Corporate Restructuring In India—Need Of The

Hour :
Corporate restructuring presents a significant challenge to companies; integrating previously
distinct companies or business units requires a clear understanding of how each organization’s
process will affect communal structure, technology requirements, and employee morale. As each
organization comes together, it brings its own diverse systems and applications, which contribute
to an increasingly complex IT infrastructure.
At Health Net, one of the nation’s largest publicly traded healthcare companies, coalitions and
acquisitions helped the company grow but also created many IT challenges. After multiple
coalitions and acquisitions, lack of integration between Health Net’s disparate systems created
inefficiencies that slowed down the company’s daily process. “When core applications and
systems have a difficult time ‘talking’ to each other, the flow of data across the entire
organization is slower.
We wanted to fix that problem immediately,” says Ted Wilkinson, a director of IT at Health Net.
In addition to integrating its core applications, Health Net needed to create an integrated
interface for outside vendors to access real-time claims and eligibility information from what
were previously inaccessible back-end systems. By providing this access, Health Net would
strengthen its vendor relationships and improve the quality of its service to customers. After
evaluating various integration vendors, Health Net chose TIBCO Software Inc., a leading enabler
of real-time business.
Part of connecting companies after a coalition or acquisition is fusing together diverse corporate
processes and methods of communication. For Health Net, a central associate portal was crucial
to maintaining consistent communication and uniting associate processes under a single
corporate vision.
“After growing from coalitions and acquisitions, Health Net began to feel more like a collection
of separate companies rather than a unified team,” Yamato-Tucker says. “We wanted to create a
more unified feeling among the associates initiated a ‘One Company, One Mission, One Vision’
campaign. An enterprise-wide portal was the ideal way to bring all departments and associates
together under one corporate umbrella.” Lori Hillman, a senior communications specialist at
Health Net, agrees. “The portal must be the primary communications vehicle for the entire
company.”
The portal gives associates the ability to access critical business tools, view personal benefits
and paychecks, submit suggestions, access online training resources, and perform other
important tasks. “The portal has improved our level of corporate communications,” says
Yamato-Tucker. “We now have a vehicle for uniting associates across numerous geographical
locations.” According to Hillman, another benefit of the TIBCO-powered portal is the speed and
ease with which they can add new features. “If the communications department needs to add a
new resource to the portal, our IT staff is able to accommodate our needs very quickly.”
.The aspects dealt in this article will be helpful for the companies interested in coalition and
reconstruction activities, issues involved in coalition activities etc. The accountability on the part
of purchasing company mostly involves making decision of one kind or another. It involves
choosing particular course of action after considering the possible alternatives. Whatever the
company does, it does through making coalition decision. As for as purchasing companies are
concerned such decisions are vital for improving their bottom-line, net worth and maximizing
the investors value after coalition activity has been carried out by them. Further more, the profile
of the Indian company has changed and it is trying to become a world class company.

Need :
When a business is doing poorly and losing money, the problem isn't always with the quality of
the product or service being given, and it isn't always because the people in charge aren't
working hard enough. Sometimes, trouble in business is purely a matter of an inefficient
corporate set-up that drains money and resources and keeps a business from being as successful
as it needs to be. When this is the case, a corporate restructuring may be all that is needed to take
a business from the red to the black.

The restructuring usually takes place when a business is struggling and losing money. A third-
party will be brought in to assess the way that the business is being run, and then make
recommendations based on what they found that will help make the business run more
efficiently. A strong corporate restructuring firm will have experts in a wide variety or areas that
can examine all aspects of a business to help find solutions.

One of the first aspects that a restructuring firm will take a look at is the legal definition and
ownership of the company through a lawyer that is experienced in business law. Filing the
correct paperwork to have a company correctly classified can save a company huge percentages
of money in taxes and business fees.

The next aspect a corporate restructuring firm will look at is the day-to-day operations of a
company. Experts with industry experience will look at the processes and procedures of a
company to see if any changes can be made that will cut down on inefficiencies that lead to lost
money.

A good corporate restructuring firm will not just identify problems of where money is being lost,
but also come up with solutions that a company can implement in order to fix those problems.
They will also help a company through the process of restructuring by developing forecasts of
what to expect and making sure the company is able to secure the capital available to make those
changes.

In this economic climate, it is essential for businesses to run as well as they possibly can. A
corporate restructuring can help save money, and help save a company from having to lay off
workers.

Corporate restructuring can help restore, preserve and enhance the value of an organisation. You
can get help from restructuring specialists who can advice you well on it.
 The given motives are considered to enhance the shareholders value:

• Economies of scale: This refers to the fact that the combined company can often reduce
duplicate departments or process, lowering the costs of the company relative to
theoretically the same revenue stream, thus increasing profit.
• Increased revenue/Increased Market Share: This motive assumes that the company
will be absorbing a major competitor and its power (by capturing increased market share)
to set prices.
• Cross selling: For example, a bank buying a stock broker could then sell its banking
products to the stock broker's customers, while the broker can sign up the bank's
customers for brokerage accounts. Or, a manufacturer can acquire and sell
complementary products.
• Synergy: Better use of complementary resources.
• Taxes: A profitable company can buy a loss maker to use the target's tax write-offs. In
the United States and many other countries, rules are in place to limit the ability of
profitable companies to "shop" for loss making companies, limiting the tax motive of an
acquiring company.
• Geographical or other diversification: This is designed to smooth the earnings results
of a company, which over the long term smoothen the stock price of a company, giving
conservative investors more confidence in investing in the company. However, this does
not always deliver value to shareholders .
• Resource transfer: resources are unevenly distributed across firms (Barney, 1991) and
the interaction of target and acquiring firm resources can create value through either
overcoming information asymmetry or by combining scarce resources.

Following motives are considered not to add shareholder value:

•Diversification: While this may hedge a company against a downturn in an individual

industry it fails to deliver value, since it is possible for individual shareholders to achieve
the same hedge by diversifying their portfolios at a much lower cost than those associated
with Restructuring.
• Overextension: Tend to make the organization fuzzy and unmanageable.
• Manager's hubris: manager's overconfidence about expected synergies from M&A which
results in overpayment for the target company.
• Empire Building: Managers have larger companies to manage and hence more power.
• Manager's Compensation: In the past, certain executive management teams had their
payout based on the total amount of profit of the company, instead of the profit per share,
which would give the team a perverse incentive to buy companies to increase the total
profit while decreasing the profit per share (which hurts the owners of the company, the
shareholders); although some empirical studies show that compensation is rather linked
to profitability and not mere profits of the company.
• Bootstrapping: Example: how ITT its Restructuring.
• Vertical integration: Companies acquire part of a supply chain and benefit from the
resources.
CONCLUSION:
From the above discussion, it is felt that, Restructuring can resemble a takeover but result in a
new company name (often combining the names of the original companies) and in new branding;
in some cases, terming the combination a "Restructuring" rather than an acquisition is done
purely for political or marketing reasons.

Restructuring

Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal,
ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more
profitable, or better organized for its present needs. Alternate reasons for restructuring include a
change of ownership or ownership structure, demerger, or a response to a crisis or major change
in the business such asbankruptcy, repositioning, or buyout. Restructuring may also be described
as corporate restructuring, debt restructuring and financial restructuring.

In education, restructuring refers a requirement in the No Child Left Behind act of 2001, which
requires schools identified as chronically failing for 5 years or more to undertake rapid changes
that affect how the school is led and instruction delivered.[1]

Executives involved in restructuring often hire financial and legal advisors to assist in the
transaction details and negotiation. It may also be done by a new CEO hired specifically to make
the difficult and controversial decisions required to save or reposition the company. It generally
involves financing debt, selling portions of the company to investors, and reorganizing or
reducing operations.

The basic nature of restructuring is a zero sum game. Strategic restructuring reduces financial
losses, simultaneously reducing tensions between debt and equity holders to facilitate a prompt
resolution of a distressed situation.

Steps:

 ensure the company has enough liquidity to operate during implementation of a complete
restructuring
 produce accurate working capital forecasts
 provide open and clear lines of communication with creditors who mostly control the
company's ability to raise financing
  update detailed business plan and considerations

Valuations in restructuring :

In corporate restructuring, valuations are used as negotiating tools and more than third-party
reviews designed for litigation avoidance. This distinction between negotiation and process is a
difference between financial restructuring and corporate finance.

Characteristics :

 Cash management and cash generation during crisis

 Impaired Loan Advisory Services (ILAS)
 Retention of corporate management sometimes "stay bonus" payments or equity grants
 Sale of underutilized assets, such as patents or brands
 Outsourcing of operations such as payroll and technical support to a more efficient third
party
 Moving of operations such as manufacturing to lower-cost locations
 Reorganization of functions such as sales, marketing, and distribution
 Renegotiation of labor contracts to reduce overhead
 Refinancing of corporate debt to reduce interest payments
 A major public relations campaign to reposition the company with consumers
 Forfeiture of all or part of the ownership share by pre restructuring stock holders (if the
remainder represents only a fraction of the original firm, it is termed a stub).

Results :

A company that has been restructured effectively will theoretically be leaner, more efficient,
better organized, and better focused on its core business with a revised strategic and financial
plan. If the restructured company was a leverage acquisition, the parent company will likely
resell it at a profit if the restructuring has proven successful.
A Study of different modes of corporate
restructuring :
The 1980's bore witness to a decade of aggressive mergers, acquisitions and takeovers. The
mergers and acquisitions scenario is hotting up in India. According to PricewaterhouseCoopers,
the value of M&A deals announced in the first six months of 2005 was $6.9 billion, compared to
$2.9 billion in the first half of 2004, and more than the $5.2 billion in the whole of 2004. The
corporate are being concerned at cocktail parties by people who are eager to explain their system
for making creamy profits by investing in common stock. Fortunately, these bores go into
temporary hibernation whenever the market goes down.

There are a number of factors depicting the significance of this study. All innovations and
inventions in terms of corporate and principles happen abroad, and then are being carried to
Indian environment. Corporate restructuring, out of all emerging concepts of findings ways to
serve shareholders better, has been a very successful concept abroad and its been followed all the
more in high context cultures like India. The rapidity with corporate finance due to external
factors like increased price volatility, a general globalisation of the markets, tax asymmetric,
development in technology, regulatory change, liberalisation, increased competition and
reduction in information and transaction costs and also intrafirm factors like liquidity needs of
business, capital costs and growth perspective have lead to practice of corporate restructuring as
a strategic move to maximise the shareholder's value.

The "Corporate restructuring" is an umbrella term that includes mergers and consolidations,
divestitures and liquidations and various types of battles for corporate control. The essence of
corporate restructuring lies in achieving the long run goal of wealth maximisation. This study is
an attempt to highlight the impact of corporate restructuring on the shareholders value in the
Indian context. Thus, it helps us to know, if restructuring generates value gains for shareholders
(both those who own the firm before the restructuring and those who own the firm after the
restructuring), how these value gains have be created and achieved or failed.

Further, it will also focus on issues involving ownership and controls. This leads logically to the
subject of leveraged buyouts. It was during 1980s that many of the new tools which made
leveraged buyouts possible, including high yield or junk bonds, found favour.

Last year, M&A activities were largely restricted to IT and telecom sectors. They have now
spread across the economy. As Businessworld recently reported, this is the fourth wave of
corporate deal-making in India.

The first happened in the 1980s, led by corporate raiders such as Swaraj Paul, Manu Chhabria
and R P Goenka, in the very early days of reforms. In view of the license raj prevailing then,
buying a company was one of the best ways to generate growth, for ambitious corporates.

In the early 1990s, in the liberalised economy, Indian business houses began to feel the heat of
competition. Conglomerates that had lost focus were forced to sell non-core businesses that
could not withstand competitive pressures. The Tatas, for instance, sold TOMCO to Hindustan
Lever. Corporate restructuring, largely drove this second wave of M&As.

The third wave started about five years ago, driven by consolidation in key sectors like cement
and telecommunications. Companies like Bharti Tele-Ventures and Hutch bought smaller
competitors to establish a national presence.

What makes the most recent wave of M&As different from the three previous ones is the
involvement of global players. Foreign private equity is coming into Indian companies, like
Newbridge's recent investment in Shriram Holdings.

Multinational corporations are also entering India. Swiss cement major Holcim's investment in
ACC and Oracle's purchase of a 41 per cent stake in i-flex solutions (for $593 million) are good
examples.

Meanwhile, Indian companies, sensing attractive opportunities outside the country are also
venturing abroad. Tata Steel has bought Singapore-based NatSteel for $486 million. Videocon
has bought the colour picture tubes business of Thomson for $290 million.

Such global forays have become a possibility because foreign exchange is no longer a scarce
commodity. They have also become a necessity because in globalising industries, only players
with global scale and reach can survive.

At the same time, the difficulties involved in making M&As click must not be underestimated. A
paradigm shift is likely in the coming years. Friendly deals could give way to aggressive ones. In
future, we may see hostile bids and leveraged buyouts. Most M&As so far have been cash deals.
With the Sensex crossing 9000, stock deals may become more common. As the appetite for deal
making increases, the valuation is also bound to go up. In short, exciting times are ahead.

The term corporate restructuring encompasses three distinct, but related, groups of
activities; expansions – including mergers and consolidations, tender offers, joint ventures,
and acquisitions; contraction – including sell offs, spin offs, equity carve outs,
abandonment of assets, and liquidation; and ownership and control – including the market
for corporate control, stock repurchases program, exchange offers and going private
(whether by leveraged buyout or other means). Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and
corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate finance world. One plus one makes three:
this equation is the special alchemy of a merger or an acquisition. The key principle behind
buying a company is to create shareholder value over and above that of the sum of the two
companies. Two companies together are more valuable than two separate companies - at least,
that's the reasoning behind M&A.

This rationale is particularly alluring to companies when times are tough. Strong companies will
act to buy other companies to create a more competitive, cost-efficient company. The companies
will come together hoping to gain a greater market share or to achieve greater efficiency.
Because of these potential benefits, target companies will often agree to be purchased when they
know they cannot survive alone.
We will briefly look at each of the three major categories of restructuring in the section which
follow as:

* Expansions:

Expansions include mergers, consolidations, acquisitions and various other activities which
result in an enlargement of a firm or its scope of operations. There is a lot of ambiquity in the
usage of the terms associated with corporate expansions.

A Merger involves a combination of two firms such that only one firm survuves. Mergers tend
top occur when one firm is significantly larger than the other and the survivor is usally the larger
of the two.A Merger can take the form of :

* Horizontal merger involves two firms in similar businesses. The combination of two oil
companies or two solid waste disposal companies, for example would represent horizontal
mergers.

* Vertical mergers involves two firms involve in different stages of production of the same end
product or related end product.

* Conglomerate mergers involves two firms in unrelated business activities.

A consolidations involves the creation of an altogether new firm owning the assets of both of the
first two firms and neither of the first two survive. This form of combination is most common
when the two firms are of approximately equal size.

The joint ventures, in which two separate firms pool some of their resources, is another such
form that does not ordinarily lead to the dissolution of either firm. Such ventures typically
involve only a small portion of the cooperating firms overall businesses and usually have limited
lives.

The term acquisitions is another ambiguous term. At the most general, it means an attempts by
one firm, called the acquiring firm to gain a majority interest in another firm called the target
firm. The effort to gain control may be a prelude to a subsequent merger to establish a parent
subsidiary relationship, to break up the target firm and dispose of its assets or to take the target
firm private by a small gropu of investots. There are a number of strategies that can be employed
in corporate acuisitions like friendly takkeovers, hostile takeovers etc.The specialist have
engineered a number of strategies which often have bizarre nicknames such as shark repellents
and poison pills terms which accurately convey the genuine hostility involved. In the same vain,
the acquiring firm itself is often described as a raider. One such strtegy is to emply a target block
repurchase with an accompaying stanstill agreement. This combination sometimes describes as
greenmail.
* Contractions:

Contraction, as the term implies, results in a smaller firm rather than a larger one. If we ignore
the abondanment of assets, occasionally alogical course of action, coporate contraction occurs as
the result of disposition of assets. The disposition of assets, sometimes called sell-offs, can take
either of three board form:

* Spin-offs
* Divestitures
* Carve outs.

Spin-offs and carve outs create new legal entities while divestitres do not.

* Ownership and Control

The third mahor area encompassed vy the term corpoate restructuring is that of ownership and
control. It has been wrested from the current board, the new managemt willl often embark on a
full or partial liquidatin strategy involving the sale of assets. The leveraged buyout preserves the
integrity of the firm as legal entity but consolidates ownership in the hands of a small groups. In
the 1980s, many large publicly tradedd firms went private and employes a similar strategy called
a leveraged buyout or LBO.

Whether a purchase is considered a merger or an acquisition really depends on whether the

purchase is friendly or hostile and how it is announced. In other words, the real difference lies in
how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target company's board of directors,
employees and shareholders.

Synergy

Synergy is the magic force that allows for enhanced cost efficiencies of the new business.
Synergy takes the form of revenue enhancement and cost savings. By merging, the companies
hope to benefit from the following:

Staff reductions - As every employee knows, mergers tend to mean job losses. Consider all the
money saved from reducing the number of staff members from accounting, marketing and other
departments. Job cuts will also include the former CEO, who typically leaves with a
compensation package.

Economies of scale - Yes, size matters. Whether it's purchasing stationery or a new corporate IT
system, a bigger company placing the orders can save more on costs. Mergers also translate into
improved purchasing power to buy equipment or office supplies - when placing larger orders,
companies have a greater ability to negotiate prices with their suppliers.

Acquiring new technology - To stay competitive, companies need to stay on top of technological
developments and their business applications. By buying a smaller company with unique
technologies, a large company can maintain or develop a competitive edge.
Improved market reach and industry visibility - Companies buy companies to reach new markets
and grow revenues and earnings. A merge may expand two companies' marketing and
distribution, giving them new sales opportunities. A merger can also improve a company's
standing in the investment community: bigger firms often have an easier time raising capital than
smaller ones.

That said, achieving synergy is easier said than done - it is not automatically realized once two
companies merge. Sure, there ought to be economies of scale when two businesses are
combined, but sometimes a merger does just the opposite.

Mergers and Acquisitions : Valuation matters

Investors in a company that is aiming to take over another one must determine whether the
purchase will be beneficial to them. In order to do so, they must ask themselves how much the
company being acquired is really worth.

Naturally, both sides of an M&A deal will have different ideas about the worth of a target
company: its seller will tend to value the company at as high of a price as possible, while the
buyer will try to get the lowest price that he can.

There are, however, many legitimate ways to value companies. The most common method is to
look at comparable companies in an industry, but deal makers employ a variety of other methods
and tools when assessing a target company . Here are just a few of them:

Comparative Ratios - The following are two examples of the many comparative metrics on
which acquiring companies may base their offers:

Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) - With the use of this ratio, an acquiring company makes an
offer that is a multiple of the earnings of the target company. Looking at the P/E for all the stocks
within the same industry group will give the acquiring company good guidance for what the
target's P/E multiple should be.

Enterprise-Value-to-Sales Ratio (EV/Sales) - With this ratio, the acquiring company makes an
offer as a multiple of the revenues, again, while being aware of the price-to-sales ratio of other
companies in the industry.

Replacement Cost - In a few cases, acquisitions are based on the cost of replacing the target
company. For simplicity's sake, suppose the value of a company is simply the sum of all its
equipment and staffing costs. The acquiring company can literally order the target to sell at that
price, or it will create a competitor for the same cost. Naturally, it takes a long time to assemble
good management, acquire property and get the right equipment. This method of establishing a
price certainly wouldn't make much sense in a service industry where the key assets - people and
ideas - are hard to value and develop.

Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) - A key valuation tool in M&A, discounted cash flow analysis
determines a company's current value according to its estimated future cash flows. Forecasted
 free cash flows (operating profit + depreciation + amortization of goodwill – capital expenditures
– cash taxes - change in working capital) are discounted to a present value using the
company's weighted average costs of capital (WACC). Admittedly, DCF is tricky to get right,
but few tools can rival this valuation method.

Mergers and Acquisitions : Break Ups

As mergers capture the imagination of many investors and companies, the idea of getting smaller might
seem counterintuitive. But corporate break-ups, or de-mergers, can be very attractive options for
companies and their shareholders.

Advantages

The rationale behind a spinoff, tracking stock or carve-out is that "the parts are greater than the
whole." These corporate restructuring techniques, which involve the separation of a business unit
or subsidiary from the parent, can help a company raise additional equity funds. A break-up can
also boost a company's valuation by providing powerful incentives to the people who work in the
separating unit, and help the parent's management to focus on core operations. Most importantly,
shareholders get better information about the business unit because it issues separate financial
statements. This is particularly useful when a company's traditional line of business differs from
the separated business unit. With separate financial disclosure, investors are better equipped to
gauge the value of the parent corporation. The parent company might attract more investors and,
ultimately, more capital. Also, separating a subsidiary from its parent can reduce internal
competition for corporate funds. For investors, that's great news: it curbs the kind of negative
internal wrangling that can compromise the unity and productivity of a company. For employees
of the new separate entity, there is a publicly traded stock to motivate and reward them. Stock
options in the parent often provide little incentive to subsidiary managers, especially because
their efforts are buried in the firm's overall performance.

Disadvantages

That said, de-merged firms are likely to be substantially smaller than their parents, possibly
making it harder to tap credit markets and costlier finance that may be affordable only for larger
companies. And the smaller size of the firm may mean it has less representation on
major indexes, making it more difficult to attract interest from institutional investors.
Meanwhile, there are the extra costs that the parts of the business face if separated. When a firm
divides itself into smaller units, it may be losing the synergy that it had as a larger entity. For
instance, the division of expenses such as marketing, administration andresearch and
development (R&D) into different business units may cause redundant costs without increasing
overall revenues.

Restructuring Methods

There are several restructuring methods: doing an outright sell-off, doing an equity carve-out,
spinning off a unit to existing shareholders or issuing tracking stock. Each has advantages and
disadvantages for companies and investors. All of these deals are quite complex.

Sell-Offs

A sell-off, also known as a divestiture, is the outright sale of a company subsidiary. Normally,
sell-offs are done because the subsidiary doesn't fit into the parent company's core strategy. The
market may beundervaluing the combined businesses due to a lack of synergy between the parent
and subsidiary. As a result, management and the board decide that the subsidiary is better off
under different ownership.
Besides getting rid of an unwanted subsidiary, sell-offs also raise cash, which can be used to pay
off debt. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, corporate raiders would use debt to finance
acquisitions. Then, after making a purchase they would sell-off its subsidiaries to raise cash to
service the debt. The raiders' method certainly makes sense if the sum of the parts is greater than
the whole. When it isn't, deals are unsuccessful.

Equity Carve-outs

More and more companies are using equity carve-outs to boost shareholder value. A parent firm
makes a subsidiary public through an initial public offering (IPO) of shares, amounting to a
partial sell-off. A new publicly-listed company is created, but the parent keeps a controlling stake
in the newly traded subsidiary.
A carve-out is a strategic avenue a parent firm may take when one of its subsidiaries is growing
faster and carrying higher valuations than other businesses owned by the parent. A carve-out
generates cash because shares in the subsidiary are sold to the public, but the issue also unlocks
the value of the subsidiary unit and enhances the parent's shareholder value.

The new legal entity of a carve-out has a separate board, but in most carve-outs, the parent
retains some control. In these cases, some portion of the parent firm's board of directors may be
shared. Since the parent has a controlling stake, meaning both firms have common shareholders,
the connection between the two will likely be strong.

That said, sometimes companies carve-out a subsidiary not because it's doing well, but because it
is a burden. Such an intention won't lead to a successful result, especially if a carved-out
subsidiary is too loaded with debt, or had trouble even when it was a part of the parent and is
lacking an established track record for growing revenues and profits.

Carve-outs can also create unexpected friction between the parent and subsidiary. Problems can
arise as managers of the carved-out company must be accountable to their public shareholders as
well as the owners of the parent company. This can create divided loyalties.

Spinoffs

A spinoff occurs when a subsidiary becomes an independent entity. The parent firm distributes
shares of the subsidiary to its shareholders through a stock dividend. Since this transaction is a
dividend distribution, no cash is generated. Thus, spinoffs are unlikely to be used when a firm
needs to finance growth or deals. Like the carve-out, the subsidiary becomes a separate legal
entity with a distinct management and board.
Like carve-outs, spinoffs are usually about separating a healthy operation. In most cases, spinoffs
unlock hidden shareholder value. For the parent company, it sharpens management focus. For the
spinoff company, management doesn't have to compete for the parent's attention and capital.
Once they are set free, managers can explore new opportunities.

Investors, however, should beware of throw-away subsidiaries the parent created to separate
legal liability or to off-load debt. Once spinoff shares are issued to parent company shareholders,
some shareholders may be tempted to quickly dump these shares on the market, depressing the
share valuation.

Tracking Stock

A tracking stock is a special type of stock issued by a publicly held company to track the value
of one segment of that company. The stock allows the different segments of the company to be
valued differently by investors. Let's say a slow-growth company trading at a low price-earnings
ratio (P/E ratio) happens to have a fast growing business unit. The company might issue a
tracking stock so the market can value the new business separately from the old one and at a
significantly higher P/E rating. Why would a firm issue a tracking stock rather than spinning-off
or carving-out its fast growth business for shareholders? The company retains control over the
subsidiary; the two businesses can continue to enjoy synergies and share marketing,
administrative support functions, a headquarters and so on. Finally, and most importantly, if the
tracking stock climbs in value, the parent company can use the tracking stock it owns to make
acquisitions.

Still, shareholders need to remember that tracking stocks are class B , meaning they don't grant
shareholders the same voting rights as those of the main stock. Each share of tracking stock may
have only a half or a quarter of a vote. In rare cases, holders of tracking stock have no vote at all.

Review of Existing Literature

Review of existing literature has a great relevance in the research of any project as it acts as a
backbone for new studies. Review of existing literature includes the history of the study,
previous studies that had already being done on the subject. It lets the researcher explore on all
these dimensions which have remain untouched in previous studies on the said topic. Therefore,
it provides a necessary base and acts as a broader frame work and guideline to give researcher a
clear cut focus for the fresh attempt.

Here are some of the views and studies by some of the researchers about the impact of corporate
restructuring on shareholders value:
What is corporate restructuring?
Corporate restructuring is one of the most complex and fundamental phenomena that
management confronts. Each company has two opposite strategies from which to choose: to
diversify or to refocus on its core business. While diversifying represents the expansion of
corporate activities, refocus characterizes a concentration on its core business. From this
perspective, corporate restructuring is reduction in diversification.

Corporate restructuring is an episodic exercise, not related to investments in new plant and
machinery which involve a significant change in one or more of the following

• Pattern of ownership and control

• Composition of liability
• Asset mix of the firm.

It is a comprehensive process by which a company can consolidate its business operations and
strengthen its position for achieving the desired objectives:

• Synergetic
• Competitive
• Successful

It involves significant re-orientation, re-organization or realignment of assets and liabilities of

the organization through conscious management action to improve future cash flow stream and
to make more profitable and efficient.

Meaning and Need for corporate restructuring :

Corporate restructuring is the process of redesigning one or more aspects of a company. The
process of reorganizing a company may be implemented due to a number of different factors,
such as positioning the company to be more competitive, survive a currently adverse economic
climate, or poise the corporation to move in an entirely new direction. Here are some examples
of why corporate restructuring may take place and what it can mean for the company.

Restructuring a corporate entity is often a necessity when the company has grown to the point
that the original structure can no longer efficiently manage the output and general interests of the
company. For example, a corporate restructuring may call for spinning off some departments
into subsidiaries as a means of creating a more effective management model as well as taking
advantage of tax breaks that would allow the corporation to divert more revenue to the
production process. In this scenario, the restructuring is seen as a positive sign of growth of the
company and is often welcome by those who wish to see the corporation gain a larger market
share.
Corporate restructuring may also take place as a result of the acquisition of the company by new
owners. The acquisition may be in the form of a leveraged buyout, a hostile takeover, or a
merger of some type that keeps the company intact as a subsidiary of the controlling corporation.
When the restructuring is due to a hostile takeover, corporate raiders often implement a
dismantling of the company, selling off properties and other assets in order to make a profit from
the buyout. What remains after this restructuring may be a smaller entity that can continue to
function, albeit not at the level possible before the takeover took place

In general, the idea of corporate restructuring is to allow the company to continue functioning in
some manner. Even when corporate raiders break up the company and leave behind a shell of the
original structure, there is still usually a hope, what remains can function well enough for a new
buyer to purchase the diminished corporation and return it to profitability.

Purpose of Corporate Restructuring :

• To enhance the share holder value, The company should continuously evaluate its:

1. Portfolio of businesses,
2. Capital mix,
3. Ownership &
4. Asset arrangements to find opportunities to increase the share holder’s value.

• To focus on asset utilization and profitable investment opportunities.

• To reorganize or divest less profitable or loss making businesses/products.
• The company can also enhance value through capital Restructuring, it can innovate
securities that help to reduce cost of capital.

Characteristics of Corporate Restructuring:

1. To improve the company’s Balance sheet, (by selling unprofitable division from its core
business).
2. To accomplish staff reduction ( by selling/closing of unprofitable portion).
3. Changes in corporate management.
4. Sale of underutilized assets, such as patents/brands.
5. Outsourcing of operations such as payroll and technical support to a more efficient 3rd
party.
6. Moving of operations such as manufacturing to lower-cost locations.
7. Reorganization of functions such as sales, marketing, & distribution.
8. Renegotiation of labor contracts to reduce overhead.
9. Refinancing of corporate debt to reduce interest payments.
 10. A major public relations campaign to reposition the company with consumers.

WHEN TO CONSIDER CORPORATE

RESTRUCTURING
--Times are tough, and they're likely to get tougher, so my question is this; Should you, or should
you not, consider a move toward corporate re-engineering? Whether directly or indirectly, your
business will likely face negative repercussions of the struggling economy at some point, and
there will be tough decisions that need to be made. The mere discussion of corporate re-
engineering can cause fear, anxiety, and in some cases even panic. This is so much the case that
some CEOs will avoid restructuring initiatives at all costs. There are even some business
theorists that warn against undertaking complex restructurings because of the great risks
involved. My question is this: Since when have fear and avoidance become prerequisites for
success as a CEO? Give me real leaders who possess courage, vision, and a bias toward action,
and spare me the timidity of mediocre managers posing as leaders. In today's column I'll examine
the benefits of, and the need for corporate re-engineering.

Anybody could be a CEO if business were a static proposition. If change and innovation weren’t
critical success metrics, and the enterprise could just run on auto-pilot, you could replace the
CEO with a General Manager. The fact is that business is not a static endeavor. Quite to the
contrary; there are few things that require as much fluidity as effectively increasing profit,
growing revenue, and driving brand equity in today’s global marketplace. In fact, I would go so
far as to say that if you as a CEO are not consistently re-engineering elements of your business in
today’s business climate, one of the following two conditions exist; 1) You have a perfect
business, or; 2) You are an ineffective CEO.

What do great CEOs do when the business model, the strategic plan, and the revenue hurdles
don’t seem to be in alignment? They make changes. They don’t sit idly by and watch the
business lose market share, suffer margin erosion, see their competitive value propositions
vaporize, or watch their brand go into decline. Great CEOs are willing to make the tough
decisions…that’s what they’re paid for. Facing reality and being able to make what are often
times very painful organizational/structural decisions are the hallmarks of great CEOs.

In an attempt to avoid confusion as to what I’m speaking about, I put together the following
definition of corporate re-engineering: “Corporate Re-engineering is simply leadership
recognizing, taking ownership over, and acting to correct strategic or tactical business flaws,
and/or to realign elements of the enterprise with current or anticipated changes in market
conditions.” This isn’t rocket science, rather it’s just plain-old, good leadership. It is actually the
fiduciary obligation of a CEO to make the needed changes to protect shareholder value.
So why is it that so many CEOs shirk their responsibility, stick their heads in the sand, and avoid
making necessary changes? It is my experience that they either lack the personal skill sets, or
haven’t built the right executive team to lead change, they just don’t recognize the need for
change, or they just don’t care. The good news is that there is a cure for all four of the preceding
problems: Items one through three can be solved with an emphasis on leadership development
and talent management, and item four can be solved by holding the board of directors
accountable for CEO performance and firing the CEO who doesn’t care. Following are five
representative tips that will help you recognize the need for a re-engineering initiative:

1. Unusual declines in revenue, margin, marketshare, customer loyalty, or brand equity.

2. Even if the above areas are not yet in decline, but you are witnessing unusually slow
growth or zero growth you still have a problem.
3. The inability to recruit or retain tier-one talent.
4. Current or anticipated changes in market conditions that will adversely impact your
business model.
5. Obsolescence of intellectual property, products, services, solutions, or competitive value
propositions.

The bottom line is this…Bleeding is not a healthy thing. Whether you’re experiencing a slow
bleed or you’re hemorrhaging, both instances can be fatal without treatment. If your company is
in products, services, or businesses that you wouldn’t enter into if you weren’t in that particular
arena today…Get Out! Stop the bleeding, and reinvest your financial and non-financial resources
into more profitable endeavors. I don’t believe corporate re-engineering to be evil, but even if it
is, it is a necessary evil.

Categories of corporate restructuring

Corporate Restructuring entails a range of activities including financial
restructuring and organization restructuring.

1. Financial Restructuring

Financial restructuring is the reorganization of the financial assets and liabilities of a corporation
in order to create the most beneficial financial environment for the company. The process of
financial restructuring is often associated with corporate restructuring, in that restructuring the
general function and composition of the company is likely to impact the financial health of the
corporation. When completed, this reordering of corporate assets and liabilities can help the
company to remain competitive, even in a depressed economy.

Just about every business goes through a phase of financial restructuring at one time or another.
In some cases, the process of restructuring takes place as a means of allocating resources for a
new marketing campaign or the launch of a new product line. When this happens, the restructure
is often viewed as a sign that the company is financially stable and has set goals for future
growth and expansion.

Need For Financial Restructuring

The process of financial restructuring may be undertaken as a means of eliminating waste from
the operations of the company.

For example, the restructuring effort may find that two divisions or departments of the company
perform related functions and in some cases duplicate efforts. Rather than continue to use
financial resources to fund the operation of both departments, their efforts are combined. This
helps to reduce costs without impairing the ability of the company to still achieve the same ends
in a timely manner

In some cases, financial restructuring is a strategy that must take place in order for the company
to continue operations. This is especially true when sales decline and the corporation no longer
generates a consistent net profit. A financial restructuring may include a review of the costs
associated with each sector of the business and identify ways to cut costs and increase the net
profit. The restructuring may also call for the reduction or suspension of production facilities that
are obsolete or currently produce goods that are not selling well and are scheduled to be phased
out.

Financial restructuring also take place in response to a drop in sales, due to a sluggish economy
or temporary concerns about the economy in general. When this happens, the corporation may
need to reorder finances as a means of keeping the company operational through this rough time.
Costs may be cut by combining divisions or departments, reassigning responsibilities and
eliminating personnel, or scaling back production at various facilities owned by the company.
With this type of corporate restructuring, the focus is on survival in a difficult market rather than
on expanding the company to meet growing consumer demand.
All businesses must pay attention to matters of finance in order to remain operational and to also
hopefully grow over time. From this perspective, financial restructuring can be seen as a tool that
can ensure the corporation is making the most efficient use of available resources and thus
generating the highest amount of net profit possible within the current set economic
environment.

2. Organizational Restructuring

In organizational restructuring, the focus is on management and internal corporate governance

structures. Organizational restructuring has become a very common practice amongst the firms
in order to match the growing competition of the market. This makes the firms to change the
organizational structure of the company for the betterment of the business.

Need For Organization Restructuring

• New skills and capabilities are needed to meet current or expected operational
requirements.
• Accountability for results are not clearly communicated and measurable resulting in
subjective and biased performance appraisals.
• Parts of the organization are significantly over or under staffed.
• Organizational communications are inconsistent, fragmented, and inefficient.
• Technology and/or innovation are creating changes in workflow and production
processes.
• Significant staffing increases or decreases are contemplated.
• Personnel retention and turnover is a significant problem.
• Workforce productivity is stagnant or deteriorating.
• Morale is deteriorating.

Some of the most common features of organizational restructures are:

• Regrouping of business: This involves the firms regrouping their existing business into
fewer business units. The management then handles theses lesser number of compact and
strategic business units in an easier and better way that ensures the business to earn profit.
• Downsizing: Often companies may need to retrench the surplus manpower of the
business. For that purpose offering voluntary retirement schemes (VRS) is the most
useful tool taken by the firms for downsizing the business’s workforce.
 • Decentralization: In order to enhance the organizational response to the developments in
dynamic environment, the firms go for decentralization. This involves reducing the layers
of management in the business so that the people at lower hierarchy are benefited.
• Outsourcing: Outsourcing is another measure of organizational restructuring that
reduces the manpower and transfers the fixed costs of the company to variable costs.
• Enterprise Resource Planning: Enterprise resource planning is an integrated
management information system that is enterprise-wide and computer-base. This
management system enables the business management to understand any situation in
faster and better way. The advancement of the information technology enhances the
planning of a business.
• Business Process Engineering: It involves redesigning the business process so that the
business maximizes the operation and value added content of the business while
minimizing everything else.
• Total Quality Management: The businesses now have started to realize that an outside
certification for the quality of the product helps to get a good will in the market. Quality
improvement is also necessary to improve the customer service and reduce the cost of the
business.

The perspective of organizational restructuring may be different for the employees. When a
company goes for the organizational restructuring, it often leads to reducing the manpower and
hence meaning that people are losing their jobs. This may decrease the morale of employee in a
large manner. Hence many firms provide strategies on career transitioning and outplacement
support to their existing employees for an easy transition to their next job.

Driving forces of restructuring

o Globalisation of the economy
o Technological and research developments
o Lower communication/transport costs
o Single European Market - growing competition
o Increasing role of private equity funds and
o Global institutional investors, private equity and hedge fonds
o Shareholder value orientation
o Business concepts and management failures
o Political orientations