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2c When two sequences of nucleic acid or protein molecules found in two different organisms are
similar they are likely to have been derived from a common ancestor sequence.

2c › sequence alignment reveals which positions in the sequences were conserved and which
diverged from a common ancestor sequence.

2c ››
seq 1

2c › seq 2

2c ›› 
  ancestor sequence

2c ››

2c ›

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2c ›n evolutionary tree is a two dimensional graph showing evolutionary relationship among

organisms or in the case of sequences, in certain genes from separate organisms.

2c he seperate sequences are referred to as taxa, which are phylogenetically distinct units on the
tree.

he tree is represented by outer branches representing the taxa and nodes and branches representing
relationships among the

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2c he root of a phylogenetic tree represents the common ancestor of the sequences.

2c uome trees are unrooted, and thus do not specify the common ancestor.

2c uequences › and B are derived from a common ancestor sequence represented by a node and

and D are similarly related.

2c he ›B and
D common ancestors also share a common ancestor represented at the lowest
level of the tree.

2c he length of each branch to the next node represents the number of sequence changes that
occurred prior to the next level of seperation.

2c ere the branch length between the ›B node and › is approximately equal to that between
the ›B node and B, indicating the species are evolving at the same rate.
 2c owever, it is also likely that for some biological or environmental reason unique to each
species, one taxon may have undergone more mutations since diverging from the ancestor than
the other.

2c Gn this case, different branch lengths would be shown on the tree.

2c › root has been placed indicating that in the evolutionary model of the sequences this basal
node is the common ancestor of all the other sequences.

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2c Gt also shows the evolutionary relationship among sequences ›D, but it does not reveal the
location of oldest ancestory.

2c Gt can be converted to a rooted tree by placing a root anywhere in the tree.


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2c › phylogenetic analysis of a family of related nucleic acid or protein sequences is a

determination of how the family might have been derived during evolution.

2c he evolutionary relationships among the sequence are depicted by placing the sequences as
outer branches on a tree.

2c he branching relationships on the inner part of the tree then reflect the degree to which
different sequences are related.

2c he sequences that are very much alike will be located as neighbouring branches and will be
joined to a common branch beneath them.

2c he object of phylogenetic analysis is to discover all of the branching relationships in the tree
and the branch lengths.

2c When a gene family is found in an organism or a group of organisms,phylogenetic relationships

among the genes can help to predict which ones might have an equivalent function.

2c hese functional predictions can then be tested by genetic experiments.

2c ‘hylogenetic analysis may also be used to follow the changes occuring in a rapidly changing
species such as a virus.

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2c Distance method

2c ‘arsimony method

2c £aximum likelihood method

 
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2c ºeng and Doolittle method

2c he distance method employs the number of changes between each pair in a group of
sequences to produce a phylogenetic tree of the group.

2c he sequence pairs that have the smallest number of sequence changes between them are
termed as ͞neighbours͟

2c ÿn a tree, these sequences share a node or common ancestor position and are each joined to
that node by a branch.

he goal of distance methods is to identify a tree that positions the neighbours correctly and that also
has branch lengths which reproduce the original data as closely as possible

2c ºinding the closest neighbours among a group of sequences by the distance method is often the
first step in producing a £u›.