Fading is barrier in signal communication which affect the signal transmission

by causing fluctuation in amplitude of the signal. Fading in electromagnetic wave is

.categorized into different types and they are discussed in this subject

Fading effect is nothing but the fluctuation in received signal strength at the receiver
that is, any random variation in the received signal can be termed as fading. While the
microwave signal travel in the medium due to different parameters there is reduction
in signal strength, according to that signal fading is divided into seven types

1. Slow fading

Is due to change of refractive index of the atmosphere and is a long term variation of
the median hourly and half hourly intervals.

2. Fast Fading:

Fast fading is responsible for scatter loss in troposcatter communication link and
occurs due to multipath effects. It is a short term variation of the instantaneous values
and the fading signal results due to a large number of components of random varying
phases.

3. Interference Fading:

It is the most serious type of fading that is produced by the interference between the
upper reflected and lower direct rays of sky waves. This is due to the refracted rays
having to cover a larger distance than the direct waves. If the direct waves and the
reflected waves meet each other than their vectors get added up and one wave
amplitude dump the amplitude of the other wave. So the information in the signal gets
lost. This can be avoided by space diversity or frequency diversity.
4. Absorption Fading:

It is caused by the absorption of the electromagnetic signal when propagating in

different areas or different mediums like open land, mountains, water etc. It is very
much common in transmission of signals and it remains constant for the transmission
line.

5. Selective Fading:

This type of fading is frequency selective and produces serious distortion of the
modulator signal. It is prominent in high frequencies like in sky wave propagation
system.
6. Polarization Fading:

It occurs due to the change in polarization of any incoming sky wave at the receiver.
The state of polarization is constantly varying due to the superposition of the ordinary
and extra ordinary waves with random amplitude phase and opposite polarization.
Hence the polarization at the antenna also constantly changes resulting in fading.

7. Skip Fading:

It occurs at distance near the skip zone distance. Any variation in the height or ionic
density may move the receiving point in and out the skip zone leading to skip fading.