Particle Physics:

The Standard Model

Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

1
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

1
 The World’s Most Powerful Microscope

Fermilab’s Tevatron Collider and Its Detectors

900-GeV protons: c − 586 km/h

1-TeV protons: c − 475 km/h
Improvement: 111 km/h!
Protons pass my window 45 000 times per second

Large Hadron Collider at CERN, 7-TeV protons: c − 10 km/h

Expect a 20× increase in luminosity in Tevatron Collider Run 2

87288
Zero Threshold
 ν
Neutrinos are among the most abundant particles in the Universe

• Inside your body are more than 10 million (107 ) neutrinos left over from
the Big Bang.

• Each second, some 1014 neutrinos made in the Sun pass through your
body.

• Each second, about a thousand neutrinos made in Earth’s atmosphere by

cosmic rays pass through your body.

• Other neutrinos reach us from natural (radioactive decays of elements

inside the Earth) and artificial (nuclear reactors) sources.

1999 ICFA Instrumentation School C. Quigg, “Perspectives in High-Energy Physics” 3

 Neutrinos Traverse Vast Amounts of Material

Solar diameter

Earth diameter

Lunar diameter

Interaction Length of a 100-GeV ν = 25 million km H2 O ≈ 230 Earth diameters.

1 Earth diameter = 11 kilotonnes/ cm2 .
Atmosphere ≈ 103 cmwe vertical, ≈ 3.6 × 104 cmwe horizontal.

In Fermilab’s neutrino beam, only 1 ν in 1011 will interact in your body.

Don’t be neutrinos!
 Detecting Neutrinos from the Sun
The nuclear burning that powers the Sun produces neutrinos as well as
light and heat. Overall, . . .

4p → 4
He + 2e+ + 2νe + 25 MeV

Borexino
Cosmic Rays Produce Neutrinos in the Atmosphere

Accelerator

p
Target

p Sun

γ ν
Opaque matter

p Earth ν
ν

ν
µ
Detector

p
 SuperK’s Zenith-Angle Dependence
Downward ν (cos θ = 1) travel about 15 km.
Upward ν (cos θ = −1) travel up to 13 000 km.
300 300
e-like sub-GeV

200 200

µ-like sub-GeV
100 100

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
cosΘ cosΘ
200 200
e-like multi-GeV µ-like multi-GeV
150 150

100 100

50 50

0 0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
cosΘ cosΘ

Upward νµ , which travel longest path, are fewer than expected. Oscillations?
 Charmonium Spectrum
4500

–
DD

–
4000 DD
–
DD
Mass [GeV/c ]
2

–
DD

3500

g (1)
3000
hadrons (70)

g v (29)

2500
0– + 1– – 0+ + 1+ + 2+ +
 Upsilon Spectrum

11000
–
BB
–
BB
Mass [GeV/c ]
2

10500 –
BB
g (11)
g (5) g (11)
p (5) g (7)
g (21)
g (5)
g (7)
10000 g (7)
g (4) g (7)
p (28) g (35)
p (7) g (22)
g (7)

9500

0– + 1– – 1+ – 0+ + 1+ + 2+ +
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

2
 t ≈ 0.4 ¥ 10–24 s t
100
Running Mass [GeV/c 2]

10
t ≈ 1.5 ¥ 10–12 s b

1 t ≈ 10–12 s c

0.1
s

0.01
d
u
0.001
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

3
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

4
 1/a s

2
4
6
8
10
12

1
t
G–LS

NMC

10
CLEO

Q [GeV]
PEP e+e–
e+e– event shapes
TRISTAN
UA2
LEP Lattice
PD

100
G
LEP2
 1 10 100 1000

x=.0075
x=.0125
1.0 1.0

1.0 x=.0175 1.0

1.0 x=.025 1.0

1.0 x=.035 1.0

1.0 x=.050 1.0

1.0 x=.070 1.0

1.6 1.6
x=.090

1.4 x=.110 1.4

x=.140
1.2 1.2
x=.180
1.0 1.0
x=.225
F2

0.8 0.8
x=.275

0.6 0.6
x=.350

0.4 0.4
x=.450
0.2 0.2
x=.550
x=.650
0.0 x=.750 0.0
1 10 2 2 2 100 1000
Q [GeV /c ]
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

5
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

6
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

7
 Particle Physics:
The Standard Model
Chris Quigg
Theoretical Physics Department
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Chris.Quigg@cern.ch

CERN Summer Lectures

17 – 27 July 2000

8
All this is but a dream.

Still, examine it by a few experiments.

Nothing is too wonderful to be true,

if it be consistent with the laws of nature
and in such things as these,
Experiment is the best test of such
consistency.

Michael Faraday
Research notes, 19th March 1849