‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫درس اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫ذ اﻟﻐﺰیﺰال‬

‫ﺕﺘﺒﻊ ﺕﻄﻮر ﺕﺤﻮل آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻲ‬

‫) ﺕﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺡﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮریﺪریﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺰیﻮم (‬
‫اﻷهﺪاف‪:‬‬
‫آﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻡﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﻡﺸﺒﺮا إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﺻﻠﺐ ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻡﺬاب أو ﻏﺎز(‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺟﺪول ﺕﻄﻮر آﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ) ﻡﺒﺮزا ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﺪﺋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺤﻮل ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ (‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺤﺪي )إن وﺟﺪ ( ﺛﻢ ﺕﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ) ﺑﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻷﻗﺼﻰ (‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺕﻐﻴﺮات آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ واﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرهﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻌﺪة اﻟﺘﺠﺮیﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫دورق ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ‪ + 250ml‬ﺳﺪاد ﺑﺜﻘﺒﻴﻦ ‪+‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻨﺼﺔ راﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪100ml‬‬ ‫آﺄس‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﺤﺎﺣﺔ ‪250ml‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺨﺒﺎر ﻣﺪرج ﺑﺴﺪاد‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻴﺰان ذو دﻗﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮار ‪ +‬ﻣﻀﻐﺎط ) ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ درﺝﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي داﺥﻠﻪ (‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﻠﻮریﺪریﻚ ذو ﺕﺮآﻴﺰ ‪CA = 0,5 mol.l-1‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪(M = 24.3) m = 54mg :‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮیﻂ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺰیﻮم‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎوﻟﺔ‬

‫)‪Mg(s) + 2H3O+(aq‬‬ ‫ﻡﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪Mg2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2H2O(l) :‬‬

‫ﻥﻀﻊ ﺷﺮیﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﻨﻴﺰیﻮم )‪ (4cm‬وﻥﺤﺪد آﺘﻠﺘﻪ ‪ m =54,1mg‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪورق وﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺴﺤﺎﺣﺔ ﻥﻀﻴﻒ ‪ 15ml‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻤﺾ اﻟﻜﺒﺮیﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻥﺤﺮك اﻟﺨﻠﻴﻂ وﻥﺴﺠﻞ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺰاح إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﺪرج ) ﻥﺤﺮس ﻋﻠﻰ أن یﻜﻮن ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺒﺎر هﻮ ﻥﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻮض ‪ :‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﻓﺮاغ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮض ﺣﺘﻰ یﺘﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ( ‪V = 72 ml :‬‬
‫‪T = 22°C‬‬ ‫ﻥﻘﺮأ درﺝﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺤﺠﺮة واﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﺑﻬﺎ ‪P =1atm (R =0,082UP) :‬‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ‪ P.Vm = R.T‬و ﻥﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‪Vm = 24,1L.mol-1.‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺡﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺝﻴﻦ )‪ VT = V(H2) +V(air‬اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺰاح هﻮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺝﻴﻦ و اﻟﻬﻮاء اﻟﻨﺎﺕﺞ ﻋﻦ إدﺥﺎل اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮل ) ‪( 15ml‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫إذن ‪ V(H2)exp = V - 15,0‬و ‪ V(H2)exp = 72,0- 15,0‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪V(H2)exp = 57,0mL‬‬
‫آﻤﻴﺔ ﻡﺎدة اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺰیﻮم‪m /M=n(Mg) =2,23.10-3 mol :‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﻪ ‪[H3O+]=CA‬إذن ‪n(H3O+) =CA.VA :‬‬ ‫‪HCl + H2O:‬‬ ‫آﻤﻴﺔ ﻡﺎدة ‪ H3O+‬ﻥﻌﻠﻢ ‪H3O+ + Cl-.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬

‫‪n(H3O+)i = 7,50.10-3mol‬‬

‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Équation de la réaction‬‬ ‫‪Mg(s) + 2H3O‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫)‪(aq‬‬ ‫‪Mg‬‬
‫‪2+‬‬
‫)‪(aq‬‬ ‫)‪+ H2(g) + 2H2O(l‬‬

‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬

‫)‪Etat initial (mol‬‬ ‫‪n(Mg)i = 2,23.10‬‬ ‫‪n(H3O )i = 7,50.10‬‬ ‫‪n(Mg )i = 0,0‬‬ ‫‪n(H2)i = 0,0‬‬

‫‪Etat à la date t‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬

‫‪n(Mg)t = 2,23.10 - x‬‬ ‫‪n(H3O )t = 7,50.10 - 2.x‬‬ ‫‪n(Mg )t = x‬‬ ‫‪n(H2)t = x‬‬
‫‪l'avancement est x‬‬

‫)‪Etat final (mol‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪2+‬‬

‫‪n(Mg)f = 2,23.10 - xmax‬‬ ‫‪n(H3O )f = 7,50.10 - 2.xmax‬‬ ‫‪n(Mg )f = xmax‬‬ ‫‪n(H2)f = xmax‬‬
‫)‪l'avancement est xmax(mol‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫درس اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫ذ اﻟﻐﺰیﺰال‬

: ‫ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻘﺼﻮي‬.6

2,23.10-3 - x 0 x 2,23.10-3
=>
-3
7,50.10 - 2.x 0 x 3,75.10-3

=> xmax = 2,23.10-3 mol.

‫ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺰیﻮم إذن هﻮ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺤﺪي‬: ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺤﺪي‬ .7
.8

Équation de la réaction Mg(s) + 2H3O

+
(aq) Mg
2+
(aq) + H2(g) + 2H2O(l)
-3 + -3 2+
Etat initial (mol) n(Mg)i = 2,23.10 n(H3O )i = 7,50.10 n(Mg )i = 0,00 n(H2)i = 0,00

Etat à la date t -3 + -3 2+
n(Mg)t = 2,23.10 - x n(H3O )t = 7,50.10 - 2.x n(Mg )t = x n(H2)t = x
l'avancement est x

Etat final (mol) + -3 2+ -3 -3

n(Mg)f = 0,00 n(H3O )f = 3,04.10 n(Mg )f = 2,23.10 n(H2)f = 2,23.10
l'avancement est xmax(mol)

. ‫ ﻷن آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺎدﺕﻪ ﻻ ﺕﻨﻌﺪم ﻋﻨﺪ ﺕﻬﺎیﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬H3O+ ‫ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺝﻮد ﺑﻮﻓﺮة هﻮ‬.8

: ‫ ﺡﺠﻢ ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺝﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‬.9

V(H2)the = n(H2)f.Vm => V(H2)the = 2,23.10-3 x 24,1

=> V(H2)the = 53,7.10-3L
=> V(H2)the = 53,7mL

: ‫ اﻹرﺕﻴﺎب اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ‬. 10

−3 −3
∆V ( H 2 ) Vth − Vexp 53,7.10 − 57.10
= = = 6,15%
Vth ( H 2 ) Vth 53.7.10 −3

x : ‫ ﻡﺨﻄﻂ ﺕﻄﻮر آﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬. 11

+ -3
n(H3O )t = 7,50.10 - 2.x

-3
n(Mg)t = 2,23.10 - x

+ -3
(H3O )t = 7,50.10 - 2.x

-3
n(Mg)t = 2,23.10 - x

Xmax X ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪم‬
‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫درس اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬

‫ذ اﻟﻐﺰیﺰال‬