APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant’s Physiology Experiment with title “Influence of

Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed” who is made by:
Name : Nur Rezki Octavia
Reg. No : 081404174
Group : II (Second)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, April 2010
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS NURHIKMAH

Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 071404085

Lecturer Responsibility

Drs. Ismail, MS
NIP: 131625063
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Just as you release water vapor when you breathe, plants do, too—although
the term "transpire" is more appropriate than "breath." During this process,
individual water molecules are released from the surface of the plant body
through tiny structures called stomata. There are many more individual water
vapor molecules inside the air spaces between the tissues of a plant than in the air
surrounding the plant body. Consequently, water vapor will always exit the plant
along a concentration gradient. As more water vapor molecules exit the plant, the
remaining water molecules tug on each other and will pull an entire column of
water throughout the plant body through special tissues called xylem during the
process of transpiration.
Naturally, plant will loss water through transpiration. Transpiration is the
term used to describe the transport of water through an actual, vegetated plant
into the atmosphere. Transpiration is an important part of the evapotranspiration
process, and a major mechanism of the water cycle in the atmosphere.
Transpiration may also refer to the rate of the water vapor transport through the
whole vegetative canopy (that is, through the group of plants). In transpiration,
the important thing is water vapor diffusion from relative air in the inner leaf to
dry air in the outer leaf. Losing of water from leaf involve strength to pull up
water into leaf through artery vessels, from root to tip of leaf, even fro soil to
root.
It is a process in which the plants evaporate water. This transpiration
process is on the leaves when stomata are open during the passing of CO2 and
O2 and that process is called photosynthesis. Talking about the factors which
affect the transpiration function they are mostly the environmental factors.
 Based on the above statement, to find out more about transpiration speed
toward environment factor we would use some of Acalypha sp. So, we can prove
or compare directly between theory and observations directly that we observe at
the time of this observation. In addition, in this observation we learned more
lessons about transpiration concept in plant.
B. Purpose
At Influence of Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed
experiment, the purpose is to learn about influence of environment factor like
amount of leaves, air circulation, light, and amount of stomata toward
transpiration speed.
C. Benefit
At Influence of Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed
experiment the benefit is student can know about influence of environment factor
like amount of leaves, air circulation, light, and amount of stomata toward
transpiration speed.
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Losing of water because transpiration is happened in all of plant’s part that

connects directly with outer atmosphere. But, there is main is leaf and almost of all
transpiration is happened through stomata pores. Cuticle just release amount of water
steam because cuticle from many kinds of leaves isn’t very permeable toward water.
Losing water speed a plant depends on difference water potential between atmosphere
and inner cell. If room between cells in leaves saturated with water stream, so losing
water speed is determined by air relative humidity in atmosphere. Each environment
condition that cause change of amount difference water potential between leaves cells
and outer air can cause transpiration speed change (Ismail and Muis, 2010).
According to Anonyma (2010), environmental factors that affect the rate of
transpiration are:
1. Light
Plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because
light stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up
transpiration by warming the leaf.
2. Temperature
Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates
more rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf may transpire three times as
fast as it does at 20°C.
3. Humidity
The rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in concentration
of the substances in the two regions increases. When the surrounding air is dry,
diffusion of water out of the leaf goes on more rapidly.

4. Wind
 When there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid
thus reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is
carried away and replaced by drier air.
5. Soil water
A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by
replacement from the soil. When absorption of water by the roots fails to keep up
with the rate of transpiration, loss of turgid occurs, and the stomata close. This
immediately reduces the rate of transpiration (as well as of photosynthesis). If the
loss of turgid extends to the rest of the leaf and stem, the plant wilts.
Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water from
parts of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are
dotted with openings called stomata, and in most plants, they are more numerous on
the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and
close the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata. Leaf transpiration
occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with
the opening of the stomata to allow hi the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air
for photosynthesis (Anonymb, 2010).
According to (Lakitan, 2008), transpiration give benefit at plant, transpiration
is said that to plant with some of reasons, they are:
1. Can make grow plant in extortion and transportation, and increase hormone.
2. Influence diffusion of plant as directly and indirectly. Make accelerate of cell
diffusion.
3. Influence mineral and water absorption by root.
4. It has important role in hara substance transportation from a plant part to other
plant part.
5. Maintains leaf temperature stability.
6. Related with open-close of stomata, it is not influenced transpiration and
respiration indirectly.
 Transpiration is begun by evaporation by mesophil cell to hole between cell
that in cell (air space). Evaporation between cell space always continue during hole
cell space has not saturated with vapor. Cells that vaporize water to hole cell space
will decrease water on order decrease of water potential. This water decrease will be
filled by water that come from xylem leaf bone, then leaf bone will receive water
from stem. Stem receive from root and continuously. Water stream that collect in hole
cell space will stay in there during stomata at leaf epidermis don’t open. Although
there are water pass epidermis and cuticle has less amount and can be neglectful
(Ismail, 2006).
Pass power is influenced directly by amount of stomata opened. More high
stomata opened, so pass power is higher too. As water is transpired or otherwise used
by the plant, it is replaced from the reservoir on the right. This pushes the air bubble
to the left providing a precise measure of the volume of water used. At some of
references, there is term with stomata resistance. In this case, pass power has straight
relationship with stomata resistance (Campbell, 2003).
Transpiration has function to increase mineral transport speed, keep turgidity
of cell optimum, and keep body temperature by releasing over heat from body.
Transpiration velocity has relationship with open and close of stomata directly.
Amount of water that loss connects with various environment factors, like light
intensity, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, and soil water storage. Water volume
that loss in transpiration is very high (Ismail, 2006).
Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is caused by the
decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the
diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed at the roots
by osmosis, and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem. The
rate of transpiration is directly related to the degree of stomata opening, and to the
evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf. The amount of water lost
by a plant depends on its size, along with the surrounding light intensity, temperature,
humidity, and wind speed (Anonymb, 2010).
 CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENT METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day/Date : Wednesday/ March 24th 2010
Time : At 01.00 pm until 04.00 pm
Place of experiment : The 2nd floor of Biology laboratory, the west part
Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State
University.
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools:
a. Photometer
b. Stopwatch
c. Chemical glass
2. Materials:
a. Acalypha sp
b. Aquadest
c. Vaseline
C. Work Procedure
1. Cut branch of Acalypha sp enough leaves (15-25 sheath) and entered it into
water immediately.
2. Cut that branch at photometer by entered base of that branch into hole at
rubber closed bottle, so tip of branch appeared less than 5 cm under rubber
closed bottle. While soaked in water, base of branch is cut along 2 cm by
sharp knife.
3. Valve of photometer is opened. Tip of capillary pipe is closed by fingers.
Photometer is filled with water through reservoir.
4. Then valve is closed and tip of capillary pipe is entered into small chemical
glass that contain water.
5. Branch of Acalypha sp is entered. At hole of rubber, closed bottle is braced
that rubber closed bottle at photometer tube. Gave vaselline at point of contact
berween closed bottle with border wall of photometer tube. Keep distance so
don’t are air bubble in big photometer tube.
6. Allowed that branch of plant did transpiration then tip capillary pipe is raised
moment from chemical glass so it made small air bubble at tip of pipe. Then
tip of pipe is entered into chemical glass again and allowed it until air bubbles
reach the scale.
7. Determined transpiration speed (distance of air bubble per time unit) in
conditions:
a. Indoor of laboratory
b. Outdoor of laboratory
8. Remained 7-10 leaves of Acalypha sp branch and determined transpiration
speed.
9. Brushed upper surface with Vaseline and determined transpiration speed.
10. Brushed lower surface with Vaseline and determined transpiration speed.
11. Made graphs and data analysis

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
1. Table of Observation
Place of observation Velocity
No Distance (cm) Time (second)
(Treatment) (cm/sec)
1
Indoor of laboratory 1 300 0,0033

2 600 0,0033

3 900 0,0033

4 1200 0,0033

5 1500 0,0033
2
Outdoor of laboratory 2,5 300 0,0083

5,1 600 0,0085

7,7 900 0,0086

10,2 1200 0,0085

12,6 1500 0,0084

B. Data Analyzing
a. Indoor of laboratory
 Average of transpiration speed

b. Outdoor of laboratory
Average of transpiration speed
C. Discussion
At this observation, we would observe transpiration in plant especially at
Achalypa sp. We gave them two treatments with put them in indoor of laboratory
and outdoor of laboratory. As we know that transpiration is a process similar to
evaporation. It is the loss of water from parts of plants, especially leaves but also
stems, flowers and roots. From that condition, we could see the factor of
environment that can influence transpiration. Based on our observation, in the
300 second movement of air bubble until 1 cm at indoor of laboratory and there
are significance changes until the fifth observation or 1500 second. While at
outdoor of laboratory, in the 300 second movement of air bubble until 2,5 cm.
From this observation result, we can know that the factors of environment that
can influence transpiration processes in plant among others, temperature,
humidity, wind speed, and light.
According to Ismail (2006), the environment factors that influence of
transpiration speed are:
a. Light
Transpiration of plant is faster if there are light than in dark condition. This is
because light stimulate stomata opening.
b. Temperature
Transpiration is faster at higher temperature because water evaporation is
faster.
c. Humidity
Diffusion speed a material increase if concentration difference material at two
regions increase. If air surrounding is dry, water diffusion from leaf will be
faster.
d. Wind
If there is not slow wind, air surround leaf becomes more humidity. So, it
decrease transpiration speed. If there slow wind, air will humidity and it is
changed by dry air.
So, based on that statement our observation result is suitable with theory
and there are not opposed between them. At outdoor room, transpiration speed is
more quickly than indoor room because intensity of light (temperature) is higher
than indoor room, so it is also for other factors. From graph, we can see that
there are straight line that has mean constant speed of transpiration. More along
time that need, more add movement size.
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
Based on observation we can conclude that transpiration process is
influence of environment’s factor like temperature, light, humidity, and wind (air
circulation). Beside that, there are other factors like amount of stomata, if there
are many stomata, transpiration will occur in many amount. More many of leaf
amount, so more doing transpiration and also for effect of light. While effect of
humidity and wind has opposite relationship with transpiration.
B. Suggestion
1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do
observation well.
2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.
3. Practicants must do observation well and must adroit in do experiment..
 BIBLIOGRAPH

Anonyma. 2010. Transpiration. http://www.users.rcn.com. Accessed on March 28th

2010 in Makassar.

Anonymb. 2010. Transpiration. http://www.wikipedia.com. Accessed on March 28th

2010 in Makassar.

Campbell, A. Neil, Jane B. Reece and Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2003. Biologi Edisi
Kelima Jilid 2. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Ismail. 2006. Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi Universitas Negeri

Makassar.

Ismail and Muis. 2010. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Makassar: Jurusan
Biologi Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Lakitan, Benyamin. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jakarta: PT. Raja

Grafindo Persada.
Anonyma

Transpiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants. It occurs chiefly at the leaves
while their stomata are open for the passage of CO2 and O2 during photosynthesis.
But air that is not fully saturated with water vapor (100% relative humidity) will dry
the surfaces of cells with which it comes in contact. So the photosynthesizing leaf
loses substantial amount of water by evaporation. This transpired water must be
replaced by the transport of more water from the soil to the leaves through the xylem
of the roots and stem. As water is transpired or otherwise used by the plant, it is
replaced from the reservoir on the right. This pushes the air bubble to the left
providing a precise measure of the volume of water used.

Environmental factors that affect the rate of

transpiration

1. Light
Plants transpire more rapidly in the light than in the dark. This is largely because light
stimulates the opening of the stomata (mechanism). Light also speeds up transpiration
by warming the leaf.

2. Temperature
Plants transpire more rapidly at higher temperatures because water evaporates more
rapidly as the temperature rises. At 30°C, a leaf may transpire three times as fast as it
does at 20°C.

3. Humidity
The rate of diffusion of any substance increases as the difference in concentration of
the substances in the two regions increases.When the surrounding air is dry, diffusion
of water out of the leaf goes on more rapidly.

4. Wind
When there is no breeze, the air surrounding a leaf becomes increasingly humid thus
reducing the rate of transpiration. When a breeze is present, the humid air is carried
away and replaced by drier air.

5. Soil water
A plant cannot continue to transpire rapidly if its water loss is not made up by
replacement from the soil. When absorption of water by the roots fails to keep up
with the rate of transpiration, loss of turgor occurs, and the stomata close. This
immediately reduces the rate of transpiration (as well as of photosynthesis). If the loss
of turgor extends to the rest of the leaf and stem, the plant wilts.

Anonymb

Transpiration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water from parts of

plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted
with openings called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the
undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close
the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata.[1] Leaf transpiration occurs
through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the
opening of the stomata to allow hi the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for
photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral
nutrients and water from roots to shoots.

Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is caused by the decrease in
hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the diffusion of
water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed at the roots by osmosis,
and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem.

The rate of transpiration is directly related to the degree of stomatal opening, and to
the evaporative demand of the atmosphere surrounding the leaf. The amount of water
lost by a plant depends on its size, along with the surrounding light intensity,
temperature, humidity, and wind speed (all of which influence evaporative demand).
Soil water supply and soil temperature can influence stomatal opening, and thus
transpiration rate.

A fully grown tree may lose several hundred gallons (a few cubic meters) of water
through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots
is used for this process. The transpiration ratio is the ratio of the mass of water
transpired to the mass of dry matter produced; the transpiration ratio of crops tends
to fall between 200 and 1000 (i.e., crop plants transpire 200 to 1000 kg of water for
every kg of dry matter produced).[2]

Transpiration rate of plants can be measured by a number of techniques, including

potometers, lysimeters, porometers, and heat balance sap flow gauges.
 APPROVAL SHEET

Complete report of Plant’s Physiology Experiment with title “Influence of

Environment’s Factor Toward Transpiration Speed” who is made by:
Name : Shandra Santika Nur P
Reg. No : 081404190
Group : V (Fifth)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, March 2010
Assistant Coordinator Assistant

SULFIANTO ILYAS NUNU DWI WARTI

Reg. No: 061404025 Reg. No: 071404013

Lecturer Responsibility

Drs. Ismail, MS
NIP: 131625063
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion
There are environment’s factor that influence of transpiration like
temperature, light, humidity, and wind (air circulation). Beside that, there are other
factors like amount of stomata.
B. Suggestion
1. Laboratory: the equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do observation
well.
2. Assistant: assistant can give clear explanation about observation.
3. Practicants: they must do observation seriously