Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. What is an automobile?
1. Engine.
2. Frame work.
3. Body.
4. Power train.
5. Instruments.
6. Lights.
7. Starting arrangement.
Chassis is a structure constituting the foundation upon which all the other
components of an automotive vehicle are assembled. The chassis comprises of everything
of a vehicle except the body, cabin and equipment.
The vehicle axles may be of different types, namely, steering axle, driving axle
and dummy axle.
Some trucks (called tractor) are provided with fifth wheel arrangement. The fifth
wheel carries a portion of the weight of the semi trailor. The tractor semitrailer
combination increa.ses the load carrying capacity during transportation of loads in masses
over paved roads and thereby utilizes the power of the engine to the maximum extent.
6. What is the purpose of bumpers in a vehicle?
The purpose of providing bumpers with the frame is to take the shock of impact
on collision and transfer the same to the frame
The engine is supported on the frame at three or four places. Rubber pads or
washers are placed between the support lugs on the engine and the mounting brackets on
the frame.
8. What is the difference between normal control and forward control in commercial
vehicles?
. The normal control type has the engine located in front of the driver's cabin. In
the forward control type, the engine is positioned either in or below the driver's cabin.
On the fully integral body shell, the longitudinal and cross members of the chassis
are incorporated into the frame work of the load carrying
body.
1. Last longer.
2. Requires fewer parts.
4. More economical.
The vehicle layout should take into account the following aspects:
1. Driver comfort.
2. Passenger comfort.
1. Body contributes about 40% of total weight of car an~ about 60 to 70% of total
weight of buses.
1. Force of air drag in the direction of vehicle motion (with the wind acting along
the longitudinal direction axis).
Aerodynamic lift is the vertical component of the resultant force caused by the
pressure distribution on the vehicle body.
The aerodynamic lift will tend to reduce the pressure between the tyres and the
ground. This causes loss of steering on the steering axle (usually front axle) and loss of
traction on the driving axle (usually rear axle).
18. What are the three moments caused by aerodynamic forces acting on a vehicle?
2. Yawing moment caused by the side force formed by the asymmetric flow
around the vehicle body.
1. Elements such as door handle, mirrors, aerials and badge which project out of
the normal surfaces of the vehicle body.
2. Projection below the vehicle such as axles, propeller shaft, and tow bars etc.
UNIT -2
Short Questions and Answers
The compression ratio is the ratio of the volume occupied by the cylinder before
compression (cylinder volume = clearance volume + stroke. volume) to the volume
occupied after compression
An over square engine has the bore larger than the stroke. Then stroke bore ratio
will be less than one. This is the most common in automotive field. A large bore and
short stroke allows for engine speeds.
The top most position of the piston inside the cylinder i.e., when the maximum
distance from the crank shaft axle is known as Top Dead Centre (TDC). The bottom most
position of the piston in the cylinder is bottom dead center (BDC).
Indicated power output (IHP) is the power developed within the engine cylinder
by the gases on undergoing the cycle of operations. The power available at the crankshaft
is brake horse power (BHP). Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of BHP to IHP.
Specific weight is the weight. per unit rated power. Specific volume is the volume
per unit rated power. These quantities must be as low as possible for an engine.
The indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of the heat equivalent of the Indicated
power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
the brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of the heat equivalent of the • rake power to the
heat supplied by the fuel. This efficiency is the product of indicated thermal efficiency
and mechanical efficiency.
Compression pressure is the pressure that exists in the combustion between the
piston is at TDC, at the end of the compression stroke, during motoring the engine.
An indicator diagram shows the variation of pressure inside the engine cylinder
during a cycle of operations. It can be in two forms.
1. Horizontal.
2. Vertical.
3. Inline.
4. V type.
5. Radial.
6. Opposed cylinder.
7. Opposed piston.
Replaceable liners are inserted into the cylinders. 'This permits the use of cheap
and easily machine able cast iron for the cylinder block. By using a liner material having
a good resistance to wear and corrosion, the engine life can be increased.
18. What is the difference between a wet liner and a dry liner?
When fitted in the cylinder block, a wet liner has water on the external surface of
the liner. This ensures good cylinder cooling.
A dry liner is one which is inserted into the bore machined in the cylinder block.
In this case; the external surface of the liner is not in direct contact with the cooling
water. If there is any air gap between the external surface of the dry liner and the bore in
the cylinder, the heat flow to the coolant will be impaired.. _
19. What is a counter flow cylinder head?
In the counter flow cylinder head, the intake and exhaust port passages ~~n on the
same side of the cylinder head. This type limits the available space for fresh charge arid
exhaust lines; but greatly eases super- because its gas passages are very short.
The size, shape and orientation of the exhaust manifold is such will cause quick
and complete discharge of the products of combustion from the engine cylinder. It must
also be such that the gases let one cylinder should never enter into another cylinder. In
some diesel there is cooling (external) arrangement for the exhaust manifold.
The crank gear unit transmits the force of explosion, products combustion of fuel
with air, to the output shaft (crankshaft). It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston
into rotary motion the crankshaft. The mechanism consists of pistons, piston rings, pins,
connecting rods, crankshaft and flywheel.
The piston must always be free to slide up and down in the cy bore. The space
between the sides of the piston and the cylinder called piston clearance. Piston clearance
is called cold clearance clearance depending on the thermal condition of the engine.
During engine operation the piston thrown is directly exposed to combustion heat.
As such it is heated to a greater extent than the ID of the piston. Therefore, the piston
crown expands to a greater than the skirt. To take care of this aspect, the piston is tape
bottom to top with smaller diameter at the piston top.
Piston slap is the noise caused by the sudden tilting of the piston in the cylinder as
the piston starts moving down on the power' stroke. The piston shifts from one side
(compression thrust side or minor thrust side) of the cylinder the other side (expansion
thrust side or major thrust side) With sufficient force. This hitting of the piston surface on
the cylinder wall produces a distinct noise (metallic noise) called piston
The single piece connecting rod is used in most of the small two stroke engines
meant for two wheelers. Then a needle or roller bearing is used at the crank pin.
In the two piece connecting rod the big end is detachable and is pr00vided with a
cap. The two parts of the big end are clamped together over the crankpin by bolts
The bearing is in two halves. It is in the f~ of steel shells or bronze backs lined
with one or more layers of and friction material. It is called bimetal bearing.
Counter weights or balance weights are attached to the webs or integral with the
webs. Counter weights are located opposite two pins. The counter weights relieve the
engine main bearings inertial forces of the unbalanced mass of the crank and the lower of
the connecting rod.
28. Why small pins are incorporated in the piston ring grooves of two stroke engines?
The small pins incorporated in the piston ring grooves of two stroke engines
prevent the circumferential movement of the rings in the ring grooves and breakage of the
rings due to their free ends hitting the .ports in the cylinder.
Overheating of air cooled engines may be due to one or more of the following:
In the thermosyphon cooling system, the cooling water through the engine jackets
and the radiator connected to the engine by virtue of the density difference. Hot water
from the cylinder head fitted up to the radiator top. Cold water from the radiator bottom
enters bottom of the cylinder water jacket. The water circulation is by n means.
33. What are the different methods of water circulation used in forced circulation cooling
system?
The presence of air bubbles enhances rust formation and also affects heat transfer. During
engine operation, rust, lime, and deposits accumulate on the inside surfaces of the cooling
system. As the Se heat insulators heat flow will be retarded.
Discharging the. crankcase vapours and blow by into the atmosphere causes air
pollution. To prevent atmospheric pollution, modem engines have the positive crankcase
ventilation (PCY) system.
.
38. What are the factors that decide the power output of an engine?
Supercharging is the process of admitting into the engine cylinder, a charge larger
in quantity (i.e. weight) than what the cylinder will c0nntain due to regular suction stroke
i.e. by natural aspiration. This is done by supplying air (or air fuel mixture) at a pressure
greater than that which the engine naturally aspirates.
Supercharging permits inducting and burning a larger quantity of fuel This in turn will
increase the power output of the engine.
41. What are the emissions let out by automobiles into the atmosphere?
1. Nitrogen oxides.
2. Soot.
3. Carbon monoxide.
4. Hydrocarbons (CH).
5. Aldehydes. .
42. In a diesel engine, what are the requirements to be met for the reduction of NOx, He
and particulate emission?
In diesel engines, the requirements to be met for the reduction of the following
are:
1. NOx emission - cool intake air in the cylinder, late combustion beginning and
moderate air motion.
High injection pressure and variable injection timing are used to reduce exhaust
emissions. Particulate emission is reduced by filtration of exhaust gases. Multiple
introduction of fuel such as pilot injection process reduces smoke. M combustion system
is also us~ to reduce smoke. EGR is used to reduce diesel exhaust emissions particularly
NOx.
44. What are the major areas where electronics have been effectively employed?
The major areas where electronic have been effectively employed' are:
The primary function of the engine management system (EMS) is to adjust the
torque generated by the engine. For this purpose, all the variables that influence the
torque are controlled in the various engine management subsystems. EMS also takes care
of the demands placed on exhaust emissions, fuel consumption, power output, comfort
and safety.
UNIT – 3
Short Questions and Answers
2. Density of fuel.
3. Engine temperature. .
The fuel abstracts heat for its vaporization from the incoming air. The heat
abstraction lowers air temperature. The air always contains some moisture. When the
temperature of air drops below the dew point of water vapour, condensation of water
vapour (moisture) will occur. When chilling is to a greater extent, condensed water
vapour will become ice. Accumulation of ice on the throttle plate throttles mixture supply
to the engine and may stop running the engine. .
Cranking motors are mostly of direct current series motors. These convert the, electrical
energy supplied by the battery to mechanical energy by rotating an armature shaft. A
drive mechanism couples the armature shaft through a pinion and flywheel ring gear to
the engine.
The starter may be noisy during operation and this may be due to one or more of
the following:
4. Worn bearing$.
No cranking of engine, this trouble may be due to one or more of the following:
8. Glazzed commutator.
3. Stop lights.
4. Back up lights.
5. Tail-lights.
The distributor assembly houses the contact breaker, points and the distributor
rotor unit. The ignition system is so timed that when one of the pistons is near the TDC of
the compression stroke, the breaker points are op the verge of operation. The metal strip
rotor will then be in line with the brass segment that is connected to the spark plug of that
cylinder. The other spark plugs are connected to the distributor cap following the same
sequence as the firing order of the engine.
12. Indicate some of the defects that may cause improper failure of the ignition system.
Improper function or failure of the ignition system may be due or more of the
following:
Many two wheelers use a compact magnet to generate the high potential, required
by the spark plug. The flywheel magneto ignition system uses an alternating current
rather than direct (battery) current to power the ignition system. The system consists of
magnets, breaker points, condenser, ignition switch, spark plug lead and spark plug. Two
types of flywheel magneto ignition system are used in two wheelers. One type products a
high secondary voltage as a result of the magnetic field collapses. The other uses a rapid
build up (surge) of the magnetic field to induce the high secondary voltage.