‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫ ‪.

‬ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺰﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻴﻴﻦ‬

‫‪ pH (I‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1.1‬ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ‪Brönsted‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ‪ H+‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪ : CH3COOH‬ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ‪HCOOH‬‬ ‫‪ : HCl‬ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﺘﺪ ﻫﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺰﻉ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻥ ‪ H+‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : NH3‬ﺃﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪ : CH3COO-‬ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ : HO-‬ﺃﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ (2.1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ (1.2.1‬ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ – ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ‪:‬‬
‫ادو ‪CH3CH2COOH / CH3CH2COO- :‬‬
‫) ان و ن (‪CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2COO- + H+‬‬
‫‪H3O+ / H2O‬‬ ‫ادو ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫‪ ) H2O + H+‬اآ ب ون‬ ‫
‬ ‫‪H3O+‬‬

‫اد‬

‫‪CH3CH2COOH + H2O‬‬ ‫
‬ ‫‪CH3CH2COO- + H3O‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ pH (3.1‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1.31‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪pH‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ . 10-2 mol.L-1‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻤﺮﻛﻲ ‪Sorensen‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﻢ ﻟﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ‪H3O+.‬‬
‫]‪pH = –log [H3O+‬‬

‫ن ‪ pH‬ها ال ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪[H3O+] = 4,8 10-5 mol.L-1‬‬
‫×‬
‫‪–log [H3O+] = -log (4,8 10-5) = 4,32‬‬
‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ‪ pH‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﻤﻀﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪ H3O ] = 2,5. 10 mol.L‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ pH‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ؟‬
‫‪pH = –log [H3O+] = –log (2,5 .10-3) = 2,6‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺮﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ‪pH‬‬
‫ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﺣﻮﺍﺭﻱ ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺴﺒﺘﻚ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ]‪ [H3O+‬إذا  أن ‪pH = 3.52 :‬‬

‫‪[H O ] =10‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−pH‬‬
‫‪=10−3,52‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝ ‪ casio fx 82MS‬ﻭﻣﺜﻴﻠﺘﻬﺎ ) ‪( SVPAM‬‬

‫‪(schift) --- (log)--- (- )---(3,52) --- = 3,0199.10-4mol.L-1‬‬

‫‪ ( 231 .‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ pH‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫‪ %‬ا‪$‬ان رق ‪)* ( &' &( pH‬‬

‫‪-./‬ز ‪ 0' pH‬أآ‪ 2‬د*) '& ورق ‪& pH‬‬ ‫ (‪ )+‬ل ‪pH‬‬
‫(& ر‪-* &' &( (logiciel) %A+ B‬س‬ ‫(‪ 45 67‬ل ‪-‬ر ذو ‪5' pH‬وف‬
‫=‪-‬ة ا‪-‬ب )‪(EXAO‬‬
‫@? >(=< ‪-‬س د*‪0 :‬آ‪H3O+ 9‬‬

‫‪ (II‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ (1.2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ )ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ (‬
‫ﻧﺬﻳﺐ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺭﻳﻚ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ‪C 0 = 1,00.10-1 mol. L-1‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ‪C 1= 1,00.10-2 mol .L-1‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ‪ pH‬ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ ارر‬ ‫اآ ) ‪(mol / L‬‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫اآ‪9‬‬ ‫‪1,00 x 10 –1‬‬ ‫‪# 1,1‬‬
‫ا‪EFG‬‬ ‫‪1,00 x 10 –2‬‬ ‫‪# 2,0‬‬
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 ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫‪ Xmax‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ‪HCl‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺨﻂ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ‪):‬ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪(V = 1L‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫)‪HCl (g) + H 2O (l‬‬ ‫)‪Cl - (aq) + H 3O (aq‬‬
‫ام‬
‫ا‪)-‬‬
‫)‪x (mol‬‬
‫ا‪ )-‬ا‪)H+‬‬ ‫آ
ادة ا
‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫)‪(mol‬‬ ‫‪n app‬‬

‫‪IJ‬ل ا‪0‬ل‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪n app - x‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ا‪0‬م ا@‪KH-.‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪n app – xf‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫ا‪0‬م ا‪N‬ي‬ ‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪n app - xmax = 0‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪x max‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻱ ‪ X max‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ – pH‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ‪ pH = 2‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ X f‬ﻭ ‪ X max‬ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻛﻠﻮﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬

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‫ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ‪ X f‬ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ‪ X max‬ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﺍ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ‪ τ = 1‬أي أن ا‪ O-F0‬آ‪K‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫'‪ &( : )P‬إاز م ‪ O-F‬أ(‪-A‬ت ا‪$‬وآ=‪A‬م‪ ) H3O+‬ا‪ ST &' ) U‬ار(ر(‪( R‬‬
‫وأ(‪-A‬ت ارور ‪ ) Cl-‬ا‪ <' &' ) U‬ا‪-5V‬م ( وذ‪ R‬ا*‪ pH )+‬ال ‪IJ‬ل إ‪ )-W‬ا< (‬
‫إذن ‪ ST O-F‬ار(ر(‪ Z' R‬ا‪-‬ء ل (ث ‪ [@' K‬وا‪T‬‬

‫‪ (2.2‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ (122‬ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻀﺮ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻢ ﻧﺨﻔﻔﻪ ﻭﻧﻘﻴﺲ ‪ pH‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫اآ‬
‫ا‪$‬ل ا"!‬ ‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪mol / L‬‬
‫اآ‪9‬‬ ‫‪1,00 x 10 –1‬‬ ‫‪# 2,9‬‬
‫ا‪EFG‬‬ ‫‪1,00 x 10 –2‬‬ ‫‪# 3,4‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ‪ pH‬ﻭﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ ‪ pH‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪7‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻔﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ) ﻧﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺒﺴﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫)ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ ‪(V = 0,5L‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪Équation‬‬ ‫)‪CH 3 COOH (l) + H 2O (l‬‬ ‫‪CH 3 COO - (aq) + H 3O‬‬ ‫)‪(aq‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ‪x‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪n app‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪n app - x‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪n app – x f‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪xf‬‬ ‫‪xf‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪n app - x max = 0‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻓﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪x max‬‬ ‫‪x max‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ‪n app = C. V = 10-2 . 0,5 = 5.10-3 mol :‬‬
‫‪ n app - x max = 0‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ‪x max = 5.10-3 mol‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻱ ‪ : X max‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ‪ – pH‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪:‬‬

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 ‫‪X f = 10-pH .V = 10-3,4.0,5 = 2.10-4 mol‬‬
‫‪Xf = 2.10-4mol X max = 5.10-3 mol‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ ‪ X f‬ﻭ ‪ X max‬ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪2.10 −4‬‬
‫=‪τ‬‬ ‫ﺕ ‪ .‬ﻉ ‪= 0.04 = 4° / 0‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪5.10 −3‬‬

‫‪ (2.2.2‬ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺕ )‪CH 3 COO - (aq‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ )‪H 3O+(aq‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ :‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 50ml‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪C = 10-2 mol.L-1‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻴﺲ ‪ pH‬ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ )ﻧﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ( 3,4 :‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺮﺍﻙ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ‪ pH‬ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ ﻧﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (3.2‬ﻧﻤﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻠﺨﺺ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(1‬‬

‫)‪(2‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ )ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺑﺄﻛﺒﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ( ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ )ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺃﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ( ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﻮﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻧﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪CH3COOH + H2O‬‬ ‫‪
CH3COO- + H3O+‬‬

‫‪ (3.2‬ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ (1‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫‪ : τ = 0‬ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬

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 ‫‪ :τ = 1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ : 0 < τ < 1‬ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (3‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ ‪ ،‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ )ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ (‬

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