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AFOSR

MECHANICS OF
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
MATERIALS & MICROSYSTEMS
18 March 2011
B. L. (“Les”) Lee
Program Manager
AFOSR/NA
Air Force Research Laboratory

Distribution A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0793


2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
2302B PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
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RESEARCH ISSUES
Guest Lecture by Dr. J. Thomas - 2008 AFOSR M^4 Program Review

Multifunctional Design

 The objective of multifunctionality is improvement in system performance 


Use system metric(s) to identify functions to combine and quantify gains.

 General Rules:
 Add functionality to material with most complex function-physics.

 Target unifunctional materials/components operating in the mid-to-lower


functional performance regimes for multifunctional replacement.
 Implement multifunctionality in the conceptual stage of system design.

 Performance of multifunctional material/component may not be as good as its


unifunctional counterpart; irrelevant as long as system performance improves.
 Strong/weak coupling between the multiple function-physics may or may not
exist and/or be important.
 Multifunctional potential depends on sub-system interfacing capabilities and
function compatibility.

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SENSOR PLATFORMS
Source: AFRL/RB

• Integrate antenna
function into the
structure
• Antenna structure is
load bearing
• LO enabling
• Reduced maintenance RF-on-Flex
vulnerability Conformal Load Bearing Arrays 4
VISION: EXPANDED

Biomimetics

Design for Coupled


Multi-functionality AUTONOMIC
Nano-materials AEROSPACE
STRUCTURES • site specific
Multi-scale • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
• Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling
• Self-Powered
Neural Network &
Information Sci
5
BIO-INSPIRED SYSTEMS:
BEYOND CURRENT VISION
VISION: EXPANDED

Biomimetics

Design for Coupled


Multi-functionality AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST
Nano-materials AEROSPACE
STRUCTURES • site specific
Multi-scale • Sensing & PrecognitionAdaptive Fluids/Solids
• autonomic
Model
Reactive Materials
• Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling
• Self-Powered
Neural Network &
Information Sci
Self-Regulating 7 Self-Generating
Function Function
Active Regulation Mesoporous Networks

11
6
VISION: EXPANDED

Biomimetics

Design for Coupled


Multi-functionality Reconfigurable
AUTONOMIC
Systems
Nano-materials AEROSPACE
STRUCTURES • site specific
Multi-scale • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
• Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling
• Self-Powered
Neural Network &
Information Sci
7
VISION: EXPANDED

Biomimetics

Design for Coupled


Multi-functionality AUTONOMIC
Nano-materials AEROSPACE
STRUCTURES • site specific
Multi-scale • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
• Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling Energy from
• Self-Powered Aerospace
Neural Network & Environ
Information Sci
8
PROGRAM INTERACTION

Director‟s Call ‟09


AFOSR EXTRAMURAL AFRL/RV
Energy fromMechanics
Structural Environ UNIVERSITIES Space System
Structural Materials INDUSTRY
AFOSR
OrganicMURI ‟09
Chemistry AFRL/RY
Sensing Network
Biosciences UAV Antennas
Microelectronics
Discovery
OTHERSCT „09 MECHANICS OF AFRL/RW
Reconfigurable MULTIFUNCTIONAL Microsystems
MATERIALS &
GameChanger „07 MICROSYSTEMS AFRL/RX
Antenna Integration Composites (2)
Multiscale Anal
AFOSR MURI „06
Energy Harvesting NSF Army AFRL/RB
ESF Navy Energy Mgt
AFOSR MURI „05 NASA DARPA
Self-Healing Fund Flow 9
2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
2302B PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
10
PROGRAM TRENDS

NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
11
SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES &
PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENT

• Self-healable or in-situ remendable structural materials


(1st-ever program; world lead)
• Microvascular composites for continuous self-healing
and self-cooling systems (1st-ever program; world lead)
• Structural integration of energy harvest/storage
capabilities (1st-ever program on structurally integrated multiple
energy harvest capabilities; DoD lead)
• Neurological system-inspired sensing/diagnosis/
actuation network (pot‟l world lead)
• Mechanized material systems and micro-devices for
reconfigurable structures (DoD lead)
• Experimental nano-mechanics (DoD lead)
12
Transformational Opportunities

• Self-healable or in-situ remendable structural materials


– Quantum improvement in survivability of aerospace structures*
• Microvascular composites for continuous self-healing
and self-cooling systems – * & Ultimate thermal management
• Structural integration of energy harvest/storage
capabilities – Self-sustaining UAV and hybrid-powered aircraft
• Neurological system-inspired sensing/diagnosis/
actuation network – Autonomic state awareness in aerospace
• Mechanized material systems and micro-devices for
reconfigurable structures – Morphing wing aircraft
• Experimental nano-mechanics – Experimental verification of
multi-scale analysis
13
Other Organizations That Fund
Related Work

• Self-healable or in-situ remendable structural materials


– ARO (co-funding on “thermal remediation”; coord with MURI on
“self-healing chemistry”); NSF; industry
• Microvascular composites for continuous self-healing
and self-cooling systems – NSF (manufacturing process)
• Structural integration of energy harvest/storage
capabilities – AFOSR/ARO/AFRL/ARL/NRL (DoD Task Force)
• Neurological system-inspired sensing/diagnosis/
actuation network – NSF/ESF (joint workshop, initiative coord)
• Mechanized material systems and micro-devices for
reconfigurable structures – AFRL/RX,RB,RW (joint lab task)
• Experimental nano-mechanics – ARO (high-rate); Sandia
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PROGRAM COLLABORATION

THE 1ST “MULTIFUNCTIONAL


MATERIALS FOR DEFENSE”
WORKSHOP
BioSensing and BioActuation Theme „10: Power and Energy
Proposed Research Opportunities/Challenges
1. Hierarchical Organization of Biological Systems In conjunction with:
The 2010 Annual Grantees‟/Contractors‟ Meeting for
Uncover the unifying aspects underlying hierarchical bio-structures and bio-systems and use
them for sensing and actuation; apply to new multi-scale and multi-functional sensor/actuator
concepts.
2. Sensor Informatics Guided by Life
Create new knowledge that will be exploited in novel bio-inspired data mining and dynamic
AFOSR Program on
control, including capabilities to monitor, assess, and control living and engineered systems in
sensor-rich environments. “Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials & Microsystems
3. Multifunctional Materials and Devices for Distributed
Actuation and Sensing
(M^4)”
Understand biological systems and mechanisms that lead to their ability to exhibit fault-tolerant
actuation with a wide dynamic range, the production of practical means for producing artificial
13-14 May 2010
Agent for 4.8Forward
Projects; Concluded
structures that exhibit similar behaviors, and their incorporation into useful engineered systems.
Engineering & Design of Biological/Biomedical
Hyatt Regency Reston, Reston, VA
Components & Systems
Synthesize hybrid synthetic-living systems through systems-level integration of biological and
engineered components that sense, actuate, compute, regenerate and efficiently allocate
resources in order to achieve desired responses and functions.

Workshop Co-Chairs:
James Thomas (NRL)
Eric Wetzel (ARL/WMRD)
William Baron (AFRL/RBSA)
BAA 06-028:
FY07 ARO MURI Topic #24 Organizing Committee:
Self-healing Polymer Composites through B.-L. (“Les”) Lee (AFOSR), Co-Chair
Bruce LaMattina (ARO), Co-Chair
Mechanochemical Transduction William Baron (AFRL/RBSA)
Grant PI: Jeff Moore (UIUC) Gregory Reich (AFRL/RBSA)
PM: David Stepp (ARO) William Nothwang (ARL/SEDD)
Co-PM: Douglas Kiserow (ARO) Daniel O‟Brien (ARL/WMRD)
Eric Wetzel (ARL/WMRD)
WORKSHOP: 2006/01/05, Chapel Hill, NC James Thomas (NRL)
KICK-OFF: 2007/10/03, Aberdeen, MD
15
VISION: EXPANDED

Biomimetics

Design for Coupled


Multi-functionality Reconfigurable
AUTONOMIC
Systems
Nano-materials AEROSPACE
STRUCTURES • site specific
Multi-scale • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
• Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling Energy from
• Self-Powered Aerospace
Neural Network & Environ
Information Sci
16
VISION: EXPANDED

PI‟s & Co-PI’s:


Biomimetics
Scott White (UIUC)
Jeffrey Moore (UIUC)
NancyDesign for Coupled
Sottos (UIUC)
Multi-functionality
Sia Nemat-Nasser (UC San Diego)
AUTONOMIC
Markus Buehler (MIT)^
Scott White (UIUC)*
JeffreyNano-materials
Moore (UIUC)*
AEROSPACE
Nancy Sottos (UIUC)* STRUCTURES • site specific
Jennifer Lewis (UIUC)*
Multi-scale
Philippe Geubelle (UIUC)* • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
KennethModel
Christensen (UIUC)*
Jonathan Freund (UIUC)* • Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Chris Mangun (CU Aero)
Micro- (Nanocomposix)
Tom Darlington & Nano- • Self-Healing
Tony Starr (SensorMetrix)
Devices
Tom Hahn (UCLA) • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling
• Self-Powered
Neural Network &
Information Sci
^ YIP; * MURI 17
THREE APPROACHES
FOR SELF-HEALING

18
Core‟09: MICRO
& NANOCAPSULES
FOR SELF-HEALING (UIUC: Sottos)
SEM of 20wt% functionalized capsules in Epoxy (EPON 828/DETA)

1 μm

Shell wall

100 nm

Microtome Epoxy

10 um

SiO2 (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
(GLYMO) to limit aggregation and
improve dispersion
PUF
19
Capsule Deposit On Fibers

15 µm

Successfully deposited capsules onto both


glass and graphite fibers using a solution dip • All fibers coated by dip-coat method
• All concentrations determined by TGA
coating procedure
20
MURI „05
MICROVASCULAR COMPOSITES
(UIUC/Duke/UCLA: White et al)
Objective: Technical Approach:
To achieve synthetic reproduction of autonomic (a) Natural models of microvascular systems
functions, such as self-healing and self-cooling, are studied to guide the engineering design of
for aerospace platforms through creation and optimal networks for self-healing and self-
integration of complex materials systems cooling structural composites. (b) These
containing microvascular architectures. networks are fabricated using “direct-write”
assembly techniques while integrating material
components that realize the desired multi-
Nature ‘01 functionality. (c) A full compliment of
experimental and analytical techniques are
employed to demonstrate system efficiency.

Budget:
FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10
$K 504,311 1,242,709 1,047,076 1,115,244 1,057,424 500,920

DoD Benefit: Major Reviews/Meetings:


The advances in self-healing and self-cooling  30 August 2006: Seattle, WA
composite structures will lead to the increase  20 August 2007: Urbana, IL
of reliability and responsiveness of aerospace 21 August 2008: Arlington, VA
vehicles allowing longer flight time and 31 August 2009: Urbana, IL
reduced chance for unexpected failure. PM: B. L. Lee (NA); Co-PM: Hugh Delong (NL)
MURI „05
Microvascular Healing
Performance Comparison

• Optimal pressure profiles for “dynamic” pumping enable 100%


healing efficiency for repeated healing cycles
MURI „05 Pressure Driven Flow Oscillation

• Qualitative match between experimental and simulation results


• Simulation of pump driven oscillation in a T-junction
• Experiment with pump driven oscillation in a 25 µm simulated crack
Simulation

Interface folding Packet of well mixed


fluid

Experiments
MURI „05
Engineering Design Of
Microvascular Network

Single Network:
DCPD/Grubbs
(Toohey et al, Nature Materials, 2007)

Multiple Network:
2 part epoxy
(Toohey et al. Adv. Func. Mat. 2009)

Interpenetrating Network:
2 part epoxy
(Hansen et al., Adv. Mat. 2009)
MURI „05
3D Microvacular Composites Via
Sacrificial Fibers

3D Woven Preform Integration of Sacrificial Fibers Resin Infusion

5 mm

3D Woven Composite Fiber Removal 3D Vascular Composites


MURI „05
Development of Sacrificial
Polylactide (PLA) Fibers

Drying

Treatment of PLA fibers by solvent-assisted catalyst diffusion

 When exposed to high temperature, a catalyst treated PLA fiber depolymerizes


into gaseous monomer thereby making the evacuation process very easy.
Journal Covers

27
INTERACTIONS WITH
OTHER RESEARCH GROUPS
EPFL Laussane
Laboratoire de technologie des composites et polymères
Jan-Anders Månson, Véronique Michaud
Shape memory + self-healing

University of Bristol
Multifunctional Materials Group
Ian Bond
Hollow fiber delivery

Delft University
Centre for Materials
Sybrand van der Zwaag MURI „05
Shaped encapsulation vesicles

AFRL/RX
Polymers and Composites Branches
Jeff Baur, Rich Vaia, Ajit Roy
Sacrificial wax fibers, permeability testing, composites design
28
Technology Transfer:
SELF-HEALING MATERIALS
 Transitioning of capsule technology for self-healing composites, adhesive & coating
 Key challenges are size scale and integration method

– 2006-2009: STTR (AF) on self-healing


aerospace composites
– 2009: STTR (Army) on self-healing, self-
diagnosing multifunctional composites
– Self-healing coatings for electronics
– Application development for adhesive

29
MURI Spin-off >> STTR‟08: THERMALLY
REMENDABLE COMPOSITES
THERMALLY REMENDABLE
MURI „05
Goals: POLYMERS (UCLA: Wudl) • Crosslink bonds of Diels-Alder cyclo-addition
Less brittle and lower glass transition polymers are thermally reversible and can be
temperature (Tg) for better adhesion reestablished after separation (unlike epoxy)
O
• Fabricated CFRPs with thermally remendable
and conformal coating
C O O
O
4
matrix materials and resistive heating network of
O O O carbon fiber reinforcement
Mendomer
N
401 Mendomer 602
• Demonstrated multiple rounds of healing of
N N
N
3
O O O HEAT
O O
O O
delamination and microcracks
• Resistive heating is dependent on layup
O
O
+ N
O ON
O O
O O
orientation and most uniform with surface
Polymer
O O electrodes laid at 45 relative to fibers
O
O O • Structural properties of CFRPs are comparable
19 to traditional epoxy based CFRPs

Healing of Strain Healing


Delamination Energy (mJ) Efficiency (Time)
Virgin 10.04
1st healing 8.68 86.4% (1 hr)
4th DAMAGE 4th HEALING
2nd healing 8.88 88.4% (2 hr)
3rd healing 9.82 97.8% (3 hr)
4th healing 9.42 93.8% (3 hr)

5th DAMAGE 5th HEALING


30
Core‟10: BIO-INSPIRED
STRUCTURAL
REMODELING (UIUC: White/Moore)
Regeneration in biology: New approach: Dynamic polymers

+ inert scaffolds

* Dynamic polymers can be reversibly changed


from liquid to solid and vice versa due to
dynamic covalent bond that can be triggered to
disassociate by an activating agent. 31
VISION: EXPANDED

PI‟s & Co-PI’s:


Biomimetics
Abraham Stroock (Cornell U)
Noel Holbrook (Harvard U)
PatrickDesign
Kwon (MichforStCoupled
U)
Multi-functionality
Vikas Prakash (Case Western)
AUTONOMIC
Scott White (UIUC)*
Jeffrey Moore (UIUC)*
Nancy Nano-materials
Sottos (UIUC)*
AEROSPACE
Jennifer Lewis (UIUC)* STRUCTURES • site specific
Philippe Geubelle (UIUC)*
KennethMulti-scale
Christensen (UIUC)* • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
Jonathan Freund (UIUC)*
Ajit Roy (AFRL/RXBT) • Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Jeff Baur (AFRL/RXBC)
Micro- & Nano- • Self-Healing
Devices • Threat Neutralization
Manufacturing Sci • Self-Cooling
• Self-Powered
Neural Network &
Information Sci
* MURI
32
MURI „05
Multi-physics Optimization of
Microvascular Network

• Multi-objective constrained genetic algorithms


• Generalized finite element method for fluid/solid thermal problem

• 2D and 3D implementation for network optimization

Initial grid Optimal network


MURI „05
Enhancing Heat Transfer with
Wavy Microchannels
Secondary flows due to waviness draw
Serpentine microchannel hot fluid from wall into main flow
Flow direction Crest stream Trough

2a

•Efficiency of serpentine (wavy) channels in enhancing Heat-Transfer


Enhancement >
convective heat transfer studied computationally to
Increased pressure
determine optimal waviness and flow rates.
drop
•Various a/λ studied (a=amplitude;
λ=wavelength of waviness).
•Bulk heat transfer in wavy channels compared
to that of a straight microchannel of equivalent
hydraulic diameter.
Efficiency, η:
PLANT-MIMETIC HEAT PIPES
(Cornell U / Harvard U: Stroock)
Objectives: Achievements: cavitated
intact
silicon solgel
 Robust heat transfer in the presence
of large gravitational and inertial
stresses.
 Plant mimetic use of liquids at large
negative pressures within a microfluidic 100%
heat pipe. 80% Plant physiology
 Fundamental understanding of  Elucidation of structure and

% intact
60%
thermodynamics and transport 40% biochemistry xylem elements
processes in this regime. 20% implicated in autonomic refilling.
 Insights into plant strategies for the 0%  Physical, chemical, and molecular
management of negative pressures and 0 10 20 30 biological characterization of refilling.
recovery from cavitation. Pressure ( -MPa)  Figure: AFM image of bordered pit
Fabrication. membrane.
MEMS platform  Development of wick membrane in
silicon platform with unprecedented Perspectives:
stability (down to -200 bars - Figure). • Foundation of technical approaches
 Development of MEMS sensor for and physical and biological
measuring pressures down to -500 understanding to enable robust
bars. engineering with liquids at negative
 Figure: Development and testing of pressures.
inorganic wick membrane. Stability • Efficient, passive heat transfer with
limit of liquid water. Complete stability small form factor and weight for
to -3 MPa (-30 bars). Absolute limit: avionics cooling.
-20 MPa (-200 bars). 35
THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF
INTERFACE (AFRL/RX: Roy)
Effect of CNT polymer
BACKGROUND: functionalization on interface
 Lack of knowledge in materials design for improving thermal resistance
thermal conductivity of fiber reinforced composites
 At least 20x improvement of through-the-thickness
thermal conductivity (to ~ 7-10 W/mK) is desired

OBJECTIVE:
 To establish “multiscale modeling for multifunctional
design” integrated with processing of materials
 To enhance thermal conductivity of composites by
using nano-constituents on carbon fibers to form a MD simulation of
thermal pathway network through the matrix phase CNT embedded in
b c d e polymer network

DoD BENEFITS: ACCOMPLISHMENTS:


 Establishment of fiber reinforced composites with  Developed molecular dynamics (MD) computational
enhanced through-the-thickness thermal properties tools to study the effect of CNT side wall
for aerospace platforms functionalization with CH2 molecules on the interface
 Transition of the computational modeling capability thermal conductance at the atomistic scale
for innovative thermal interface design of composites  Simulated two axially aligned CNTs embedded in
epoxy polymer, one is being heated and thermal
energy taken out through the other.
 The temperature drop between the CNT decreases
with increasing functionalization, but the interface
resistance does not diminish to zero even with
saturation of the functionalization 36
VISION: EXPANDED

PI‟s & Co-PI’s:


Biomimetics
Gregory Huff (Texas A&M)
Akira Todoroki (Tokyo Tech)
fu-KuoDesign for Coupled
Chang (Stanford U)*
Multi-functionality
Peter Peumans (Stanford U)*
AUTONOMIC
Boris Murmann (Stanford U)*
Philip Levis (Stanford U)*
AndrewNano-materials
Ng (Stanford U)*
AEROSPACE
Rahmat Shoureshi (U Denver)* STRUCTURES • site specific
Robert McLeod (U CO)*
Multi-scale
Greg Carman (UCLA)* • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Model
Yong Chen (UCLA)*
Frank Ko (U Brit Columbia)* • Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Somnath Ghosh (Ohio St U)*^
John L.Micro- & Nano-
Volakis (Ohio St U)^ • Self-Healing
Roberto Rojas (Ohio St U)^
Devices
Stephen Bechtel (Ohio St U)^ • Threat Neutralization
Dick James (U MN)^
Manufacturing
Max Shtein (U Mich)^ Sci • Self-Cooling
Nick Kotov (U Mich)^
Ben Dickinson (AFRL/RWGN)
• Self-Powered
Neural
Greg Reich Network &
(AFRL/RBSA)
Information
Jeff Baur (AFRL/RXBC) Sci
37
* MURI; ^ GameChanger
MURI „09
BUILT-IN SENSING NETWORK
(Stanford/UC/DU/UCLA: Chang et al)
Sensors Local neurons Synapse:
(temperature, (processor, memory,
pressure, communication
Cognition and decision-making are
strain, etc) devices) determined by a relative level of
cumulative signal strength with respect
to the synapse threshold values

Autonomous System

Multi-Scale Design,
Synthesis & Fabrication
Biological sensory systems
rely on large numbers of
sensors distributed over
large areas and are
specialized to detect and
process a large number of
stimuli. These systems are
also capable to self-organize Stretchable Matrix Synaptic Circuits
and are damage tolerant.
PM: B. L. Lee (NA); Co-PM: Hugh Delong (NL)
MURI „09
BUILT-IN SENSING NETWORK
(Stanford/UC/DU/UCLA: Chang et al)
Objectives:
 Develop a new multi-scale, multi-physics design and fabrication
methodology that will construct the bio-inspired sensor system in
nano/micro scales but allow the network to apply to structures in a macro
scale to create self-sensing materials

Major Tasks and Achievements:


 Bio-inspired sensory network
Structural Ultrasound Transmitter IC

Bias
Charge +31V 0V 2.5V 5V 36V
Pump
Polyimide film
+36V +36V

Functionalizing “stretchable” network and characterizing expandability;


+5V +36V
Level
Al plate
Shifter

+31V
+2.5V
+5V

Level
Shifter
Data

Rapid fabrication of optical sensor meshes with “flexible” substrate;


Latch
& To filter
Control +36V +36V and PZT Ø 0.125in
2 Logic
5 Level
LVDS Shifter
8

+31V
Grid of PZT
+5V
transducers
Level
Shifter

 Design of Sensors
Digital control Analog drivers High-voltage switches

Screen-printing PZT sensors onto network; Design of airflow sensors; Fabrication


of electromagnetic nanofiber composites; Development of sensitive
magnetometer; Design of new hybrid optical sensor;
 Embeddable Circuits and Electronics
Densely integrated “interface” circuit for ultrasonic detection of structural defects
defects; “Synaptic” circuit with an array of synaptic transistors;

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
 Diagnostics, Recognition and State Awareness
F  N D
Signal processing and data interpretation for life prediction; Highly scalable
x1
F  N D feature-learning system identifying factors with greatest impact on performance;
Σ y

F  N D Full duplex, single channel wireless system; Neuro-Symbolic-Information-


x2
F  N D Processing architecture for information extraction, diagnostics, state awareness,
F : Fuzzification, : Multiplication,
N : Normalization, D : Defuzzification,
 : Summation
and decision-making;
Aluminum  Modeling and Simulation
Development of the method for sensor network optimization to run simulations for
PZT
different configurations; Modeling of the tunneling effects on the material
Asymmetrical model properties of nanofiber mat for intelligent sensing
SENSORS/ACTUATORS FOR MAV
(RW: Abate; RB: Reich; RX: Baur)
CNT-Based Artificial Hair Airflow Sensor
STATE OF THE ART

Flow Sensing Hairs - Principles of bio hairs MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: Current Impact

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
understood, but translation to engineered  Optimal hair lengths are 50-100% of (d99)
system with similar performance is not boundary layer thickness for steady flow
Models - Models for hair feedback control  Pore sensitive to depth, not width with 1.5-
have not been examined 3 micron level deflections expected
Materials - Silicon or polymer hairs with Localized CNT  Planar VACNT sensor gauge factor of 30
optical, piezoresistive, or capacitive Buckling  Planar flow sensor created on copper
transduction shown • Carbon nanotube (CNT) substrate (difficult)
gauge factor to 1000 for single-CNT devices,
~2 for traditional gauge factors, limited work
on CNT array strain sensing, even less on fiber
Nanoindentation of foam-like and beam-like VACNT arrays

 Artificial Hair Concept - CNT arrays on Artificial Hair Model - Developed viscoelastic, nonlinear
NEW INSIGHTS

rigid fibers have the required hair rigidity/ fluid reaction hair sensor model • Explored design
dimension, displacement sensitivity, material geometry & material for individual hair performance
robustness, and design flexibility to enable
integrated flow sensing to detect gust Materials - Characterized morphology effect of VACNT
alleviation and enable complex maneuvering array mechanics  Developed and characterized “first” Planar CNT Flow Sensor Prototype on DMA
VACNT-based electromechanical flow/strain sensor
 Model - Hair length vs. boundary layer Planned Impact
thickness can be optimized for increased  Test CNT sensor in wind tunnel (Eglin AFB)
sensitivity HOW IT WORKS:  Enhance sensor gauge factor
 Materials - CNT array mechanics are highly  Model - Numerically solve hair sensor governing  Extend to fuzzy fiber for artificial hair
dependent on morphology, but vertically equations to explore and optimize design  Extend model to oscillatory flow

END-OF-PHASE GOAL
aligned CNT (VACNT) sensor yields nearly  Materials - Compression reorients CNTs, reducing  Eval. sensor impact on vehicle performance
linear resistance change with strain electrical resistance  Force imparted to hair converted to
electrical signal within sensor “pore” Research Goals
 Model & validate artificial hair model
ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS:  Understand parameter space for optimal
 Model - Assume 1-way interaction (flow to hair) with sensor performance
parallel surface, small deflections, rt circular X-section  Understand and model physics of
 Materials - Repeatable and uniform CNT deposition  electromechanical response of CNT array
Robust adhesion of CNTs to carbon fiber with  Demonstrate flow sensing capability inside
environmental changes wind tunnel 40
Schematic of proposed CNT-coated carbon fiber sensor
LOAD-BEARING ANTENNAS
(OSU/U Mich/U MN/UCLA: Volakis)
News in Engineering
Ohio State University / College of Engineering
CHANGING COURSE FOR UAVS

Ohio State electrical and computer engineers have solved a radar and surveillance
problem for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with the help of atypical
antenna layer: collaborators: embroidery experts.
microstrip patches,
dipoles, bowties and etc.

feeding layer:
The UAVs — ranging in size from more than 40 feet long to ones that could be
feeding networks,
impedance tuning stubs
easily confused with hi-tech Frisbees — can serve many functions, from
circuits layer: surveillance to data collection. However, their relatively small size cannot
filters, mixers,
LNAs and etc. accommodate the large antennas necessary for long-distance
communication. So the engineers are developing new technology to weave
sensor and communication antenna systems into the structure of the UAVs.

This research is part of the three-year, $3.5 million GameChanger program, now in
its final year and funded by the Air Force Defense Research Sciences Program.

The GameChanger philosophy involves a different perspective on aircraft design:


Instead of mechanical and aerospace engineers designing a plane for
aerodynamics, in this case electrical and computer engineers dictate the initial
form of the plane based on its radar or surveillance function.

To weave the sensor and communication systems into the structure of the aircraft
— so the UAV itself becomes the antenna — researchers needed lightweight,
load-bearing, flexible materials that could conform to the aircraft’s surface.
Polymers fit the required criteria, but first researchers had to determine how to print
antennas on them, as polymers are not mechanically compatible with traditional
conductors.
41
LOAD-BEARING ANTENNAS
(OSU/U Mich/U MN/UCLA: Volakis)
Objectives:
 Design next generation antennas (broadband and narrowband) that are
structurally ruggedized, reconfigurable and sufficiently miniaturized for
UAV applications.
 Develop a new class of materials for load-bearing/conformal/light-weight
antennas (incl. ferroelectric, ferromagnetic, multi-ferroic, bondable polymer
antenna layer: composites, 3D textiles and nanomaterials).
microstrip patches,
dipoles, bowties and etc.  Develop analytical techniques for tractable electro-magneto-thermo-
feeding layer: mechanical theory from fully coupled 3-D equations.
feeding networks,
impedance tuning stubs  Integrate new antenna designs into a lightweight structure and develop
circuits layer:
filters, mixers,
figures of merit (design rules) for structural integration.
LNAs and etc.

Main Achievements:
 Developed new technology by embroidering metal coated electronic fibers
(e-fibers) on polymers for conformal load bearing antennas.
 Designed and tested volumetric and planar woven antennas based on e-
fibers and polymer composites
 Demonstrated the feasibility of “first ever” CNT antenna whose gain is
equivalent to the perfectly conducting (but rigid) patch antennas.
 Developed coupled multi-physics & multi-scale models for electro-
magnetic composite materials undergoing mechanical excitation.
 Developed models to tune antenna via ferroelectrics materials under
mechanical and thermal loads
 Developed fully overlapping Domain Decomposition Technique for Finite
Element Modeling of small features in large media

GameChanger ‟07
PM: B. L. Lee (NA); Co-PM: Arje Nachman (NE) 42
VISION: EXPANDED

PI‟s & Co-PI’s:


Biomimetics
Ray Baughman (U Texas Dallas)
Nicolas Triantafyllidis (U Mich)
Design
John Shaw for Coupled
(U Mich)
Multi-functionality
Shiv Joshi (NextGen) Reconfigurable
Sharon Swartz (Brown U) AUTONOMIC
Systems
Nakhiah Goulbourne (VA Tech)
Nano-materials
Benjamin Shapiro (U MD)
AEROSPACE
Elisabeth Smela (U MD) STRUCTURES • site specific
Patrick Mather (Syracuse U)
Multi-scale
H. Jerry Qi (U CO) • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Martin Model
Dunn (U CO)
Minoru Taya (U WA) • Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Frank Ko (U Brit Columbia)
Micro-
Hiroyuki & Nano-
Kato (Hokkaido U) • Self-Healing
Xin Zhang (Boston U)
Devices
C. T. Sun (Purdue U) • Threat Neutralization
Thomas Siegmund (Purdue U)
Aaron Manufacturing
Dollar (Yale U)^ Sci • Self-Cooling
A. John Hart (U Mich)^
Greg Reich (AFRL/RBSA)
• Self-Powered
RichardNeural Network &
Vaia (AFRL/RXBN)
Information Sci
^ YIP 43
VISION: EXPANDED

PI‟s & Co-PI’s:


Biomimetics
Max Shtein (U Mich)+
Henry Sodano (U FL)
Design
Dan Inman for Coupled
(VA Tech)
Sven Bilén (Penn St U)
Multi-functionality
Michael Strano (MIT) AUTONOMIC
Greg Carman (UCLA)
Nano-materials
Gleb Yushin (GA Tech)^ AEROSPACE
Minoru Taya (U WA)*
Paolo Feraboli (U WA)*
STRUCTURES • site specific
Martin Multi-scale
Dunn (U CO)* • Sensing & Precognition • autonomic
Ronggui Yang
Model (U CO)*
Kurt Maute (U CO)* • Self-Diagnosis & Actuation
Se-Hee Lee (U CO)*
Y. Sungtaek
Micro- Ju (UCLA)*
& Nano- • Self-Healing
Tom Hahn (UCLA)*
Devices
Dan Inman (VA Tech)* • Threat Neutralization
Ioannis Chasiotis (UIUC)*
Carl Schulenburg
Manufacturing(PowerMEMS)
Sci • Self-Cooling Energy from
Tim Fisher (Purdue U)
• Self-Powered Aerospace
Benji Maruyama (AFRL/RXBN)
Neural
Thuy Dang Network &
(AFRL/RXBN) Environ
Michael Durstock (AFRL/RXBN)
Information Sci
44
+ PECASE; ^ YIP; * MURI
MURI „06
INTEGR‟D ENERGY HARVESTING
(U WA/U CO/UCLA/VPI: Taya et al)
Objective: Technical Approach:
To develop “self-powered” load-bearing (a) A combination of experimental and
structures with integrated energy harvest/ analytical techniques are employed to advance
storage capabilities, and to establish new multi- the efficiency of the energy conversion means
functional design rules for structural (as an integral part of load-bearing structures)
integration of energy conversion means. and to optimize their multifunctional
performance and ability to cover larger areas.
polymer
solar cells (b) Multifunctional composites are created with
polymer
individual layers acting as photovoltaic/thermo-
battery cells
electric/piezoelectric power harvesting and
electrochemical power storage elements.

thermo-electrics (TE) Budget:


antenna system under
the wing with TE FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
693,335 1,169,560 1,180,608 1,219,324 1,179,991 568,571
$K
DoD Benefit:
Self-powered load-bearing structures with Major Reviews/Meetings:
integrated energy harvest/storage capabilities  29 August 2007: Seattle, WA
will provide meaningful mass savings and  5 August 2008: Boulder, CO
reduced external power requirements over a 11 August 2009: Blacksburg, VA
wide range of defense platforms including 18 August 2010: Los Angeles, CA
space vehicles, manned aircraft, unmanned PM: B. L. Lee (NA);
aerial vehicles, and ISR systems. Co-PM‟s: Joan Fuller (NA), David Stargel (NA)
MURI „06
INTEGR‟D ENERGY HARVESTING
(U WA/U CO/UCLA/VPI: Taya et al)
Year 4 Highlights
• Developed new “anti-reflection” surface coating inspired by
moth eyes for solar cells with higher transmittance
• Process scale-up of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
• Integrated the DSSC onto a quasi-wing structure and
confirmed the endurance under 44,000+ bending cycles
• “Shrink-fit integration” and FGM electrodes for linear TE
modules with increased durability
• Microwave synthesis of nano-particles of Bi2Te3
DSSC
• Design of “scalable” and “stretchable” thin-film Li ion
4-Point Bending Test

Fe-SMA
batteries for UAV structures
• Modeling of electrochemical and mechanical response of
Cu-SMA
A
solid-state electrolyte and their morphology effects
e

e
Li+
Li+
e

e
• Simulations predicting onset of mechanical failure leading
Li+

to capacity fade in agreement with experiments


e Li+ e
Li+
e e

• Experimental characterization of cracking and twining in Si


anode with Li ion insertion (first-ever observation).
• Assessed battery survivability in co-curing environment
• UAV test bed at U Colorado
SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES &
PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENT

• Self-healable or in-situ remendable structural materials


(1st-ever program; world lead)
• Microvascular composites for continuous self-healing
and self-cooling systems (1st-ever program; world lead)
• Structural integration of energy harvest/storage
capabilities (1st-ever program on structurally integrated multiple
energy harvest capabilities; DoD lead)
• Neurological system-inspired sensing/diagnosis/
actuation network (pot‟l world lead)
• Mechanized material systems and micro-devices for
reconfigurable structures (DoD lead)
• Experimental nano-mechanics (DoD lead)
47
PROGRAM TRENDS

NAME: B. L. Lee
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:
Basic research for integration of advanced materials and micro-
systems into future Air Force systems requiring multi-functionality
LIST OF SUB-AREAS:
Life Prediction (Materials & Devices);
Sensing & Diagnosis;
Micro-, Nano- & Multi-scale Mechanics;
Multifunctional Design (Shape Change);
Multifunctional Design (Property Tuning);
Self-Healing & Remediation;
Self-Cooling & Thermal Management;
Self-Sustaining Systems & Energy Management;
Precognition & Neutralization of Threats;
Engineered Nanomaterials
48
EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm

 Cracks were imaged in nanometer


scale by AFM to obtain their geometry Crack tip
and the grain structure at the crack tip.
 Doping caused a drop in fracture
toughness of “laminated” polysilicon
while it increased the toughness of
“coarse grain” polysilicon films

Substrate

Specimen
Edge crack
150 μm

25 μm long sharp cracks created in 2 μm


thin polycrystalline silicon specimens by 10 μm
nanoindentation near free edge
49
MULTISCALE ANALYSIS:
On-Going Research

EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm

 Cracks were imaged in nanometer STRUCTURAL HIERARCHIES IN


scale by AFM to obtain their geometry
and the grain structure at the crack tip.
PROTEIN MATERIALS
Crack tip (MIT: Buehler)
 Doping caused a drop in Multi-scale
fractureapproach to understand biological protein materials & translate design concepts into engineering applications
IMPACT
toughness of “laminated” polysilicon
Current engineering materials MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS:

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO

Remain limited in their ability to  Provide the first atomic


mechanism and condition
while it increased the toughness of
combine disparate properties such
as high strength, robustness, of the stiffening behavior
“coarse grain” polysilicon self-healing,
films mutability of alpha-helical materials.
 Developed model to link
Biological materials and structures
 Show intriguing material properties  combine the microscopic structural
transition with the


disparate properties in a single material Qin, Kreplak, Buehler, PRL, 2010, PLOS ONE, 2009 Qin, Buehler, PRL, 2010
Mechanism of the α-β transition caused by mechanical force. macroscopic behavior.
De novo materials design Enables to seek the
Substrate  Requires bottom-up structural design, from nano Structural transition related
mechanical property of
to macro  need to understand structure-property Non-linear mechanical property 
protein materials with
links in biological materials mutation.
Specimen Multi-scale analysis of biological TRANSITIONS
NEW INSIGHTS

structures  New MURI project for fiber design  PI visited


 Study of nuclear lamina
Edge crack
 Intermediated filaments, found in cells nuclear (meshwork of filaments).
AFRL in 2010 (Wright-Patterson AFB)  PI
envelop, provide intriguing mechanical properties  Discovered the flaw awarded PECASE
150 μm provide great extensibility, strength, mechanical tolerance of this structure is FUTURE RESEARCH GOALS

END-OF-PHASE GOAL
robustness, and ability to self-heal  structural caused by non-linear  Facilitate merger of structure, material
analysis reveals a intricate design, from atomistic to mechanical response of property and function through the bottom-up
macroscopic. intermediate filaments. multi-scale design, from atomic to macroscopic
25 μm long sharp cracks created Example μm structure of lamin at nuclear
inof2hierarchical The adhesion energy of  behavior.
lamina.
thin polycrystalline silicon specimens by  the lamin tail is changed
due to mutation, leading 10 μm  Quantitatively understand the assembling
process of protein materials and factors to
Materials science paradigm to altered mechanical
nanoindentation near free edgeapplied to the hierarchical response of filaments
affect the material property of those assembled
72 structures.
structure of protein
HOW IT WORKS:  Quantitatively understand the cascaded
materials. 
 The non-linear mechanical response of hierarchical activation of mutations and their effect on
structure of proteins is caused by the structural transition material performance.
mechanisms during deformation.  Provide basis for new engineering paradigm
 The alterable structure enables proteins to combine to functionalize the hierarchical structural
disparate material properties (flexible, strength, materials (e.g. new composites or polymers
robustness). combine high flexibility, ultimate strength, self
36
 The structural and mechanical property of healing and robustness): novel materials for
Buehler, Nature Nanotechnology, intermediated filaments are altered by point mutation. advanced Air Force technologies
2010

50
MULTISCALE ANALYSIS:
Joint ARO/AFOSR/NSF Workshop
2-5 May 2011, Arlington, VA
EXPERIMENTAL NANOMECHANICS WORKSHOP ON
(UIUC: Chasiotis) 500 nm
“MULTISCALE EXPERIMENTS”
Ioannis Chasiotis (U Illinois), Chair
 Cracks were imaged in nanometer STRUCTURAL HIERARCHIES IN
scale by AFM to obtain their geometry PROTEIN MATERIALS
Crack tip WORKSHOP ON
(MIT: Buehler)
and the grain structure at the crack tip.
“MULTISCALE ANALYSIS FOR
 Doping caused a drop in Multi-scale
fractureapproach to understand biological protein materials & translate design concepts into engineering applications
toughness of “laminated” polysilicon
Current engineering materials MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS:
MULTIFUNCTIONAL
IMPACT DESIGN”

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO

Remain limited in their ability to  Provide the first atomic


while it increased the toughness of properties such
combine disparate Somnath Ghosh
mechanism and(Johns
condition Hopkins U), Co-Chair
as high strength, robustness, of the stiffening behavior
“coarse grain” polysilicon self-healing,
films mutability Tom
of alpha-helical materials. Hahn (UCLA), Co-Chair
Biological materials and structures  Developed model to link
 Show intriguing material properties  combine the microscopic structural
WORKSHOP ON transition with the


disparate properties in a single material Qin, Kreplak, Buehler, PRL, 2010, PLOS ONE, 2009 Qin, Buehler, PRL, 2010
Mechanism of the α-β transition caused by mechanical force. macroscopic behavior.
De novo materials design Enables to seek the
Substrate  Requires bottom-up structural design, from nano
to macro  need to understand structure-property
Structural transition related
Non-linear mechanical property  “COMPUTATIONAL MULTISCALE mechanical property of
protein materials with

MATERIALS MODELING”
links in biological materials mutation.
Specimen Multi-scale analysis of biological TRANSITIONS
NEW INSIGHTS

structures  New MURI project for fiber design  PI visited


Edge crack
 Intermediated filaments, found in cells nuclear
 Study of nuclear lamina Somnath
AFRL inGhosh (Johns
2010 (Wright-Patterson AFB)  Hopkins
PI U), Chair
(meshwork of filaments).
envelop, provide intriguing mechanical properties  Discovered the flaw awarded PECASE
150 μm provide great extensibility, strength, mechanical tolerance of this structure is FUTURE RESEARCH GOALS
Joint Organizing Committee:

END-OF-PHASE GOAL
robustness, and ability to self-heal  structural caused by non-linear  Facilitate merger of structure, material
mechanical response of
analysis reveals a intricate design, from atomistic to
macroscopic. intermediate filaments. Bruce LaMattina (ARO), Co-Chair
property and function through the bottom-up
multi-scale design, from atomic to macroscopic
25 μm long sharp cracks created μm structure of lamin at nuclear
inof2hierarchical
Example The adhesion energy of  B.-L. (“Les”) Lee (AFOSR), Co-Chair
behavior.
lamina.
thin polycrystalline silicon specimens by  the lamin tail is changed
10 μm  Quantitatively understand the assembling

Materials science paradigm


due to mutation, leading
to altered mechanical
Glaucio Paulino (NSF), Co-Chair
process of protein materials and factors to
nanoindentation near free edgeapplied to the hierarchical affect the material property of those assembled
structure of protein
response of filaments
72 structures. 3 Workshop Chairs
HOW IT WORKS:  Quantitatively understand the cascaded
materials. 
 The non-linear mechanical response of hierarchical Jeff Baur(AFRL/RX)
activation of mutations and their effect on
structure of proteins is caused by the structural transition material performance.
mechanisms during deformation.
Ajit Roy (AFRL/RX)
 Provide basis for new engineering paradigm
 The alterable structure enables proteins to combine John Beatty (ARL/WMRD)
to functionalize the hierarchical structural
disparate material properties (flexible, strength, materials (e.g. new composites or polymers
robustness). Ernest Chin (ARL/WMRD)
combine high flexibility, ultimate strength, self
36
 The structural and mechanical property of healing and robustness): novel materials for
Buehler, Nature Nanotechnology,
2010
intermediated filaments are altered by point mutation. Eric Wetzel (ARL/WMRD)
advanced Air Force technologies

James Thomas (NRL)


51
NANOMATERIALS FOR
STRUCTURES: „06 INITIATIVE
Engineered Nanomaterials for
Multifunctional Structures:
• Shape Memory Alloy Nano-rods for Actuation
• Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Grown on Graphite Fibers
• CNT-Based Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
• Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Assembled CNT Composites
• Alignment of Nanoreinforcement
• Graphite / Bi2Te3 / Bi2Se3 / MoSe2 Nano-platelets
• “Gecko" Adhesion Using Ordered Arrays of CNT’s
• Self-Healing Via Nanoscale Capsules
• Reactive CNT for Active Armors
• Experimental Nanomechanics
U Wisconsin U Michigan Brown U
U Delaware Stanford U U Illinois
Carbon Solutions Case Western CU Aero
3Tex UC San Diego MIT
U Texas Dallas UCLA
52
NANOMATERIALS FOR
STRUCTURES: „06 INITIATIVE
Engineered Nanomaterials for PI‟s & Co-PI’s:
Multifunctional Structures: Nancy Sottos (UIUC)
• Shape Memory Alloy Nano-rods for Actuation Vikas Prakash (Case Western)
Ajit Roy (AFRL/RXBT)
• Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Grown on Graphite Fibers Frank Ko (U Brit Columbia)*
• CNT-Based Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
Ray Baughman (U Texas Dallas)
A. John Hart (U Mich)
• Layer-by-Layer (LBL) Assembled CNT Composites Michael Strano (MIT)
Greg Carman (UCLA)
• Alignment of Nanoreinforcement Ronggui Yang (U CO)*
• Graphite / Bi2Te3 / Bi2Se3 / MoSe2 Nano-platelets Se-Hee Lee (U CO)*
Tim Fisher (Purdue U)
• “Gecko" Adhesion Using Ordered Arrays of CNT’s Ioannis Chasiotis (UIUC)
John Kieffer (U Mich)
• Self-Healing Via Nanoscale Capsules Nicholas Kotov (U Mich)
• Reactive CNT for Active Armors Jimmy Xu (Brown U)
Erik Thostenson (U Del)^
• Experimental Nanomechanics Mrinal Saha (OK St U)
Alexander Bogdanovich (3Tex)
U Wisconsin U Michigan Brown U Yuntain T. Zhu (NC St U)
U Delaware Stanford U U Illinois Kelechi Anyaogu (Nico)
Carbon Solutions Case Western CU Aero David L Carnahan (NanoLab)
3Tex UC San Diego MIT
U Texas Dallas UCLA
^ YIP; * MURI
53
SUMMARY

• The program is fully focused on the establishment of advanced


multi-functional aerospace structures.
• A major progress has been made in pursuing a new vision for
autonomic systems and providing research support for baseline
multifunctional materials and microsystems.
• Three initiatives for autonomic aerospace structures are highly
successful: “microvascular composites” (MURI „05),
“structurally integrated energy harvest/storage capabilities”
(MURI ‟06) and “load bearing antennas” (GameChanger ‟07).
• Three new initiatives are implemented for “reconfigurable
multifunctional structures,” “energy harvesting from aerospace
environment” and “neurological system inspired sensory
network” (MURI ‟09).
• A new initiative is planned for “multiscale analysis for multi-
functional design” in close collaboration with AFRL TD PI‟s,
AFOSR PM‟s and the colleagues at other funding agencies.
54
Back-Up Slides

55
Modeling and Simulation for
Conformal Load Bearing Antennas
Electro-Thermo-Mechanical OBJECTIVES
Computational Tools  Develop integrated multi-scale multi-physics computational model for analysis and
design of load bearing antenna.
 Robust finite element for coupled electro-magnetic and mechanical structural response
 Multi-scale effects through the incorporation of semi-analytical methods
 Homogenization methods for continuum constitutive models to be inserted in
macroscopic analysis
 Methods for microstructural design to facilitate optimal property distribution
ACCOMPLISMENTS
 High-performance parallel computational framework
 Electro-magnetic code for solving Maxwell’s equations
 Finite deformation model/code for structural mechanics under dynamic loading with
hyper-elastic material model
 Coupling of EM and Dynamic Codes
 Multi-time scaling algorithm for coupling mechanical and EM solutions in real time

Domain Decomposition CHALLENGES


Detailed Mesh Background Mesh
1. Large matrix system needed for high
Techniques to Model Nanowires precision;
Inside Polymer Composites 2. Ill -conditioned matrices have
convergence difficulty;
3. Repetitive re-meshing for in situ Mesh on Planar
designs Spiral

Planar Spiral

Feed
y
Modeling Small UWB Antennas
on UAV Platform 50 x 56
z
ACTIVE MATERIALS FOR
ADAPTIVE STRUCTURES
CELLULAR SHAPE MEMORY
STRUCTURES (U Mich: Triantafylli)
Objectives:
• To design better actuators/morphing
devices using shape memory alloy
honeycomb which combines benefits of NANOTUBE ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE
cellular structures and monolithic SMA‟s
(U Texas Dallas: Baughman)
Sheet (right) being spun  Forest-drawn carbon nanotube sheets
from nanotube forest (left)
have higher specific strength than steel.
 Charge injection of carbon nanotube
sheets produces giant width-direction
Meter long carbon nanotube sheet

actuation (>3.3 X) from 80 to 1900 K.


 Sheets CONTRACT in nanotube
Side view of above sheet
direction by up to 2% during actuation.
• After non-uniformity due to structural
spinning from forest

level instabilities at moderate strains, the  Generated stress is 32 times the stress
deformation pattern becomes uniform generation capability of natural muscle.
again upon further straining .
300 K, 0 kV
• This morphing behavior reverses under
unloading.
300 K, 5 kV
48
Motor

Nanotube Forest 1500 K, 5 kV


Forest

Mandrel 47

57
BAT-INSPIRED MORPHING WING
(NextGen/Brown U/VPI: Joshi)
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS (Cont’d): Current Impact
• Reconfigurable hovering ultra-maneuerable
bat technologies (RHUMBAT) offers Inertial Measurement (IM) • In depth understanding of
• Acceleration and angular velocities recorded for
CURRENT STATE

potential benefits in operational robustness. bat skeletal structure and


• Most research has focused on recreating straight and obstructed flights skeletal dynamics during
three degrees of freedom (DOF’s) assoc • Dorsal mount miniature wireless IM Unit (IMU) flight

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
with this motion: flap, lag, and feather • Materials analysis for
• Small vehicle size and low inertia make fine- structural and aerodynamic
scale control required for envisioned surfaces
missions difficult.
• Translation of bat dynamics
• Our unique approach considers actuators to robotic system
IMU
NEW INSIGHTS

that are distributed across the structure.


• We provide detailed analysis for selection of Biological Experiments
actuation DOF using motion capture and • Examined wing fiber
revealing complex morphologies of joints. under polarized light
• Wing membrane characterization shows • Guides constitutive
thickness inhomogeneities to be considered model development
Improved suturing and biaxial setup
in materials selection. Wing fibers
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS: Mechanical Characterization of Bat Membrane
• High-fidelity models for
Data Smoothing, Motion Trajectory • Strain experiments
components and integrated
• Constitutive modeling
• Motion capture data structure representative of a

END-OF-PHASE GOAL
-Fiber bundle dist.
improved bat-wing
-Fiber bundle comp.
• Motion trajectory defined -Base matrix corrugation • Quantitative evaluation of
for humerus and radius • Result satisfy material flight performance, energy
Skeletal Assembly Right wing assembly anisotropy property Strain analysis consumption and efficiency
• Bones assembled in CAD
• Estimates of weight, volume
• CAD model guides
and geometry of a robotic
mechanical design
bat-wing
Robotic Wing
• 4 DOF • Guidelines to develop an
58
• High flapping frequency autonomous, hovering, highly
Preliminary design Biaxial loading Simulated Stress-Strain Curve maneuverable, bat-like MAV
REVERSIBLE SHAPE MEMORY
(Syracuse U / U CO: Mather)
MAIN ACHIEVEMENTS:
Commonly Used Shape Memory  Demonstrate two-way shape memory effects assisted by Current Impact

QUANTITATIVE IMPACT
STATUS QUO

Polymers (SMP) external force.  First free-standing two-way SMP based on


 One-way shape memory (SM) effects  Not intrinsic material property change  Large
being able to recover the temporary shape Two-way shape reversible actuation strain
 No design tools available memory effect to mirror
(a)
Two-way Shape Memory Polymers assisted by an
SMP
 Two-way SM effects using switching external force Stator in shear Reversible Torsion
Via SMP Shear
between two stable states  No two-way SM Rotor
due to intrinsic material property change
Two-way SMPs Applications (b)
 Require combinatorial methods for
material synthesis, modeling, and design.  Fabricate reversible free-standing two-way shape
memory polymer composites.
NEW INSIGHTS

Two-Way SMP by the Concept of


Proposed applications: a) Rotational actuation
Opposing Microstructural-Scale
in shear to enable autonomous rotation for
Spring mirror motion, wing joints. b) Reversible
 Two opposing spring can generate motions 2W-SMP 2W-SMP is 2W-SMP is A polymer blistering of two-way SMPs for variable
if one or both of them can change properties stretched at laid on top layer is photo- boundary layer aircraft control surfaces.
as temperature changes  Opposing spring high T, then of the synthesized
can be realized through material/structure cooled to low T polymer on top. Planned Impact
design at micro-scale.  Two-way SMPs for multifunctional

END-OF-PHASE GOAL
structural  Design tools that enhance robust
design  Novel applications based on two-
The spring on way SMP
0mn 1min 2min 3min 4min 5min 6min 7min
the left has a
constant Heating Cooling Research Goals
Ki Ks(T) stiffness Ki and HOW IT WORKS:  Complete understanding of material
the stiffness of  Stretched induced crystallization (SIC) can relax the behaviors  Design tools for novel
right spring Ks stress  Opposing microstructural-scale spring creates applications of these materials  Explore
depends on the reversible free-standing two-way SMP  Shape memory other polymer-based shape memory
temperature. effect is fully reversible. materials  Explore applications with AFRL 59
MURI „06 Thermoelectric Module Integration
Linear TE w/ FGM Linear TE w/ FGM Linear TE w/ FGM
Phi TE Linear TE
and shrink-fit (1.25mm) and shrink-fit (2.5mm) and shrink-fit (2.5mm)
TE design
Fe-SMA Fe-SMA Fe-SMA 450C

Analysis results
Cu-SMA Cu-SMA Cu-SMA 50C

Generated temperature gap


across TE element (deg C)
338 344 344 346 394

Maximum normal stress on


electrode (Mpa)
-1100 -1200 -535 -591 -642

Maximum shear stress on


electrode (MPa)
146 617 329 311 337
Maximum shear stress on TE
element (MPa)
125 71 34 43 56

Power density (W/cm2) 0.80 0.87 0.87 0.89 1.15


Module efficiency (%) 12.8 13.3 13.3 13.4 14.8

 n-type: Mg2Si0.96Bi0.03In0.01
SMA
 p-type: Si0.93Ge0.05B0.02
 Heat source side: Fe-SMA
 Heat exhaust side: Cu-SMA
CNT
Grazing material  CNT in grazing material gives:
(Ag)  locking Ag
 reducing the creep strain
Electrode (Cu)
60
MURI „06
Modeling and Simulation of
Load Bearing Li Ion Batteries
A
Macro-scale (1D)
output
e e
input Li+ capacity (utilization*)
Li+
e e
discharge current voltage (electric power)
porosity Li+
e Li+ e Li concentration*
Li+
temperature chemical eigenstrains*
e e
mech. loads deformation* & stress*
temperature*
Micro-scale (1/2/3D)

input output
material system particle Li concentration*
particle geometry particle deformation*
particle stress* (degradation)
* as function of space and time

Multiscale framework allows connection between microscale behavior, e.g.,


stress development, as a function of actual battery operating conditions
61
STTR‟10: HYBRID ENERGY HARVEST
(PowerMEMS)
• Pairing solar panels with magneto-thermoelectric
power generator as “active thermal backplane” for
solar panel cooling and “hybrid energy harvest”
Ferromagnetic State Paramagnetic
State Transition State

Force
Perm-magnet Perm-magnet Perm-magnet
Bi-directional
Extract work from phase transitions
Temperature
Tcurie
Tcurie -1C Tcurie +1C

Bi-Directional
Ferromagnetic State Paramagnetic State
(Cooling) (Heating)
Magnetic Force

magneto-
thermoelectric Magentic Oscillation
power generator Force Amplitude Spring
(STTR‟07) Force
Spring
Force

62
Jan 09
ENERGY HARVESTING ON
SPACECRAFT (Penn State: Bilen)
PROJECT SUMMARY
Objectives:
• Develop system concepts for use of Electrodynamic
Tethers (EDT) on an array of spacecraft in variety of
orbits and for various missions
• Address EDT performance parameters
• Evaluate various system components required
• Explore energy storage devices

Team: EDTs can be used to


harvest energy and
Sven Bilén, PI, and Jesse McTernan, Penn State
provide propulsion
Brian Gilchrist, Co-PI, and Iverson Bell, Univ. Michigan
Rob Hoyt, Nestor Voronka, Co-Is, TUI, Inc.

APPROACH ACCOMPLISHMENTS
• Explore EDT system architectures • ChipSat system concept development and
for energy harvesting and storage feasibility study
• Employ tether simulation tools • CubeSat system concept development and
TeMPEST and TetherSim for solar panel comparison study
verifying performance • Large spacecraft system concept
• Develop and extend simulation development and voltage and current
tools to include energy harvesting magnitudes study
modes and new components • Work underway to implement an energy
• Define new architectures for storage module for TeMPEST
various classes on missions and • AIAA Space 2010 presentation paper
define precursor missions 63

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