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Chapter-3
Ans.: Chemical reaction : The process which converts one or more substances
into one or more different substances of different composition is generally called
a chemical reaction.
Example : When magnesium burns in a jar full of oxygen the two elements
combine together to form magnesium oxide whose properties are completely
different from those of either magnesium or oxygen.
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO.
(c) What is chemical equation? What are the rules of writing equation?
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen
(2) If the reactants or products are more than one, a (+) sign is used in between
their formulae or symbols.
(3) If the number of molecules involved is more than one, that number should be
put before the symbols or formulae of the respective substance.
(4) An arrow sign is written from reactants towards products. Instead of arrow, a
sign of equality (=) may also be written.
(5) The number of atoms of different elements present in the reactants before
chemical reaction must be the same as the number of atoms of different elements
in the products formed after the reaction. So to bring equality in the number of
atoms of the elements in the chemical equation, the symbol and formula must be
multiplied by a requisite number.
General Science : Physics and Chemistry 33
(d) Write down the description of the following chemical reaction with
examples.
(a) Combination (b) Decomposition (c) Displacement (d) Mutual exchange
Example :
(2) H2 + O2 H2O
Hydrogen oxygen water
(3) C + O2 CO2
Carbon oxygen carbon dioxide
The above three reactions are combination. But in reaction (2) and (3) two
elements combine together to form a compound; so these two reactions are
synthesis.
Example :
(i) CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Above three reactions is decomposition. But in reaction (ii) and (iii) one
compound is decomposed to form only elements; so these two reactions are
analysis.
Example :
(i) Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate + hydrogen
In this reaction zinc replaces hydrogen, occupies their position forming zinc
sulphates and sets free H2 molecule.
In this reaction zinc displaces copper of copper sulphate forming zinc sulphate
and setting free cupper molecules.
Example :
In this reaction Ag and Na have mutually exchanged their positions and nitrate
and chloride interchange their position.
Ans.:
(i)CaO + CO2 = CaCO3 ( combination )
(ii) Fe + CuSO4 = FeSO4 + Cu ( replacement )
(iii) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl (double decomposition)
(iv) CaCO3 = CaO + CO2 ( decomposition )
(v)Na2CO3 + CaCl2 = 2NaCl + CaCO3 (double decomposition)
(vi)H2SO4 + 2NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2H2O ( neutralization ).
Ans.:
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
MgO + 2HCl = MgCl2 + H2O
CaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Na2CO3 + CaCl2 = 2NaCl + CaCO3
FeCl3 + 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O
(a) What are physical and chemical changes? Name five physical and five
chemical changes.
Ans.: Definition of physical change : Physical changes are those changes which
do not affect the main composition of the substance and only the physical
condition or state of the substance is changed.
3. Converting the solid wax into molten wax, switching on the electric bulb.
4. Converting ice into water and water into vapour or like wise converting vapour
into water and water into ice.
Heat Heat
Ice water steam
Cool Cool
5. Converting the iron into red hot iron by heating or like wise converting the red
hot iron into its original position.
Heat
Iron Red hot iron
Cool
2H2O 2H2 + O2
or, 2HCl H2 + Cl2
2Mg + O2 2MgO
or, C + O2 CO2
Ans.: Chemical reaction : The process which converts one or more substances
into one or more different substances of different composition is generally called
a chemical reaction. Completely new substances are produced in the chemical
changes by the rearrangement of atoms and molecules. As a result the previous
substances can not be obtained after a chemical reaction.
Cause of chemical reaction: There are two causes of a chemical reaction. These
are
(i) Chemical affinity and (ii) Appropriate environment.
(i) Chemical affinity: The strong attraction which exists between the reactants
for reacting in a chemical reaction is called chemical affinity. Chemical affinity
should be there between the reactants when a chemical reaction takes place.
(ii) Appropriate environment: The causes which affect chemical reactions are
temperature, pressure, electric current, contact of acid, presence of light etc. The
following are some of the examples of chemical reactions and chemical changes:
2Mg + O2 ∆ 2MgO
Magnesium oxygen heat magnesium oxide
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
Zinc sulphuric acid zinc sulphate hydrogen
If hydrogen and oxygen gas is mixed together in a flask and kept them years
together water is not likely to be formed. But if electric current is passed through
the mixture, water will be formed immediately.
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation 38
(3) C + O2 CO2
Carbon oxygen carbon dioxide
The above three reactions are combination. But in reaction (2) and (3) two
elements combine together to form a compound; so these two reactions are
synthesis.
Above three reactions are decomposition. But in reaction (ii)and (iii) one
compound is decomposed to form only elements; so these two reactions are
analysis.
General Science : Physics and Chemistry 39
Example :
In this reaction zinc replaces hydrogen, occupies their position forming zinc
sulphate and sets free H2 molecule.
In this reaction zinc displaces copper of copper sulphate forming zinc sulphate
and setting free cupper molecules.
Example :
(i) AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Silver nitrate sodium chloride silver chloride sodium nitrate
In this reaction Ag and Na have mutually exchanged their positions and nitrate
and chloride interchange their position.
Example :
Carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
C + O2 CO2
Here, carbon is burnt in the presence of air or oxygen and produces carbon
dioxide which is completely different substance than the reactants.
Ans.: Chemical affinity : Chemical affinity can be defined as the affinity for
which atoms of one or more than one elements or compounds are rearranged and
formed different elements or compounds. This affinity depends on the structure
of the atoms of reacting substances. Chemical affinity is influenced by some
factors. These are temperature, pressure, electric current etc.
(e) Describe the use of valency in writing formula of element and compound.
Example :
1. Valency of sodium = 1 and valency of chlorine = 1.
So the formula of sodium chloride (formed by the combination sodium and
chlorine) is Na1Cl1or NaCl.
Some examples of the formula of molecules are given below according to the
valency of the elements.
2 2 2 2 Mg2 O2 or Magnesium
Mg O Mg O MgO 2=2 oxide
1 2 1 2 H2 O1 or Water
H O H O H2O 2=2
3 1 3 1 N1 H3 or 3=3 Ammonia
N H N H NH3
(f) Classify the following changes into physical and chemical changes
(i) Combustion of wax (ii) Rusting (iii) preparation of powder of milk (iv)
Formation of film on lime water (v) Combustion of kerosene lamp (vi)
Melting of Iron (vii) Magnetization of Iron (viii) Preparation of sulphate
solution (ix) Mixing water with calcium oxide (x) Preparation of sugar
solution (xi) burning of magnesium ribbon.
Ans.:
Physical change Chemical change
(i) Combustion of wax (ii) Rusting
(iii) Preparation of powder milk (iv)Formation of film on lime water
(vi) Melting of Iron (v)Combustion of kerosene lamp
(vii) Magnetization of Iron (viii) Preparation of sulphate solution
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation 42
2. Write down the names of reactions and the causes of for the names :
(i) NaCl + AgNO3 = NaNO3 + AgCl
(ii) HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
(iii) 2KClO3 + heat = 2KCl + 3O2
(iv) Zn + H2SO4 = ZnSO4 + H2
(v) AlCl3 + 3H2O = Al(OH) 3 + 3HCl
(vi) CaO + CO2 = CaCO3
(vi) CaO + CO2 = CaCO3
(vii) NH4CNO + heat = H2N – CO – NH2
Ans.:
(i) NaCl + AgNO3 = NaNO3 + AgCl : It is a double
decomposition reaction; because here reactants are decomposed and exchanged
the Cl and NO3 radical with each other and form two different compounds
NaNO3 and AgCl.
General Science : Physics and Chemistry 43
1. The properties of the products formed in a chemical reaction are different from
those of the reactants.
2. There is always absorption or emission of heat.
3. The total mass of the reactants and the total mass of the products are equal.
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation 44
Left Right
a. In the equation of chemical a. mutual exchange.
reaction the substance in the
right side is called product and
b. The number of atoms in b. One compound molecule is
reactants and products changed into different molecules
of different substances.
c. In decomposition reactions c. combination
d. Chemical combination d. substance on left hand side is
between two reactants is called called reactant
e. when there is no change in the e. physical change
fundamental structure or
composition of the substances
the change is called
f. AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + f. H2 + Cl2 = 2HCl
NaNO3
g. In synthesis a compound is g. remain always equal
Chemical Reaction and Chemical Equation 46