Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page2/9

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011
Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page3/9

MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Soil friction, φ = 36 degrees
Soil cohesion, c = zero
Unit weight of soil, b = 18 kN/m³
Unit weight of reinforced concrete, c = 25 kN/m³

WALL DIMENSIONS
Stem :- Height, H = 3.2 m
Width, w = 0.25 m
Height of bearing, Z = 2.9 m
Footing :- Width, B = 2.7 m
Thickness, v = 0.3 m
Toe width, t = 0.5 m
Heel width, h = 1.95 m
Are Rankine criteria satisfied on virtual back? Is h ≥ 1.78 m? Yes

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011
Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page4/9

CHARACTERISTIC DESIGN ACTIONS (not factored) Moments

about Fulcrum
Variable Loads :- Surcharge :- over heel, qQstb,k = 10 kPa Clockwise +ve
QQstb,k = qQstb,k (B-t) = 22 kN/m 35.2 kN-m/m
beyond heel, qQdst,k = 10 kPa

Bridge bearing :- Horizontal, HQb,k = 0 kN/m 0 kN-m/m

Vertical, VQb,k = 0 kN/m 0 kN-m/m

Permanent Loads :- Bridge bearing :- VGb,k = 0 kN/m 0 kN-m/m

Self Weight of :- Wall stem, S = WGs,k = 20.0 kN/m 12.5 kN-m/m
Footing, F = WGf,k = 20.3 kN/m 27.3 kN-m/m
Fill over heel, WGh,k = 112.3 kN/m 193.8 kN-m/m
Action Effects :- Active Earth Pressure Coefficient, Ka = 0.260
Lateral force from: surcharge, QQdst,k = Ka∙qQdst,k∙(H+v) = 9.1 kN/m -15.9 kN-m/m
(on virtual back) soil weight, PG,k = Ka∙b∙(H+v)²/2 = 28.6 kN/m -33.4 kN-m/m

Total Permanent Vertical Load, ΣVG,k=ΣWG,k+VGb,k= 152.6 kN/m 233.6 kN-m/m

Eccentricity from centre of footing of ΣVG,k combined with PG,k ; emin = 0.04 m

Sum of all Vertical Loads, ΣVG,k+QQstb,k+VQb,k = 174.6 kN/m 268.79 kN-m/m

Maximum Horizontal Force, PG,k+QQdst,k+HQb,k = 37.7 kN/m -49.3 kN-m/m
Eccentricity (all Action Effects) from centre of footing; emax = 0.09 m

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011
Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page5/9

PARTIAL FACTORS DESIGN VALUES

Materials M1 M2 M1 M2
On Tan φ, γφ = 1.00 1.25 φ= 36 30.2 degrees
Ka = 0.260 0.331 ratio
Actions A1 A2 A1 A2
Permanent, γG = 1.35 1 Vd=γGΣVG,k+γQ(QQstb,k+VQb,k)= 239.0 181.2 kN/m
γG,fav = 1 1 Vd,fav = γG,favΣWGk = 152.6 152.6 kN/m
Variable, γQ = 1.5 1.3 Pd = γGPG,k = 38.6 36.5 kN/m
MPd = ‒Pd(H+v)/3 = -45.1 -42.6 kN-m/m
Qd = γQKaqdst,k(H+v) = 13.6 15.1 kN/m
MQd = ‒Qd(H+v)/2 = -23.9 -26.4 kN-m/m

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011
Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page6/9

CHECK STABILITY WITH MINIMUM LOAD OVER FOOTING :– Vb = Hb = qstb = zero

Assume δ = φ for cast insitu footing (no plastic sheet) A1 A2
Horizontal action effect, Pd+Qd = HEd,dst = 52.3 51.6 kN/m
Frictional resistance against sliding, HRd = Vd,fav * Tan δ = 110.8 88.7 kN/m
For sliding:- Degree of utilisation ΛGEO,1 = HEd,dst/HRd = 47% 58%

Overturning action effect, MPd + MQd = MEd,dst = -68.9 -69.0 kN-m/m

Restoring action effect, MRd,fav = γG,fav(ΣMoments of WG,k) = 233.6 233.6 kN-m/m
For overturning:- Degree of utilisation ΛGEO,1 = MEd,dst/MRd,fav = 30% 30%

Eccentricity from centre of footing:- e = B/2 ̶ ΣM/ΣV

B ̸2 ̶ (MRd + MEd,dst) V
̸ d,fav = 0.27 0.27 m

Equivalent footing width, Ref. Meyerhof G (1963), B' = B-2e = 2.2 2.2 m
Equivalent bearing pressure = Vd,fav/B' = 70.7 70.7 kPa

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011
Design Approach 1 Cantilever Retaining Wall Page7/9

CHECK STABILITY WITH MAXIMUM LOAD OVER FOOTING

A1 A2
Total horizontal action effect, Pd+Qd+γQHQb,k = HEd,dst = 52.3 51.6 kN/m
Frictional resistance against sliding, HRd = Vd * Tan δ = 173.6 105.3 kN/m
For sliding:- Degree of utilisation ΛGEO,1 = HEd,dst/HRd = 30% 49%

Overturning action effect, MPd + MQd + γQHQb,k(Z+v) = MEd,dst = -68.9 -69.0

Restoring action effect, MRd = 368.1 279.3 kN-m/m
Degree of utilization ΛGEO,1 = MEd,dst / MEd,stb= 19% 25%
Eccentricity from centre of footing:- e = B/2 i ΣM/ΣV
= B/2 ̶ (MRd + MEd,dst) ̸Vd = 0.10 0.19 m
B' = B-2e = 2.50 2.32 m
Equivalent bearing pressure = Vd,fav/B' = 95.4 78.0 kPa
Bearing Capacity:- Bowles (1997) Tables 4-1 & 4-3 after Meyerhof (1963)
qult = c Ncdcic+ q̄Nqdqiq +0.5γbB'Nγdγiγ where c=0 & q̄= 5.4 kPa
A1 A2
Nq=e Tan²(45+φ/2) =
(πTanφ)
37.8 18.8
Nγ=(Nq -1)Tan(1.4φ) = 44.4 16.1
Angle from vertical, θ = Tan-1(HEd,dst ̸ Vd,fav) = 12.3 15.9 degrees
Kp = 3.85 3.02
dq = dγ = 1+0.1√Kp(D/B) = 1.02 1.02
iq = (1-θ/90) = 0.74 0.68
iγ = (1-θ/φ)² = 0.43 0.22
qult = 597 147 kPa
Degree of utilization ΛGEO,1 = q'/qult = 16% 53%

file:///C:/Users/user/Documents/ENCV/CV4GS/Notes&StudyAids/Ground/Foundations/BridgeAbutment/Abutment.ods 24/02/2011