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MECHANICS OF
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS & MICROSYSTEMS
18 March 2011
B. L. (“Les”) Lee
Program Manager
AFOSR/NA
Air Force Research Laboratory
Multifunctional Design
General Rules:
Add functionality to material with most complex function-physics.
3
SENSOR PLATFORMS
Source: AFRL/RB
• Integrate antenna
function into the
structure
• Antenna structure is
load bearing
• LO enabling
• Reduced maintenance RF-on-Flex
vulnerability Conformal Load Bearing Arrays 4
VISION: EXPANDED
Biomimetics
Biomimetics
11
6
VISION: EXPANDED
Biomimetics
Biomimetics
NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
11
SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES &
PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENT
Workshop Co-Chairs:
James Thomas (NRL)
Eric Wetzel (ARL/WMRD)
William Baron (AFRL/RBSA)
BAA 06-028:
FY07 ARO MURI Topic #24 Organizing Committee:
Self-healing Polymer Composites through B.-L. (“Les”) Lee (AFOSR), Co-Chair
Bruce LaMattina (ARO), Co-Chair
Mechanochemical Transduction William Baron (AFRL/RBSA)
Grant PI: Jeff Moore (UIUC) Gregory Reich (AFRL/RBSA)
PM: David Stepp (ARO) William Nothwang (ARL/SEDD)
Co-PM: Douglas Kiserow (ARO) Daniel O‟Brien (ARL/WMRD)
Eric Wetzel (ARL/WMRD)
WORKSHOP: 2006/01/05, Chapel Hill, NC James Thomas (NRL)
KICK-OFF: 2007/10/03, Aberdeen, MD
15
VISION: EXPANDED
Biomimetics
18
Core‟09: MICRO
& NANOCAPSULES
FOR SELF-HEALING (UIUC: Sottos)
SEM of 20wt% functionalized capsules in Epoxy (EPON 828/DETA)
1 μm
Shell wall
100 nm
Microtome Epoxy
10 um
SiO2 (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
(GLYMO) to limit aggregation and
improve dispersion
PUF
19
Capsule Deposit On Fibers
15 µm
Budget:
FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
$K 504,311 1,242,709 1,047,076 1,115,244 1,057,424 500,920
Experiments
MURI „05
Engineering Design Of
Microvascular Network
Single Network:
DCPD/Grubbs
(Toohey et al, Nature Materials, 2007)
Multiple Network:
2 part epoxy
(Toohey et al. Adv. Func. Mat. 2009)
Interpenetrating Network:
2 part epoxy
(Hansen et al., Adv. Mat. 2009)
MURI „05
3D Microvacular Composites Via
Sacrificial Fibers
5 mm
Drying
27
INTERACTIONS WITH
OTHER RESEARCH GROUPS
EPFL Laussane
Laboratoire de technologie des composites et polymères
Jan-Anders Månson, Véronique Michaud
Shape memory + self-healing
University of Bristol
Multifunctional Materials Group
Ian Bond
Hollow fiber delivery
Delft University
Centre for Materials
Sybrand van der Zwaag MURI „05
Shaped encapsulation vesicles
AFRL/RX
Polymers and Composites Branches
Jeff Baur, Rich Vaia, Ajit Roy
Sacrificial wax fibers, permeability testing, composites design
28
Technology Transfer:
SELF-HEALING MATERIALS
Transitioning of capsule technology for self-healing composites, adhesive & coating
Key challenges are size scale and integration method
29
MURI Spin-off >> STTR‟08: THERMALLY
REMENDABLE COMPOSITES
THERMALLY REMENDABLE
MURI „05
Goals: POLYMERS (UCLA: Wudl) • Crosslink bonds of Diels-Alder cyclo-addition
Less brittle and lower glass transition polymers are thermally reversible and can be
temperature (Tg) for better adhesion reestablished after separation (unlike epoxy)
O
• Fabricated CFRPs with thermally remendable
and conformal coating
C O O
O
4
matrix materials and resistive heating network of
O O O carbon fiber reinforcement
Mendomer
N
401 Mendomer 602
• Demonstrated multiple rounds of healing of
N N
N
3
O O O HEAT
O O
O O
delamination and microcracks
• Resistive heating is dependent on layup
O
O
+ N
O ON
O O
O O
orientation and most uniform with surface
Polymer
O O electrodes laid at 45 relative to fibers
O
O O • Structural properties of CFRPs are comparable
19 to traditional epoxy based CFRPs
+ inert scaffolds
2a
% intact
60%
thermodynamics and transport 40% biochemistry xylem elements
processes in this regime. 20% implicated in autonomic refilling.
Insights into plant strategies for the 0% Physical, chemical, and molecular
management of negative pressures and 0 10 20 30 biological characterization of refilling.
recovery from cavitation. Pressure ( -MPa) Figure: AFM image of bordered pit
Fabrication. membrane.
MEMS platform Development of wick membrane in
silicon platform with unprecedented Perspectives:
stability (down to -200 bars - Figure). • Foundation of technical approaches
Development of MEMS sensor for and physical and biological
measuring pressures down to -500 understanding to enable robust
bars. engineering with liquids at negative
Figure: Development and testing of pressures.
inorganic wick membrane. Stability • Efficient, passive heat transfer with
limit of liquid water. Complete stability small form factor and weight for
to -3 MPa (-30 bars). Absolute limit: avionics cooling.
-20 MPa (-200 bars). 35
THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF
INTERFACE (AFRL/RX: Roy)
Effect of CNT polymer
BACKGROUND: functionalization on interface
Lack of knowledge in materials design for improving thermal resistance
thermal conductivity of fiber reinforced composites
At least 20x improvement of through-the-thickness
thermal conductivity (to ~ 7-10 W/mK) is desired
OBJECTIVE:
To establish “multiscale modeling for multifunctional
design” integrated with processing of materials
To enhance thermal conductivity of composites by
using nano-constituents on carbon fibers to form a MD simulation of
thermal pathway network through the matrix phase CNT embedded in
b c d e polymer network
Autonomous System
Multi-Scale Design,
Synthesis & Fabrication
Biological sensory systems
rely on large numbers of
sensors distributed over
large areas and are
specialized to detect and
process a large number of
stimuli. These systems are
also capable to self-organize Stretchable Matrix Synaptic Circuits
and are damage tolerant.
PM: B. L. Lee (NA); Co-PM: Hugh Delong (NL)
MURI „09
BUILT-IN SENSING NETWORK
(Stanford/UC/DU/UCLA: Chang et al)
Objectives:
Develop a new multi-scale, multi-physics design and fabrication
methodology that will construct the bio-inspired sensor system in
nano/micro scales but allow the network to apply to structures in a macro
scale to create self-sensing materials
Bias
Charge +31V 0V 2.5V 5V 36V
Pump
Polyimide film
+36V +36V
+31V
+2.5V
+5V
Level
Shifter
Data
+31V
Grid of PZT
+5V
transducers
Level
Shifter
Design of Sensors
Digital control Analog drivers High-voltage switches
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
Diagnostics, Recognition and State Awareness
F N D
Signal processing and data interpretation for life prediction; Highly scalable
x1
F N D feature-learning system identifying factors with greatest impact on performance;
Σ y
Flow Sensing Hairs - Principles of bio hairs MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: Current Impact
QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
understood, but translation to engineered Optimal hair lengths are 50-100% of (d99)
system with similar performance is not boundary layer thickness for steady flow
Models - Models for hair feedback control Pore sensitive to depth, not width with 1.5-
have not been examined 3 micron level deflections expected
Materials - Silicon or polymer hairs with Localized CNT Planar VACNT sensor gauge factor of 30
optical, piezoresistive, or capacitive Buckling Planar flow sensor created on copper
transduction shown • Carbon nanotube (CNT) substrate (difficult)
gauge factor to 1000 for single-CNT devices,
~2 for traditional gauge factors, limited work
on CNT array strain sensing, even less on fiber
Nanoindentation of foam-like and beam-like VACNT arrays
Artificial Hair Concept - CNT arrays on Artificial Hair Model - Developed viscoelastic, nonlinear
NEW INSIGHTS
rigid fibers have the required hair rigidity/ fluid reaction hair sensor model • Explored design
dimension, displacement sensitivity, material geometry & material for individual hair performance
robustness, and design flexibility to enable
integrated flow sensing to detect gust Materials - Characterized morphology effect of VACNT
alleviation and enable complex maneuvering array mechanics Developed and characterized “first” Planar CNT Flow Sensor Prototype on DMA
VACNT-based electromechanical flow/strain sensor
Model - Hair length vs. boundary layer Planned Impact
thickness can be optimized for increased Test CNT sensor in wind tunnel (Eglin AFB)
sensitivity HOW IT WORKS: Enhance sensor gauge factor
Materials - CNT array mechanics are highly Model - Numerically solve hair sensor governing Extend to fuzzy fiber for artificial hair
dependent on morphology, but vertically equations to explore and optimize design Extend model to oscillatory flow
END-OF-PHASE GOAL
aligned CNT (VACNT) sensor yields nearly Materials - Compression reorients CNTs, reducing Eval. sensor impact on vehicle performance
linear resistance change with strain electrical resistance Force imparted to hair converted to
electrical signal within sensor “pore” Research Goals
Model & validate artificial hair model
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS: Understand parameter space for optimal
Model - Assume 1-way interaction (flow to hair) with sensor performance
parallel surface, small deflections, rt circular X-section Understand and model physics of
Materials - Repeatable and uniform CNT deposition electromechanical response of CNT array
Robust adhesion of CNTs to carbon fiber with Demonstrate flow sensing capability inside
environmental changes wind tunnel 40
Schematic of proposed CNT-coated carbon fiber sensor
LOAD-BEARING ANTENNAS
(OSU/U Mich/U MN/UCLA: Volakis)
News in Engineering
Ohio State University / College of Engineering
CHANGING COURSE FOR UAVS
Ohio State electrical and computer engineers have solved a radar and surveillance
problem for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with the help of atypical
antenna layer: collaborators: embroidery experts.
microstrip patches,
dipoles, bowties and etc.
feeding layer:
The UAVs — ranging in size from more than 40 feet long to ones that could be
feeding networks,
impedance tuning stubs
easily confused with hi-tech Frisbees — can serve many functions, from
circuits layer: surveillance to data collection. However, their relatively small size cannot
filters, mixers,
LNAs and etc. accommodate the large antennas necessary for long-distance
communication. So the engineers are developing new technology to weave
sensor and communication antenna systems into the structure of the UAVs.
This research is part of the three-year, $3.5 million GameChanger program, now in
its final year and funded by the Air Force Defense Research Sciences Program.
To weave the sensor and communication systems into the structure of the aircraft
— so the UAV itself becomes the antenna — researchers needed lightweight,
load-bearing, flexible materials that could conform to the aircraft’s surface.
Polymers fit the required criteria, but first researchers had to determine how to print
antennas on them, as polymers are not mechanically compatible with traditional
conductors.
41
LOAD-BEARING ANTENNAS
(OSU/U Mich/U MN/UCLA: Volakis)
Objectives:
Design next generation antennas (broadband and narrowband) that are
structurally ruggedized, reconfigurable and sufficiently miniaturized for
UAV applications.
Develop a new class of materials for load-bearing/conformal/light-weight
antennas (incl. ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, multi-ferroic, bondable polymer
antenna layer: composites, 3D textiles and nanomaterials).
microstrip patches,
dipoles, bowties and etc. Develop analytical techniques for tractable electro-magneto-thermo-
feeding layer: mechanical theory from fully coupled 3-D equations.
feeding networks,
impedance tuning stubs Integrate new antenna designs into a lightweight structure and develop
circuits layer:
filters, mixers,
figures of merit (design rules) for structural integration.
LNAs and etc.
Main Achievements:
Developed new technology by embroidering metal coated electronic fibers
(e-fibers) on polymers for conformal load bearing antennas.
Designed and tested volumetric and planar woven antennas based on e-
fibers and polymer composites
Demonstrated the feasibility of “first ever” CNT antenna whose gain is
equivalent to the perfectly conducting (but rigid) patch antennas.
Developed coupled multi-physics & multi-scale models for electro-
magnetic composite materials undergoing mechanical excitation.
Developed models to tune antenna via ferroelectrics materials under
mechanical and thermal loads
Developed fully overlapping Domain Decomposition Technique for Finite
Element Modeling of small features in large media
GameChanger ‟07
PM: B. L. Lee (NA); Co-PM: Arje Nachman (NE) 42
VISION: EXPANDED
Fe-SMA
batteries for UAV structures
• Modeling of electrochemical and mechanical response of
Cu-SMA
A
solid-state electrolyte and their morphology effects
e
e
Li+
Li+
e
e
• Simulations predicting onset of mechanical failure leading
Li+
NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
48
EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm
Substrate
Specimen
Edge crack
150 μm
EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm
QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO
disparate properties in a single material Qin, Kreplak, Buehler, PRL, 2010, PLOS ONE, 2009 Qin, Buehler, PRL, 2010
Mechanism of the α-β transition caused by mechanical force. macroscopic behavior.
De novo materials design Enables to seek the
Substrate Requires bottom-up structural design, from nano Structural transition related
mechanical property of
to macro need to understand structure-property Non-linear mechanical property
protein materials with
links in biological materials mutation.
Specimen Multi-scale analysis of biological TRANSITIONS
NEW INSIGHTS
END-OF-PHASE GOAL
robustness, and ability to self-heal structural caused by non-linear Facilitate merger of structure, material
analysis reveals a intricate design, from atomistic to mechanical response of property and function through the bottom-up
macroscopic. intermediate filaments. multi-scale design, from atomic to macroscopic
25 μm long sharp cracks created Example μm structure of lamin at nuclear
inof2hierarchical The adhesion energy of behavior.
lamina.
thin polycrystalline silicon specimens by the lamin tail is changed
due to mutation, leading 10 μm Quantitatively understand the assembling
process of protein materials and factors to
Materials science paradigm to altered mechanical
nanoindentation near free edgeapplied to the hierarchical response of filaments
affect the material property of those assembled
72 structures.
structure of protein
HOW IT WORKS: Quantitatively understand the cascaded
materials.
The non-linear mechanical response of hierarchical activation of mutations and their effect on
structure of proteins is caused by the structural transition material performance.
mechanisms during deformation. Provide basis for new engineering paradigm
The alterable structure enables proteins to combine to functionalize the hierarchical structural
disparate material properties (flexible, strength, materials (e.g. new composites or polymers
robustness). combine high flexibility, ultimate strength, self
36
The structural and mechanical property of healing and robustness): novel materials for
Buehler, Nature Nanotechnology, intermediated filaments are altered by point mutation. advanced Air Force technologies
2010
50
MULTISCALE ANALYSIS:
Joint ARO/AFOSR/NSF Workshop
2-5 May 2011, Arlington, VA
EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS WORKSHOP ON
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm
“MULTISCALE EXPERIMENTS”
Ioannis Chasiotis (U Illinois), Chair
Cracks were imaged in nanometer STRUCTURAL HIERARCHIES IN
scale by AFM to obtain their geometry PROTEIN MATERIALS
Crack tip WORKSHOP ON
(MIT: Buehler)
and the grain structure at the crack tip.
“MULTISCALE ANALYSIS FOR
Doping caused a drop in Multi-scale
fractureapproach to understand biological protein materials & translate design concepts into engineering applications
toughness of “laminated” polysilicon
Current engineering materials MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS:
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
IMPACT DESIGN”
QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO
disparate properties in a single material Qin, Kreplak, Buehler, PRL, 2010, PLOS ONE, 2009 Qin, Buehler, PRL, 2010
Mechanism of the α-β transition caused by mechanical force. macroscopic behavior.
De novo materials design Enables to seek the
Substrate Requires bottom-up structural design, from nano
to macro need to understand structure-property
Structural transition related
Non-linear mechanical property “COMPUTATIONAL MULTISCALE mechanical property of
protein materials with
MATERIALS MODELING”
links in biological materials mutation.
Specimen Multi-scale analysis of biological TRANSITIONS
NEW INSIGHTS
END-OF-PHASE GOAL
robustness, and ability to self-heal structural caused by non-linear Facilitate merger of structure, material
mechanical response of
analysis reveals a intricate design, from atomistic to
macroscopic. intermediate filaments. Bruce LaMattina (ARO), Co-Chair
property and function through the bottom-up
multi-scale design, from atomic to macroscopic
25 μm long sharp cracks created μm structure of lamin at nuclear
inof2hierarchical
Example The adhesion energy of B.-L. (“Les”) Lee (AFOSR), Co-Chair
behavior.
lamina.
thin polycrystalline silicon specimens by the lamin tail is changed
10 μm Quantitatively understand the assembling
55
Modeling and Simulation for
Conformal Load Bearing Antennas
Electro-Thermo-Mechanical OBJECTIVES
Computational Tools Develop integrated multi-scale multi-physics computational model for analysis and
design of load bearing antenna.
Robust finite element for coupled electro-magnetic and mechanical structural response
Multi-scale effects through the incorporation of semi-analytical methods
Homogenization methods for continuum constitutive models to be inserted in
macroscopic analysis
Methods for microstructural design to facilitate optimal property distribution
ACCOMPLISMENTS
High-performance parallel computational framework
Electro-magnetic code for solving Maxwell’s equations
Finite deformation model/code for structural mechanics under dynamic loading with
hyper-elastic material model
Coupling of EM and Dynamic Codes
Multi-time scaling algorithm for coupling mechanical and EM solutions in real time
Planar Spiral
Feed
y
Modeling Small UWB Antennas
on UAV Platform 50 x 56
z
ACTIVE MATERIALS FOR
ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES
CELLULAR SHAPE MEMORY
STRUCTURES (U Mich: Triantafylli)
Objectives:
• To design better actuators/morphing
devices using shape memory alloy
honeycomb which combines benefits of NANOTUBE ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE
cellular structures and monolithic SMA‟s
(U Texas Dallas: Baughman)
Sheet (right) being spun Forest-drawn carbon nanotube sheets
from nanotube forest (left)
have higher specific strength than steel.
Charge injection of carbon nanotube
sheets produces giant width-direction
Meter long carbon nanotube sheet
level instabilities at moderate strains, the Generated stress is 32 times the stress
deformation pattern becomes uniform generation capability of natural muscle.
again upon further straining .
300 K, 0 kV
• This morphing behavior reverses under
unloading.
300 K, 5 kV
48
Motor
Mandrel 47
57
BAT-INSPIRED MORPHING WING
(NextGen/Brown U/VPI: Joshi)
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS (Cont’d): Current Impact
• Reconfigurable hovering ultra-maneuerable
bat technologies (RHUMBAT) offers Inertial Measurement (IM) • In depth understanding of
• Acceleration and angular velocities recorded for
CURRENT STATE
QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
with this motion: flap, lag, and feather • Materials analysis for
• Small vehicle size and low inertia make fine- structural and aerodynamic
scale control required for envisioned surfaces
missions difficult.
• Translation of bat dynamics
• Our unique approach considers actuators to robotic system
IMU
NEW INSIGHTS
END-OF-PHASE GOAL
-Fiber bundle dist.
improved bat-wing
-Fiber bundle comp.
• Motion trajectory defined -Base matrix corrugation • Quantitative evaluation of
for humerus and radius • Result satisfy material flight performance, energy
Skeletal Assembly Right wing assembly anisotropy property Strain analysis consumption and efficiency
• Bones assembled in CAD
• Estimates of weight, volume
• CAD model guides
and geometry of a robotic
mechanical design
bat-wing
Robotic Wing
• 4 DOF • Guidelines to develop an
58
• High flapping frequency autonomous, hovering, highly
Preliminary design Biaxial loading Simulated Stress-Strain Curve maneuverable, bat-like MAV
REVERSIBLE SHAPE MEMORY
(Syracuse U / U CO: Mather)
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS:
Commonly Used Shape Memory Demonstrate two-way shape memory effects assisted by Current Impact
QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO
END-OF-PHASE GOAL
structural Design tools that enhance robust
design Novel applications based on two-
The spring on way SMP
0mn 1min 2min 3min 4min 5min 6min 7min
the left has a
constant Heating Cooling Research Goals
Ki Ks(T) stiffness Ki and HOW IT WORKS: Complete understanding of material
the stiffness of Stretched induced crystallization (SIC) can relax the behaviors Design tools for novel
right spring Ks stress Opposing microstructural-scale spring creates applications of these materials Explore
depends on the reversible free-standing two-way SMP Shape memory other polymer-based shape memory
temperature. effect is fully reversible. materials Explore applications with AFRL 59
MURI „06 Thermoelectric Module Integration
Linear TE w/ FGM Linear TE w/ FGM Linear TE w/ FGM
Phi TE Linear TE
and shrink-fit (1.25mm) and shrink-fit (2.5mm) and shrink-fit (2.5mm)
TE design
Fe-SMA Fe-SMA Fe-SMA 450C
Analysis results
Cu-SMA Cu-SMA Cu-SMA 50C
n-type: Mg2Si0.96Bi0.03In0.01
SMA
p-type: Si0.93Ge0.05B0.02
Heat source side: Fe-SMA
Heat exhaust side: Cu-SMA
CNT
Grazing material CNT in grazing material gives:
(Ag) locking Ag
reducing the creep strain
Electrode (Cu)
60
MURI „06
Modeling and Simulation of
Load Bearing Li Ion Batteries
A
Macro-scale (1D)
output
e e
input Li+ capacity (utilization*)
Li+
e e
discharge current voltage (electric power)
porosity Li+
e Li+ e Li concentration*
Li+
temperature chemical eigenstrains*
e e
mech. loads deformation* & stress*
temperature*
Micro-scale (1/2/3D)
input output
material system particle Li concentration*
particle geometry particle deformation*
particle stress* (degradation)
* as function of space and time
Force
Perm-magnet Perm-magnet Perm-magnet
Bi-directional
Extract work from phase transitions
Temperature
Tcurie
Tcurie -1C Tcurie +1C
Bi-Directional
Ferromagnetic State Paramagnetic State
(Cooling) (Heating)
Magnetic Force
magneto-
thermoelectric Magentic Oscillation
power generator Force Amplitude Spring
(STTR‟07) Force
Spring
Force
62
Jan 09
ENERGY HARVESTING ON
SPACECRAFT (Penn State: Bilen)
PROJECT SUMMARY
Objectives:
• Develop system concepts for use of Electrodynamic
Tethers (EDT) on an array of spacecraft in variety of
orbits and for various missions
• Address EDT performance parameters
• Evaluate various system components required
• Explore energy storage devices
APPROACH ACCOMPLISHMENTS
• Explore EDT system architectures • ChipSat system concept development and
for energy harvesting and storage feasibility study
• Employ tether simulation tools • CubeSat system concept development and
TeMPEST and TetherSim for solar panel comparison study
verifying performance • Large spacecraft system concept
• Develop and extend simulation development and voltage and current
tools to include energy harvesting magnitudes study
modes and new components • Work underway to implement an energy
• Define new architectures for storage module for TeMPEST
various classes on missions and • AIAA Space 2010 presentation paper
define precursor missions 63