BLUE TOOTH

INTRODUCTION:

Wireless LANs are the hot new enterprise technology that every
one is talking about and considering implementing in varying degrees for
vertical markets like medical, education and manufacturing.

Before delving straight into the details of wireless LAN

standards let’s take a look at technologies that make it possible for a wireless
LAN to operate. These technologies are

• Radio frequency systems

• Infrared systems
• Spread spectrum implementation
• Frequency Hopping Speed Spectrum
• Direct Sequence Speed Spectrum

Some of the wireless standards now available in the market are

• IEEE 802.11
• HIPER LAN2
• BLUE TOOTH
• HOME RF

How Blue Tooth came into existence?:

We may heard of WPANS (Wireless personal area networks)

WLANS (Wireless local area networks)
WWANS (Wireless wide area networks)
Flexibility and mobility make wireless LANs an attractive alternative to
wired networks.

Wireless LANs provide all the functionality of wired LANs with

out physical constraints of the wire itself.
 The above mentioned three types of networks differentiate in range,
data rates, power consumption and cost.

WLANS are 802.11b wireless Ethernet with higher speeds and longer
ranges used in office buildings and homes.

WWANS such as cellular Networks, work over a large area but less
lower data rates.

WPANS such as Blue Tooth Piconets, provide short-range

connectivity for devices such as laptops, PDAS, cellular phones and even
PCs in a network with small geographical spread and support low data rates
and limited ranges to achieve low cost and minimum power drain.

Definition to Blue Tooth:

It is a two-year old Technology, which is a short-range radio

Technology that allows wireless data transmission between various
computing and communication devices up to a distance of 10meters or
30feet and offers data transfer rates up to 1MBPS.

It is named after HAROLD BLUETOOTH a 10century Danish

king who united Norway and Denmark with a short-range radio technology
that allows voice and data.

A WALK ON TO THE BLUE SIDE:

Product Scene:-
1. Blue Tooth sooner or later is going to go in the WAP
way ,reason for this is that it has been over two year
plus and there are hardly any blue tooth products
available in the market
2. Some of the Blue tooth products available in the
market are Cell phones, Laptops, PDAs, Network
cards and so on.
3. But it does not imply that the technology is a success.
4. If any new technology came into market it first
attracts niche user base of technology and Gizmo
enthusiasts.
 5. It has to survive for two-to-three years in the market
place before it gains mass acceptance.
6. Many Industries are contributing to the Blue tooth
SIG (Special Interest Group).

HOW IT WORKS:-

Blue tooth uses the FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread

Spectrum) protocol as wireless LAN standard. Spread spectrum technology
is a wide band radio frequency technique developed by the military for use
in reliable, secure, mission-critical communication system. Spread-spectrum
is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity and
security.
Frequency Hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) uses a narrow
band carrier that changes frequency in a pattern know to both transmitter and
receiver.
FHSS appears to be short-duration impulse noise radios in Blue tooth can be
master or slave or be in simultaneous scenarios.
Two possible Bluetooth networks available

• PICONET
• SCATTERNET

PICONET:
When we bring Blue tooth radios with in the range of each other
they connect and form a piconet. one becomes master and other a slave .The
master controls all the traffic in a piconet . Blue tooth radios in a piconet
frequency hop together. Each piconet can have up to seven simultaneous or
more than 200 active slaves.
Radio in the piconet can be in one of five states

• Stand BY
• Inquire
• Page
• Connect
• Park/Hold
 Stand by is radio waiting to join a piconet.
 Inquire is a radio seeking other radio to connect.
 Page is a master radio asking to connect to a specific radio.
 Connect is a radio active on a piconet as a master-slave or simultaneous.
 Park/Hold is a low power connected state.

The master gives all the slaves in a piconet its clock-device ID

and sets the unique hopping sequence based on the master device address.

SCATTERNETS:

Scatter nets occur when multiple masters exist in range of each

other. A master radio may also be a slave radio on another piconet.

Each piconet is hopping with a different sequence sharing the

same as 2.4GHz band. Because of the different hopping sequences, there is
very little chance that any master will hit a channel at the same time as
another master.

Bluetooth Stack:
APPLICATION

JINI WAP

SDP SDP RFCOMM

L2CAP

LINK MANAGER

ACL SCO

BASE BAND

BLUETOOTH RADIO
Bluetooth Radio:

Bluetooth Radio is Transceiver which transmits and receives

modulated electrical signals from peer Bluetooth devices. The radio for
compatibility reasons should have some defined transmitter and receiver
characteristics.

Baseband:

Baseband is the physical layer of Bluetooth that manages

physical channels and links apart from other services like end correction,
data whitening, hop selection and Bluetooth security.

ACL:

ACL is Asynchronous Connectionless physical link for

Transmitting data over physical channels. ACL link provides a packet
switched connection between the master and all the active sales.

SCO:

SCO is Synchronous Connection Oriented physical for voice-

like information. It is a symmetric point-to-point link between the master
and a specific slave. It behaves like a circuit-switched connection.

Link Manager:

Essentially handles link set-up, security and control. It provides

services like autherification, encryption control, power control and provides
QOS capabilities. It also manages devices in different modes.

L2 Cap:

It is the logical link control and adoption layer protocol. It

resides in the data link layer and provides connectionless and connection-
oriented data services to upper layer protocols with protocol multiplexing
capability, segmentation and reassemble operation and group abstraction.
 It permits higher-level protocols and applications to transmit
and receive L2 cap data packets up to 64KB in length.

SDP:

It is Service Discovery Protocol for applications to discover

which services are available and to determine the characteristics of these
available services.

RFCOMM:

It is a Simple Transport Protocol. It supports up to 60

simultaneous connections between two Bluetooth devices.

WHEN WILL IT TAKE OFF:

Blue Tooth wireless technology is the marriage of the telecom

and computing industries, scans cables.

Blue Tooth is set to revolutionize the person connectivity

market by providing freedom from wired connections.

The idea that triggered on this technology in the late 1990’s to

eliminate the uses of cables altogether, enabling users to connect a wide
range of computing and telecommunications devices easily and simply,
without the need to buy, care or connect cables.

Primary advantage of Blue Tooth is its technology is that it uses

the 2.46HZ Industrial, Scientific and Medical countries.

MARKET ACCEPTENCE:

Vendors are doing a lot of work for embedding Bluetooth as

product, it just a trickle now. It is expected to explode soon, the number of
Blue tooth enabled devices is expected to reach 700 million by 2004.

Since it is introducing into the market for the last five-six

months, It is just beginning to see the light of day.
Efforts are making to develop a new product around the Blue tooth stack in
terms of user acceptance.

Bluetooth SIG comprising of industry hereby weights like IBM,

NOKIA, Ericsson and 2000 other small and big companies. To promote it
to worldwide. Now SIG is working to secure the approval for the use of
Bluetooth through out the world.

APPLICATION:

• These stacks can be embedded in mobile phones,

palmtops, laptops, consumer applications, medical
equipment automobiles and so on.

• It eliminates the need of cables.

• Blue tooth applications are file transmit, data

synchronization (Schedule, telephone book), data
exchange (business cards etc) voice transmission
(headset and cord less telephony), image transfer,
LAN access (to Ethernet, Token Ring Fire Wire,
USB…) and Dial-up networking (Internet/Intranet
Bridge).

MERITS AND DEMERITS:

Any upcoming technology has both merits and demerits, that is yet to
reach maturity

1. Merit that clearly stands out is “the ability of the

Technology to take us into the wireless world with point-to-
multi point connectivity to any device or into any existing
application.
2. Major Limitation is its speed and range.
3. Advantage:- Vendors can built it into their devices with a
low cost to consumer.
4. Is a win situation for the user.
 5. Logical solution for wireless connectivity
6. Revolutionize the way business is done today.
7. It exceeds the exceptions of those who are directly
correlated with it.
8. Its strength lies in the minimal hardware dimensions low
priced components and the low power consumption.

DRAWBACK:-

1. Lack of inter operability among various standards.

FUTURE PRODUCTS THAT WILL COME INTO THE MARKET:-

Motorala India Electronics is introducing a product soon to be

expected in the market is the Bluetooth radio which will operate on the
globally available 2.45GHZ ISM “free band” allowing international travelers
to use Bluetooth enabled equipment any where in the world.

COMPETITION:

COMPARISION OF BLUETOOTH WITH 802.11:

Debate is going on whether Blue tooth competes with

802.11(Wireless LAN). Both are similar and are used for WLANS and
operate in the unregulated 2.4GHZ frequency space. but 802.11 transmits
data bout 15 times faster and that to over longer distances as compared to
Blue tooth put this wants at an inflated cost and higher power consumption
but Blue tooth is of low cost and low power consumption is ideal for cellular
phones, handheld, laptops.
SPECIFICATION COMPARISON OF BLUE TOOTH WITH IrDA, HOME
RF

SPECIFICATION BLUE TOOTH IrDA HOME RF

Data Rate(kbps) 1000 4000 2000

Distance(m) 10 1 50

No.of Devices 8 2 127

Voice Channels 3 1 6

Topology Point to multi point Point to Point Network

COMPLEXITY KEEPS GROWING:

Single Interference, cost and standards obstacles, and on top of

this, every one has a competing Technology from Bluetooth, Home RF, and
phone line networking, to SUN’S JINI. This type of innovation and
company promoted consortiums and standards are as usual creating
hindrance in both their adoption and use.
CONCLUSION:

We can conclude that Blue Tooth is an emerging technology.

Even though it is a emerging technology blue tooth has to receive the over
whelming support of all digital and computer equipment manufactures to
become a basic unit in the production process.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

NETWORK MAGAZINE --- JUNE 2001

NETWORK MAGAZINE --- MARCH 2001