for any person x, y, and z,

• The values of membership for “youth” and “manhood” are also fuzzy sets ,
and thus the set “adult” is a type-2 fuzzy set.
 Relation between Universal Set and
Fuzzy Set
• If there are a universal set and a crisp set, we consider the set as a subset
of the universal set. In the same way, we regard a fuzzy set A as a subset of
universal set X.
• Example: Let X = {a, b, c} be a universal set.
 Example of Fuzzy Set
• Consider a universal set X which is defined on the age domain.
X = {5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85}
• The maximum value of the membership is called “height”.
• Suppose this “height” of some fuzzy sets is 1, this fuzzy set is
“normalized”. The sets “young”, “adult” and “senior” are normalized as in
the figure bellow

Non-Normalized Fuzzy Set and Normalized Fuzzy Set

 α-Cut Set
• S

• note that α is arbitrary. This α-cut set is a crisp set.

• Example: The α -cut set is derived from fuzzy set “young” by giving 0.2 to α
Young0.2 = {15, 25, 35, 45}
• If α =0.4, Young0.4 = {25, 35, 45}
• If α =0.8, Young0.8 = {25, 35}.
• c
Convex Fuzzy Set
Fuzzy Number
• fuzzy number (fuzzy set) represents a real number interval whose
boundary is fuzzy.
The Magnitude of Fuzzy Set
Subset of Fuzzy Set
 Standard Operation of Fuzzy Set
• Complement

• Union
• Intersection