CALENDERS

1. 100 years contains '5' odd days.

200 years contains '3' odd days.
300 years contains '1' odd days.
400 years contains '0' odd days.

2. Sunday -------> '0' odd day.

Monday -------> '1' odd day.
. .
. .
3. One leap year contains '2' odd days.

4. The years which are mul of '4' are called leap years.

5. Leap year -------> 366 days (Feb --> 29 days).

Ordinary year -------> 365 days.

6. Leap year ------> '52' weeks + '2' odd days.

Ordinary year ------> '52' weeks + '1' odd day.

BANKERS DISCOUNT

B.D -----------> Bankers Discount

S.I -----------> Simple Interest
T.D -----------> True Discount
B.G -----------> Bankers Gain

1. On bill for unexpired time, B.D = S.I

2. B.G = B.D - T.D
3. B.G = S.I on T.D
4. T.D = √(P.W) * (B.G)
5. B.G = (T.D)2/(P.W)
6. B.D = (A * R * T)/100
7. T.D = (A * R * T)/[100 + (R * T)]
8. A = (B.D * T.D)/(B.D - T.D)
9. T.D = (B.G * 100)/(R * T)
10. Sum due = (B.D * T.D)/(B.D - T.D) = (B.D * T.D)/B.G Sum due = Amount
11. T.D/B.G = Sum/B.D
12. B.D - T.D = A * {(R + T)2/[100(100 + (R * T))]}
TRUE DISCOUNTS

T.D -----------> True Discount

P.W -----------> Present Worth
S.I -----------> Simple Interest
A -----------> Amount
R -----------> Rate
T -----------> Time

1. A = P.W + T.D
2. P.W = (100 * amount)/[100 + (R * T)]
3. T.D = (P.W * R * T)/100
4. T.D = (A * R * T)/[100(R + T)]
5. S.I on T.D = S.I - T.D
6. Sum = (S.I * T.D)/(S.I - T.D)
7. When the sum is put at C.I, P.W = A/[1 + (R/100)]T
8. T.D = S.I on P.W
9. P.W = (100 * T.D)/(R * T)
10. T = (100 * T.D)/(P.W * R)
11. When the interest is at C.I, T.D = P.W[1+ (r/100)]t - P.W

CLOCKS

x -----> first given time.

1. For coinciding the hands , (5x) * (12/11)
2. Right angles at each other , (5x ± 15) * (12/11)
3. Opposite Direction , (5x - 30) * (12/11)
4. For finding time when it is 't'min space apart , (5x ±t) * (12/11)
5. For finding the angle between the hands of a clock is ,
30 * [HRS - (MIN/5)] + (MIN/2)

NUMBER SERIES

1. The difference between the no: and the no: obtained by interchanging the digits is 'x'. The
difference between digits is, diff = x/9
2. The sum of the no: and the no: obtained by interchanging the digits is 'y'. The sum of the
digits is, sum = y/11
3. The sum of two numbers is 'x' and their difference is 'y'. The product of the no: is,
[(x + y)2 - (x - y)2]/4
4. Dividend = (Divisor * Quotient) + Remainder
PIPES AND CISTERNS

1. t(A + B) = (tA * tB)/(tA + tB)

2. tA = (tB * t(A + B))/(tB - t(A + B))
3. Time for filling, (Filling pipe is bigger in size.) F = (e * f)/(e - f)
4. Time for emptying, (emptying pipe is bigger in size.) E = (f * e)/(f - e)
5. T(A + B + C)=L/[(L/tA) + (L/tB) + (L/tC)]
6. Pipes 'A' & 'B' can fill a tank in f1hrs & f2hrs respectively. Another pipe 'C' can empty the
full tank in 'e'hrs. If the three pipes are opened simultaneously then the tank is filled in , F =
L/[(L/f1) + (L/f2) - (L/e)]
7. Two taps 'A' & 'B' can fill a tank in 't1' & 't2' hrs respectively. Another pipe 'C' can empty
the full tank in 'e'hrs. If the tank is full & all the three pipes are opened simultaneously . Then
the tank will be emptied in, E = L/[(L/e) - (L/f1) - (L/f2)]
8. A filling tap can fill a tank in 'f'hrs. But it takes 'e'hrs longer due to a leak at the bottom.
The leak will empty the full tank in , E = [t(f * e) * tf]/[t(f + e) - tf]
9. Capacity of the tank is , F = (f * e)/(e - f)
10. tc = [t(A + B) * t(A + B + C)]/[t(A + B) - t(A + B + C)]
11. T = (xyz)/[(xz) + (yz) - (xy)]

RATIO AND PROPORTION

1. If a:b = c:d , then Product of Means=Product of Extremes i.e

2ndterm*3rdterm = 1stterm*4thterm
2. Each part =Total Amount/Total of Ratios
3. If a:b = x:y & b:c = p:q ,then a:b:c = xp:yp:yq
4. Third proportion to 'x' & 'y' = y2/x
5. The mean proportion between 'a' & 'b' = √ab

DECIMAL FRACTIONS

1. [(a2-b2)/(a+b)] = [ a-b ]
2. [(a2-b2)/(a-b)] = [ a+b ]
3. [(a3+b3)/(a2-(a*b)+b2)] = [ a+b ]
4. [(a3-b3)/(a2-(a*b)+b2)] = [ a-b ]
5. [(a+b)2+(a-b)2 /(a2+b2)] = 2
6. [(a2+b2-(2*a*b) )/(a-b)] = [ a-b ]
7. [(a2+b2+(2*a*b) )/(a+b)] = [ a+b ]
MENSURATIONS

1. Square:-figure
(1) Area = a2Sq units. (or) P2/16
(2) Perimeter = P =4a (or) a = P/4
(3) Diagonal (or) length of the rod that can be placed= a = P/4

2. Rectangle:-figure
(1)Area = l*b
(2)Perimeter = P = 2(l+b)
(3)Diagonal = d = √l2+b2
b = √d2-l2 l = √d2-b2

3. If area of plot is given as 'z'm2 and the ratio of l:b is given as x:y, then
l = x * [√z/(x*y)]
b = y * [√z/(x*y)]

4. length required=(length * breadth of a room)/width of the carpet

5. No: of stones = (length * breadth of a room)/(length * breadth of a stone)

6. A2/A1= (a2/a2)2 = (d2/d1)2

7. P2/P1=√A2/A1

8. Circle:-figure
(1)Area = Pr2 (or) P(d2/4)
(2)d = 2r
(3)Perimeter (or) Circumference =2Pr = Pd
P = 22/7 (or) 3.14
(4)A = c2/(4 P) (or) c = √4 PA = 2√PA

9. % dec in Area = fs [(r12 – r22)/r12] * 100

10. Distance travelled in 'N' revolutions is,

D = N * Pd (or) N = D/(Pd)

11. Area left ungrazed = a2(1 - P/4)

12. Area of the road

(1)Road out of the garden:-figure
Area of the road =2w[l+b+2w] = [(l+2w)(b+2w)]-(l*b)
(2)Road inside the garden:-figure
Area of the road = 2w[(l+b)-2w]
(3)Two parallel roads:-figure
Area of the road = w[(l+b)-w]
13. Triangles:-
(1)Right angled triangles:-figure
Area = (1/2)*b*h
d = √b2+h2
(2)Equilateral triangles:-figure
Area= (√3/4)a2
Perimeter = P = 3a
Height= (√3/2)a
(3)Scalene triangle:-figure
Perimeter = P = 2s=a+b+c s= (a+b+c)/2
Area = √s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
(4)Isosceles triangle:-figure
Perimeter = P = 2a+b
Area = b/4(√4a2-b2)

14.Volumes:-
(a)Cube:-figure
(1)Lateral surface area =4a2
(2)Total surface area = 6a2
(3)Volume of a solid = Base area * Height = a2 * a = a3
(4)Diagonal (or) Longest pole = d = √3a
(b)Cuboids:-figure
(1)Lateral surface area = AL = 2h[l+b]
(2)Total surface area = AT = 2[lb+lh+bh]
(3)Volume = V = lbh
(4)Diagonal = d = √l2+b2+h2
(5)No:of boxes = (lbh)/l1b1h1 = (Volume of big box)/(Volume of small box)

15. a3 = v13+v23+v33

16. a1/a2 = (v1/v2)1/3

17.No:of boxes(if areas are given) = a3/a13 = (a/a1)3

18.Cylinder:-figure
(1)Lateral surface area = AL = 2Prh
(2)Total surface area = AT = 2Pr(h+r)
(3) AT/AL = (h+r)/h
(4)Volume = v = Pr2h
(5)Area of each flat surface i.e of ends =Pr 2

19.Cone:-figure
(1)Slant height = l = √h2+r2
(2)Volume of the cone = 1/3(Pr2h)
(3)Curved surface area of cone = Prl
(4)Total surface area = Pr(l+r)
(5) v1/v2=(r1/r2)2 * h1/h2
20. H-h = (4/3) * rs3/rd2

21.Area of circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is r2. It's height is, h = 3r

22.Sector:-figure
(1)l= (q/360)*2P r
(2)A = (q/360)*Pr2
(3)Circumference, c =l+2r

23.Four circular cardboard pieces, each of radius 'r'cm are placed in such a way that each
piece touches two other pieces. The area of the space enclosed by four pieces is,
(2r)2 [1-P/4]cm2

24. Rhombus:-figure
(1) 4a2 = d12 + d22
(2)Area = (1/2)d1d2
(3)Perimeter = P = 4a

25. Parallelogram:-figure
(1)Area of Dle ABC = 1/2(bh)
(2)Area of Dle ACD = 1/2(b/h)
(3)Area of parallelogram = bh

26. Trapezium:-figure
Area of Trapezium=Area of (DleABC + DleACD) = 1/2(ah) + 1/2(bh) = [(1/2)h][a + b]

27. Sphere:-figure
(1)Surface area = 4Pr2
(2)Volume = 4/3(Pr3)
(3)A1/A2 = (r1/r2)2
(4)v1/v2 = (r1/r2)3
(5)v1/v2 = (A1/A2)3/2
(6)A1/A2 = (v1/v2)2/3

28.Area of four walls = 2 * (length + breadth) * height

AGES

No separate formulas, But problems are done by logical method.

Each part = Total Age/Sum of ratio's of Age's

SIMPLIFICATIONS

In this chapter, we must simplify the problems in the following order only.
V ---> - (Veruculum), B ---> () (Bracket), O ---> of (of), D ---> % (division),
M ---> * (Multiplication), A ---> + (Addition), S ---> - (Subtraction)
PROFIT AND LOSS
1.Profit = S.P - C.P
2.Loss = C.P - S.P
3.Gain% = (Gain/C.P)*100
4.Loss% = (Loss/C.P)*100
5.S.P = [(100+Gain%)/100]*C.P
6.C.P=S.P*[100/(100+Gain%)]
7.S.P= [(100-Loss%)/100]*C.P
8.C.P= S.P*[100/(100-Loss%)]
9.By selling an article for Rs/ '-S'1 , a man looses 'L%'.In order to gain 'G%' he uses the
following formula, S1/(100-L%)=S2(100-G%)
10.If C.P of 'x' articles is equal to the S.P of 'y' articles, the profit% is: [(x-y)/y]*100
11.Gain% = [Error/(truevalue-error)]*100
12.C.P = S.P/(1-losspart)
13.C.P=S.P*[100/(100+g1)]*[100/(100+g2)]*[100/(100+g3]
14.S.P=C.P*[(100+g1)/100]*[(100+g2)/100]*[(100+g3)/100]
15.C.P = [(S.P1-S.P2)/x2-x1]*100
x1 ---------> gain1 (or) loss1
x2 ---------> gain2 (or) loss2
16.S.P=C.P + [(C.P*g)/100]
17.Overall gain or loss = (x1*g1)-(x2*L1)+(x3*g3)
Where x1, x2, x3 ----------> Parts of items sold

BOATS AND STREAMS

b ---> Boat speed/Man speed in water.
c ---> Current Speed/Speed of the River.
d ---> Down stream speed.
u ---> Up stream speed.
D ---> Total distance travelled.
T ---> Total time.
1.d=b+c
2.u=b-c
3.b=(d+u)/2
4.c=(d-u)/2
5.Average Speed=(2xy)/x+y i.e (b2-c2)/b
6.D=[T(xy)]/x+y=[T(b2-c2)]/2b
7.T=(D*2b)/b2-c2
8.T=(D/d)+(D/u)=[D/(b+c)]+[D/(b-c)]
L.C.M AND H.C.F
1.H.C.F of fractions = [ H.C.F of Numerators/L.C.M of Denominators ]
2. (i)which will be divided - L.C.M
(ii)Which divides - H.C.F
3.The greatest number which can divide x, y and z leaving the same remainder 'A' in each
case is X-A = ?, Y-A = ?, Z-A = ? and Find the H.C.F of obtained numbers.
4.The greatest number by which if x and y are divided. The remainder will be A&B
respectives is, x.A = ? , y-B = ? Find the H.C.F of obtained numbers.
5.L.C.M of fractions = [ L.C.M of Numerators/H.C.F of Denominators ]
6.[ H.C.F * L.C.M = n1 * n2 ]
7. The least number which when divided by x,y and z leaves the remainder A,B and C
respectively is, x-A = ? , y-B = ? , z-C = ?. Here, there will be equal difference between them
i.e., D. Required no = [ L.C.M of x,y and z ] - D
8.The smallest number which when diminished by A, is divisible by p,q,r,s is,
Smallest no = [ (L.C.M of p,q,r,s) + A ]

ALLIGATION AND MIXTURES

1. C.P = [ S.P/(100+g) * 100 ]
2.Mean rate of interest, R = [ (100*I)/P*T) ]
3.Final % of Alcohol = [ (Qi/Pi)/(Qi+Qw added) ]
Pi -----> Initial percentage
Qw -----> Quantity of water added
4.Final % of alcohol = [ (Qi*Pi)/(Qi-Qw evoparated) ]
Qw -----> Quantity of water evoparated.
5.Quantity of water to be added = [ Qmix * [(P2-P1)/(100-P2) ] ]
P1 and P2 are percentages of water.
6.Other than water = [ Qmix * (P1-P2)/P2 ]
P1 and P2 are the % of constituent other than water (i.e., salt,alcohol etc)
7.Ratio of water to milk =g/100
8. Percentage of water = [ (100*g)/(100+g) ]
9. [ 1- (y/x) ]n * x
x -----> Capacity of container (or) Initial quantity of pure milk.
y -----> Quantity drawn out each time.
n -----> No. of operations.
10.No.of rabbits (4 legs) = [ No. of legs given - (No. of heads given * 2) ]/2
No. of pigeons = [ No. of heads given - No. of rabbits ]
11. The mixture drawn out and replaced with water, so that the mixture may be half water
and milk is = [ (1/2) * (difference in parts/greater part) ]
12.One gallon =[ 100 liters ]
TIME AND WORK
1.tA+B = (tA * tB)/tA
2.tB = (tA * tA+B)/tA - (tA+B)
3.tA+B+C =[ L/(L/tA) + (L/tB) + (L/tC) ]
L ---> L.C.M of tA,tB,tC.
4.tC =[ L/(L/tA+B+C) - (L/tB) - tB) ]
5.If A+B, B+C, A+C are given then A+B+C=?
(i)tA+B+C = 2L/[ (L/tA+B) + (L/tB+C) + (L/tC+A) ]
(ii)tC = 2L/[ (L/tB+C) + (L/tC+A) + (L/tA+B) ]
(iii)tB = 2L/[ (L/tA+B) + (L/tB+C) + (L/tA+C) ]
6.S1d1 = S2d2
7.wA+B = [ (wA * wB)/(wA+wB) ]
8.Working alternatively, 2 * tA+B = 2 * [ (tA.tB)/(tA+tB) ]

DISCOUNTS
1. Gain = x-d-(x*d/100)
x -----> Extra percentage added to C.P to fix M.P
d -----> Discount offered on M.P
g -----> Gain% obtained
2.Discount = M.P-S.P
3.d% = [ (M.P-S.P)/100] * 100
4.Discount = M.P * (d%/100)
5.Successive Discounts, [ D = (d1+d2)-(d1.d2)/100
6. (C.P/M.P) = (100-d)/(100+g)
7.M.P=(S.P2-S.P1)/(d2-d1) * 100
8.S.P=M.P * (100-d)/100
9.S.P = M.P * [ (100-d1)/100 ] * [ (100-d2)/100 ]
10.Difference of discounts = [M.P * [ d1.d2/(100*100) ]
11.[ (100-d1)/(100-d2) ] = [ (100+g1)/(100+g2) ]
12.Number of shirts = [ Total Discount/Discount on each shirt ]
13.g% = [ (S.P-C.P)/C.P * 100 ] = [ (gain/C.P) * 100 ]
14.C.P = (g/g%) * 100
15.S.P = (g/g%) * (100+g)
16.C.P = [S.P/(100+g)] * 100
17.M.P = [C.P/(100-d)] * 100
18.G = [ (G1+G2)+(G1.G2)/100]
19.[(100-d)(100+g )* M.P ] = [S.P * (100)2]
(S.P/M.P) = [ (100-d) * (100+g) ]/(100)2
COMPOUND INTEREST
1.A = P [ 1 + [ R/(100*n)n*t] ]
P -----> Principle
R -----> Rate % per annum
n -----> No. of conversions per year
T -----> Time in years
2.C.I=A-P i.e., [ P [ 1+(R/(100*n)n*t] - 1 ]
3.When interest is calculated annually n=1,
A = P[1+(R/100)t]
4.When time is in fraction, t = x * (1/y) year:
A = P[1+(R/100)x] + [1 + (1/y)*R/100 ]
5.When rate of interest is R1% R2% R3% for Ist year, IInd year, IIIrd year respectively then
amount, A = P [ 1 + (R1100) * [1+(R2/100)] [1+(R3/100)]]
6.When difference between C.I and S.I on certain sum at rate% on Rs.x,
[ C.I - S.I = sum * (r/100)2 ] i.e., [ D = P * (r/100)2 ]
Note: Applicable only for two years.
7. D =[ (P*R2)(300+R)/1003 ]
Note: Applicable only for 3 years.
8. [ C.I/(200+R) = S.I/200 ]
Note: Applicable only for 2 years.
9. R = [ (2*difference of C.I and S.I)/S.I ] * 100
10.R% amounts after 2 successive years we given:-
R = [ (An+1-An)/An ] * 100
An+1 -----> Amount after (n+1) years.
An -----> Amount after n years.
11. P =[ A32/A6 ] =[ A22/A4 ] =[ A12/A2 ] =[A42/A8 ]
Note: Double the years.
12. P =[ A23/A32 ] =[ A34/A43 ] =[ A45/A54 ]
Note: Consecutive years.
P =[ √A23/A6 ] =[ √A13/A3 ] =[ √A33/A9 ]
13. R =[( A6/A3)1/3 - 1 ] =[ ( A4/A2 )1/2 - 1 ] =[ ( A5/A2 )1/3 - 1 ]
R =[( A7/A2)1/3 - 1 ] =[ ( A10/A2 )1/8 - 1 ] =[ ( A10/A7 )1/3 - 1 ]
14.Installment problems:
a [ 100/(100+R) + 100/(100+R)2 + 100/(100+R)3 + ....... ] = B
a -----> Annual installment B -----> Borrowed amount.
1/T
15.R = [ (A/P) - 1 ] * 100
16.P = [ A2 * [100/(100+R)]2 ]

PARTNERSHIP
1.Part of A/Part of B =
[(Amount invested by A*No. of months invested)/(Amount invested by B*No. of months
invested)]
2.Each part =(Total profit/Total of Ratios)
CHAIN RULE
1. M1D1T1S1W2 A2F2 = M2D2T2 S2W1A1F1
M -----> Men/labor
D -----> Days
T -----> Time (in hrs)
S -----> Speed
W -----> part of work done/wages
A -----> Amount earned
F -----> Food consumed/Milk used/coal required for Machines/Diesel required for pumps.
2.D1W1 = D2W2 i.e., D1(L2B2H2) =D2(L1B1H1)
D ---> Days
L ---> Length
B ---> Broad (or) Breadth
H ---> Deep
3.Additional Men = M2-M1
AVERAGES
1.Average = [ Total of observations/No. of observations ]
2. When a person joins a group
(i) in case of increasing average Age (or) weight of new comer
= [(Previous Age + No. of persons) * Increase in Avg]
(ii)In case of decreasing Average, Age (or) weight of new comer
= [(Previous Age - No. of persons) * Decrease in Avg]
3.When a person leaves a group and another person joins the group in the place of person
left, then
(i)In case of increasing average, Age (or) weight of new comer =
[(Age of person left + No. of persons) * Increase in Avg]
(ii)In case of decreasing Average, Age (or) weight of new comer =
[(Age of person left - No. of persons) * Decrease in Avg]
4.When a person leaves the group but nobody joins this group, then
(i)In the case of increasing Average, Age (or) weight of man left =
[ (Previous Age - No. of present persons) * Increase in Avg ]
(ii)In case of decreasing Average, Age (or) weight of new comer =
[ (Previous Age + No. of present persons) * Decrease in Avg ]
5.If a person travels a distance at a speed of x Km/hr returns to the original place of y Km/hr
then average speed is [ 2.x.y/(x+y) ]
6.If half of the journey is travelled at speed of x km/hr and the next half at a speed of y km/hr
Then average speed during the whole journey is [ 2.x.y/(x+y) ]
7.If a person travels 3 equal distances at a speed of x Km/hr, y Km/hr, z km/hr. Then average
speed during whole journey is [ 3.x.y/(x.y+y.x+z.x) ]
8.A½ [ 3.x.y/(2x*y) ]
9.A½ [ 3*L/[ (L/S1)+(L/S2)+(L/S3) ]
10.A½ 4L/[ (L.S1)+(L/S2)+L/S3)+(L/S4) ]
11.A½ 1/[ (x/100) * (1/S1) ] + [y/100) * (1/S2) ] + [ (z/100)*(1/S3) ]
SIMPLE INTEREST
1. S.I = PTR/100
P -----> Principal
T -----> Time (in yrs)
R -----> Rate % per anum
2. Amount = P+S.I
3.TO find the rate of interest per annum when a sum double/triple etc itself in x years. Then,
R * T = 100 * (n-1)
4.(R1*T1)/R2*T2) = (N1-1)/(N2-1)
5.(A/S.I = (100/R*T)+1
6.R(or)T = √(100*S.I)/P
7.(R1-R2) = (More interest * 100/(P*t))
8.A=(P+S.I) = P(1+(T.R/100))
9.P=(A1*T2-A2*T1)/T2-T1
A ---> Amount
T ---> Time
10. R=[(A2-A1)/(A1*T2-A2*T1)] * 100
11. I = ATR/(100+TR)
12.If I1= I2, (P1/P2) = (T2.R2)/T1.R1
13.P = (100/Id)/(Rd.T)
14.T = (100.Id/Pd.R)
15.T = (100.Id/Rd.P)
16.R = (100.Id/Td.P)
17.Gain = P.Rd.T/100
18.R = (100.ITotal)/(P1.T1+P2.T2+P3.T3)........
19.P=(100.ITotal/(R1.T1+R2.T2+R3.T3+......)
20.a[ [100/100] + [(100+R)/100] + (100+2R)/100] + .......] = D
a ---> Annual installment.
D ---> Amount due
21.A = P * [ (100+R1+R2+R3)/100]

PERCENTAGES
1. If x% is deducted on tax and y% of the remaining is spent on education and still there is
a balance, the formula is :- Balance * [ 100/(100-x) ] * [ 100/(100-y) ] * [ 100/(100-z) ]
2. The population of a town is 'P'. It increased by x% during Ist year, increased by y%
during IInd and again increased by z% during Ist. The population after 3 years will be,
P * [ (100+x)/100 ] * [ (100+y)/y ] * [ (100+z)/100 ]
3. (i) If the sides of the triangle, rectangle, square, circle, rhombus etc is increased by x%. Its
area is increased by 2x+(x2/100)
(ii)If decreased x%. Its area is decreased by, -2x+(x2/100)
4.If 'A' is x% of 'C' and 'B' is y% of 'C' then 'A' is (x/y) * 100% of 'B'.
5. % of effect
(i) Inc of x% Dec of x% x-y-[(x*y)/100]
(ii) Inc of x% Inc of y% (x+y)+[(x*y)/100]
(iii) Dec of x% Inc of y% [-x2/100]
(iv) Dec of x% Dec of y% (-x-y)+[(x*y)/100]
(v) Inc of x% Dec of x% [-x2/100]
(vi) Inc of x% Inc of x% 2*x+[x2/100]
6. In an examination x% failed in Hindi and y% failed in Science, if z% of the candidates
failed in both of the subjects. The percentage of students who passed in both of the subjects
is, 100-(x+y-z)
7. If A's income is r% more than B's income, the B's income is less than A's income by
(r/100+r) * 100%
8.If A's income is r% less than B's income, then B's income is more than A's income by
(r/100-r) * 100
9. (i)If the price of commodity increases by r% then reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is (r/100+r) * 100
(ii)If the price of commodity decreases by r% then,(r/100-r)*100
10.If the population of town (or) length of a tree is 'p' and its annual increase is r% then,
(i)population (or) length of a tree after 'n' years is, p[1+(r/100)]
(ii)population (or) length of a tree 'n' years ago is, p/[1+(r/100)n]
11.If the population of town (or) value of a machine is 'p' and annual decrease is r% then,
(i)population (or) value of machine after 'n' years is, p[1-(r/100)n]
(ii)population (or) value of a machine 'n' years ago is, p/[1-(r/100)n]
12. If two values are respectively x% and y% more than a third value, then the first is
[(100+x) / (100+y)] * 100% of second
13.Total no. of votes = (Difference in votes/Difference in %) * 100
14.Maximum marks = [(pass marks/pass %) * 100]
15.Total marks = (Difference in marks / Difference in %)*100
16. (i)Reduced rate = [(Amount/Quantity more) * (Reduction % /100)]
(ii)Original rate (or) previous rate =
[(Amount/Quantity more) * (Reduction % /100-reduction%)]
17. (i)Increased rate = [(Amount/Quantity less) * (increase % /100)]
(ii)Original rate (or) previous rate =
[(Amount/Quantity less) * (Increase % /100-increase%)]
18. If the numerator of fraction is increased by x% and its denominator is diminished by
y% ,the value of the fraction is A/B.Then the original fraction is,
(A/B) * [(100-y) / (100+x)]