WELSH JOINT EDUCATION COMMITTEE

CYD-BWYLLGOR ADDYSG CYMRU

General Certificate of Education Tystysgrif Addysg Gyffredinol

Advanced Level/Advanced Subsidiary Safon Uwch/Uwch Gyfrannol

MATHEMATICS

FORMULA BOOKLET

Issued 2004
 Pure Mathematics
Mensuration
Surface area of sphere = 4 r 2
Area of curved surface of cone = r × slant height

Arithmetic Series
un = a + (n 1)d
1 1
Sn = 2 n(a + l) = 2 n [2a + (n 1)d]

Geometric Series
un = ar n 1

a (1 r n )
Sn =
1 r
a
S = for | r | < 1
1 r
Summations
n
r 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
r =1
n
r 3 = 14 n 2 (n + 1) 2
r =1

Binomial Series
n n n +1
+ =
r r +1 r +1
n n n
(a + b) n = a n + a n 1b + a n 2b 2 + K + an rbr + K + bn (n NN )
1 2 r
n n!
where = nCr =
r r!(n r )!
n(n 1) 2 n(n 1)K(n r + 1) r
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x +K+ x + K ( x < 1, n RR)
1 .2 1 .2 K r

Logarithms and exponentials

e x ln a = a x

Complex Numbers
{r (cos + i sin )}n = r n (cos n + i sin n )

e i = cos + i sin
2 ki
The roots of z n = 1 are given by z = e n
, for k = 0, 1, 2, K , n 1

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Maclaurin’s and Taylor’s Series
x2 xr (r )
f ( x ) = f ( 0) + x f ( 0) + f ( 0) + K + f ( 0) + K
2! r!
(x a) 2 ( x a) r (r )
f ( x) = f (a ) + ( x a) f (a) + f (a) + K + f (a) + K
2! r!
x2 xr (r )
f (a + x) = f (a ) + xf (a ) + f (a) + K + f (a) + K
2! r!
x2 xr
e x = exp( x) = 1 + x + +K+ +K for all x
2! r!
x 2 x3 xr
ln(1 + x) = x + K + ( 1) r +1 +K ( 1 < x 1)
2 3 r
x3 x5 x 2r +1
sin x = x + K + ( 1) r +K for all x
3! 5! (2r + 1)!
x2 x4 x 2r
cos x = 1 + K + ( 1) r +K for all x
2! 4! (2r )!

1 x3 x5 x 2r +1
tan x=x + K ( 1) r +K ( 1 x 1)
3 5 2r + 1
x3 x5 x 2 r +1
sinh x = x + + +K+ +K for all x
3! 5! (2r + 1)!
x2 x4 x 2r
cosh x = 1 + + +K+ +K for all x
2! 4! (2r )!

1 x3 x5 x 2r +1
tanh x = x+ + +K+ +K ( 1 < x < 1)
3 5 2r + 1
Hyperbolic Functions
cosh 2 x sinh 2 x = 1
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x

cosh 1
x = ln{x + x 2 1} ( x 1)

sinh 1
x = ln{x + x 2 + 1}

1 1+ x
tanh x = 12 ln ( x < 1)
1 x

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Coordinate Geometry
Conics
Rectangular
Ellipse Parabola Hyperbola
Hyperbola
Standard x2 y2 y 2 = 4ax x2 y2 xy = c 2
Form + =1 =1
a2 b2 a2 b2
Parametric (a cos , b sin ) (at 2 , 2at ) (a sec , b tan ) c
Form (ct , )
(± a cosh , b sinh ) t

Eccentricity e <1 e =1 e >1 e= 2

2 2 2
b = a (1 e ) b = a 2 (e 2 1)
2

Foci (± ae, 0) (a, 0) (± ae, 0) ( ± 2 c, ± 2 c )

Directrices a x= a a x + y = ± 2c
x=± x=±
e e
Asymptotes none none x y x = 0, y = 0
=±
a b

Trigonometric Identities
sin( A ± B ) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B ) = cos A cos B m sin A sin B
tan A ± tan B
tan( A ± B ) = (A ± B (k + 12 ) )
1 m tan A tan B
2t 1 t2
For t = tan 12 A : sin A = , cos A =
1+ t2 1+ t2
A+ B A B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin cos
2 2
A+ B A B
sin A sin B = 2 cos sin
2 2
A+ B A B
cos A + cos B = 2 cos cos
2 2
A+ B A B
cos A cos B = 2 sin sin
2 2
Vectors
a.b
The resolute of a in the direction of b is
b
µa+ b
The point dividing AB in the ratio : µ is
+µ
Matrix transformations
cos sin
Anticlockwise rotation through about O:
sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
Reflection in the line y = (tan ) x :
sin 2 cos 2

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Differentiation
Function Derivative
f ( x) f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)
g ( x) ( g ( x)) 2
tan x sec2x
sec x sec x tan x
cot x cosec 2 x
cosec x cosec x cot x
1 1
sin x
1 x2
1 1
cos x
1 x2
1 1
tan x
1+ x2
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x sech 2 x
1 1
sinh x
1 + x2
1 1
cosh x
x2 1
1 1
tanh x
1 x2

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Integration (+ constant; a > 0 where relevant)
Function Integral
tan x ln sec x
cot x ln sin x
cosec x ln cosec x + cot x = ln tan( 12 x)

sec x ln sec x + tan x = ln tan( 12 x + 14 )

sec2 x tan x
sinh x cosh x
cosh x sinh x
tanh x ln cosh x
1 1 x
sin ( x < a)
a2 x2 a

1 1 1 x
2 2
tan
a +x a a
1 x
cosh 1
= ln{x + x 2 a2} ( x > a)
x 2
a 2 a

1 x
sinh 1
= ln{x + x 2 + a 2 }
a2 + x2 a

1 1 a+x 1 1 x
2 2
ln = tanh ( x < a)
a x 2a a x a a
1 1 x a
ln
x 2
a 2 2a x + a
dv du
u dx = uv v dx
dx dx

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 Area of a sector
A= 1
2
r2d (polar coordinates)
Arc length
2
dy
s= 1+ dx (cartesian coordinates)
dx
2 2
dx dy
s= + dt (parametric form)
dt dt

Surface area of revolution

2 2
dx dy
Sx = 2 y ds = 2 y + dt
dt dt

2 2
dx dy
Sy = 2 x ds = 2 x + dt
dt dt

Numerical Mathematics
Numerical integration
b b a
The trapezium rule: y dx 1
2
h{( y 0 + y n ) + 2( y1 + y 2 + K + y n 1 )} , where h =
a n
b
Simpson’s Rule: y dx 1
3
h{( y 0 + y n ) + 4( y1 + y 3 + K + y n 1 ) + 2( y 2 + y 4 + K + y n 2 )} ,
a

b a
where h = and n is even
n
Numerical Solution of Equations
f ( xn )
The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f ( x) = 0 : x n +1 = x n
f ( xn )

Mechanics
Motion in a circle
Transverse velocity: v = r & = r
v2
Radial acceleration: r &2 = = 2
r
r
Centres of Mass of Uniform Bodies
Triangular lamina: 2 along median from vertex
3

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 Probability & Statistics
Probability
P( A B ) = P( A) + P( B ) P( A B)
P( A B ) = P( A) P( B | A)
P( B | A) P( A)
P( A | B ) =
P( B | A) P( A) + P( B | A ) P( A )
P( A j ) P( B | A j )
Bayes’ Theorem: P( A j | B ) =
P( Ai ) P( B | Ai )

Discrete distributions
For a discrete random variable X taking values xi with probabilities pi
Expectation (mean): E( X ) = µ = xi pi
2
Variance: Var( X ) = = ( xi µ ) 2 pi = xi2 pi µ2
For a function g( X ) : E(g( X )) = g( xi ) pi

Standard discrete distributions:

Distribution of X P( X = x) Mean Variance

Binomial B(n, p) n np np (1 p )
p x (1 p) n x
x
Poisson Po( ) x
e
x!

Continuous distributions
For a continuous random variable X having probability density function f
Expectation (mean): E( X ) = µ = xf ( x) dx

Variance: Var( X ) = 2
= (x µ ) 2 f( x) dx = x 2 f ( x) dx µ 2
For a function g( X ) : E(g( X )) = g( x) f ( x) dx
x
Cumulative distribution function: F( x) = P( X x) = f (t ) dt

Standard continuous distributions:

Distribution of X P.D.F. Mean Variance

Uniform (Rectangular) on [a, b] 1 1 (a + b) 1 (b a) 2
2 12
U[a,b] b a
Normal N( µ , 2
) 1 x µ 2
µ 2
1 2
e
2

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Expectation algebra
For independent random variables X and Y
E( XY ) = E( X ) E(Y ) , Var(aX ± bY ) = a 2 Var( X ) + b 2 Var(Y )

Sampling distributions
For a random sample X 1 , X 2 , K , X n of n independent observations from a distribution having
2
mean µ and variance
2
X is an unbiased estimator of µ, with Var( X ) =
n
( X i X )2
S 2 is an unbiased estimator of 2
, where S 2 =
n 1
2
For a random sample of n observations from N( µ , )
X µ
~ N(0, 1)
/ n
X µ
~ t(n 1)
S/ n

If X is the observed number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials in each of which the
X
probability of success is p, and Y = , then
n
p (1 p)
E(Y ) = p and Var(Y ) =
n
2
For a random sample of n x observations from N( µ x , x) and, independently, a random sample
2
of n y observations from N( µ y , y)

(X Y ) (µ x µy)
~ N(0, 1)
2 2
x y
+
nx ny

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Method of Least Squares
If y i = " + ! x i + ei , i = 1, 2, ..., n,
then the least squares estimates of ! and " respectively, are
b = S xy / S xx , a = y bx ,

where S xy # ( xi x )( y i y) = xi y i ( xi )( yi ) / n

S xx # ( xi x)2 = xi2 ( xi ) 2 / n
2
If e1 , .e2 , ..., en are independent and each is distributed as N(0, ), then

*$ 2
xi2 '$
(i) a is an observation from N )" , &,
$( nS xx $
%

* 2
'
(ii) b is an observation from N ) ! , &
( S xx %

)
(iii) y 0 = a + bx 0 , the least squares estimate of y 0 = " + !x 0 ,

*$ 2
0 1 ( x 0 x ) 2 - '$
is an observation from N ) y 0 , . + +&
$( /. n S xx ,+ $%

RJC/JD/W177(04)
7 December, 2009

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