Automotive Fuels

and Vehicle Technology

for Sustainable Mobility

Ｊａｎ. 22, 2010

JAＳＩＣ Workshop for I-J EPA SWG2

1
 Surroundings of Automobiles

Three major issues : Energy, CO2 reduction, Air quality

Air Quality
Global Warming Energy
CO2 reduction

CO2

Emissions
Energy

2
 Automakers’ Efforts to the Issues

Fuel Efficiency Improvement Technology

Body:Vehicle weight reduction, Reduced aerodynamic resistance…
Engine improvements:Combustion, VVT, Reduction of friction loss…
Drive-train improvements:CVT, Increased number of gear…
New System:Hybrid vehicle, EV

Alternative Fuel Vehicle Technology

Biofuel, FTD, CNG, Fuel Cell Vehicle…

Emissions reduction Technology

including improvement of fuel quality
Combustion, Fuel injection spray, Thermal management,
After-treatment system:Catalyst performance, DPF…

3
 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

4
 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

5
 Regulations of Fuel Efficiency & CO2
and Vehicle Technology
Average Passenger Car Fuel Efficiency in Japan
Japan 10･15 mode
（km/L） 20
Fuel efficiency (km/L)

18 2015 standard

16

2010 standard
14

12

10
1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
6
 Engine Technologies for Fuel Efficiency

Combustion
Ignition system
Direct injection
Combustion chamber

Valve-train
Roller cam follower
Variable valve timing
Variable valve lift

Variable Valve actuation

Intake air system Reduced friction loss

Electronic throttle Piston surface treatment
High volume EGR Low tension piston ring
Low viscosity oil
7
Drive-train Technologies for Fuel Efficiency

Automatic Transmission
Increased number of gear
Expanded lock-up area
Neutral control
CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission)

Manual Transmission
Automatic MT CVT
Reduced friction loss
Inverter

Electric power
Engine
Electric 4-wheel drive
Hybrid system Motor

8
 Clean Energy Vehicles
Hybrid Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Electric Vehicle

Fuel cell Vehicle Clean Diesel Vehicle

LPG Vehicle CNG Vehicle

9
 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

10
 Aggregate Annual Air Quality Trends
in Asian Cities
350

300
TSP
250
μg/m3

200
WHO guideline
150
PM10
100

SO2 WHO guideline

50
WHO guideline
0
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Year

Source:www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-72383.html
11
 Air Quality Improvement in Japan
Changes in Japan’s Annual Air Pollution Averages
NO2 (ppm) 2007 Rate for meeting environmental quality standards
(Source: Ministry of the Environment)
SPM (mg/m3)
0.18 Achieved rate

0.16 Average data taken by the

All Motor Vehicle Emission Urban background 100%
Nitrogen dioxide
0.14 Monitoring Station
Concentration

NO2 Roadside 94.4%

0.12
SPM standard
0.1 Suspended Urban background 89.5%
particulate matter
0.08 SPM Roadside 88.6%
NO2 standard
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 (year)

NO2 and SPM are improving, but some areas have not reached targets
12
Transition of Emission regulation in Japan
(Gasoline passenger cars)
100
Mode change
60% (1010-15)
50%
CO 50
45%
5% 1.6% (0.8%)
0
100
75% Mode change
59%
(1010-15)
HC 50 48%
8% 2.6% (1.3%)
0
100 * IW  1,000kg
Mode change
IW > 1,000kg (1010-15)
70%
NOx 50
39%
27%
20% 8% 2.6% (1.3%)
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

* 100% = Emission volume without regulations * IW = Equivalent inertia mass

13
Transition of Emission regulation in Japan
(Diesel Trucks)
Mode 6
concentration reg
Mode 10-15 mass reg
(Unregulated)
100%
CO Initial value 30%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Mode 6 Mode 10-15 mass reg
(Unregulated) concentration reg
100%
HC Initial value 30%
6%
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
100%
80% Mode 6
Mode 10-15 mass reg
(Unregulated) concentration reg
68%
NOx 56%
49%
40% 100%
Initial 54% 38%
value 19%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Black smoke
concentration reg Mode 10-15 mass reg
100%

PM Initial
value
36%
30%
6%

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

* Direct-injection diesel trucks, medium-duty (over 1.7t, up to 2.5t) 14
 Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU
（Gasoline）
‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Japan
Emission 1978 Reg New Short-Term New Long-Term Post New
regulations Long-Term
1975-77 Reg

1973 Reg
S100, RVP (T50:75-110) S50 S10
Fuel quality (Implemented) S50 S10

‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Europe
Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5
Emission
regulations All Model All Model

S500 S150 S50 S10

Fuel quality
(Implemented) S50 S10 Incentive

15
 Emission and Fuel Regulations in JP & EU
（Diesel）
‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Japan
Emission 1986 Reg 1990 Reg (NOx) 1994 Reg (PM)
regulations New Long-Term Post New
1974 Reg 97 Reg New Short-Term
Long-Term
(NOx, PM)
From 1974
Fuel quality S5000 S2000 S500 S50 S10
(Implemented) S2000 S50 S10

‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 ‘98 ‘00 ‘02 ‘04 ‘06 ‘08 ‘10
Europe
Emission Euro1 Euro2 Euro3 Euro4 Euro5
regulations
All Model All Model

S2000 S500 S350 S50 S10

Fuel quality
(Implemented) S2000 S50 S10 Incentive

16
 Relations between Fuel Improvement
and Vehicle Technology

Fuel Improvement Combined Emission Regulation

Fuel Quality
Low Emission
Vehicle
Bio Fuels Reliability
Technology Fuel Economy

Energy Security Air quality

CO2 Reduction improvement
Sustainable Future
17
 Gasoline Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to maximize the catalyst performance;

•For air fuel ratio control

Distillation properties (and RVP)
Detergent (preventing deposits)

•For quicker warm up of catalyst

Lowering sulfur

•For keeping higher conversion efficiency

Lowering sulfur
Metal Free

18
 Effects of Sulfur on Exhaust Emissions
Emissions from Gasoline Vehicle
（Three Way Catalyst）
150
150
SULEV

Relative NOx
Relative THC

100 100 SULEV

LEV,ULEV LEV,ULEV
50 50

0 0

-50 -50
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Sulfur (ppmw) Sulfur (ppmw)

Sulfur gives a significant impact on exhaust emissions.

SULEV : Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
ULEV : Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
LEV : Low Emission Vehicle SAE 2000-01-2019
19
 Effects of T50 & T90 on Exhaust HC
Summary of Published Data Vehicle Test Mode
Auto/Oil Phase2”Current fleet” AQIRP Final Report Tier1 75FTP
EPEFE Aromatics/E100 Study SAE972851 Step2 STEP3
Toyota SAE972851 TLEV/LEV 75FTP
Ricardo SAE952522 Step2 STEP2
80 80

60 60

Relative HC
Relative HC

40 40

20 20

0 0

-20 -20
70 80 90 100 110 120 130 120 140 160 180
T50 (deg.C) T90 (deg.C)
Note:Base (“0”) is data from test gasoline that has about 98deg.C of T50 and about 148deg.C of T90

Increasing T50/T90 increases HC emissions dramatically.

20
 Diesel Fuel Quality for Low Emissions
Fuel quality to reduce emissions and protect systems

•For After Treatment Systems and EGR

Lowering sulfur

•For reducing engine-out emissions

Increasing Cetane
Lowering aromatics and T90

•For CR-DI systems

Metal Free
Keep Lubricity

21
 Effect of Sulfur on DPF
PM Emissions from Diesel Vehicle

0.100

0.080
Drysoot+H2O 100ppm
Sulfate
PM（g/kWh）

SOF
0.060 50ppm
0.040 Sulfur
10ppm
0.020

0.000
0 30000 0 30000 0 30000
走行距離, km
Distance traveled accumulation（km）
JARI Engine test cycle

Sulfur effect on sophisticated after treatment system is significant .

22
Market Problem caused by Low Lubricity

Mileage when malfunction was occurred

150000

100000

50000

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
HFRR(μm)；Lubricity of fuels in vehicle tank
Low lubricity fuels give fetal damage to FIE(*) immediately.
* FIE = Fuel Injection Equipment (Fuel Injector and Injection pump) 23
 WWFC (World Wide Fuel Charter)

WWFC -The objective

The objective of the global fuels harmonization
effort is to develop common, world-wide
recommendations for ‘quality fuels’, taking into
consideration customer requirements and
vehicle emission technologies.

The 4th edition WWFC is

available in following sites.
www.autoalliance.org
www.acea.be
www.enginemanufacturers.org
www.jama-english.jp
The 4th Edition of WWFC

24
 Emission regulations of Motorcycles
EURO-2 EURO-3 or equivalent

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

EU EURO-2 EURO-3

Japan 1 st 2nd

Thailand 4th 5th 6th

EURO-2
China EURO-3

Indonesia EURO-2

Vietnam EURO-2

EU Regulation (g/km)
CO HC NOx
Euro 2 <150cc 5.5 1.2 0.3
Euro 3 <150cc 2.0 0.8 0.15
25
Emission Control Technology of Motorcycle

Carburetor
Oxidation catalyst
Secondary air Euro 2

Fuel injection system

Electric control
Three-way catalyst
O2 sensor

Catalyst / quick warm-up Euro 3

4 stroke engine

26
 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

27
 International Approach for Fuel Quality
（１） ＵＮＥＰ / ＰＣＦＶ
（United Nations Environment Program / Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles）

The PCFV aims to assist developing countries to reduce

vehicular air pollution through the promotion of clean fuels
and vehicles.
The partnership operates towards the implementation of
two identified priority areas: the elimination of lead in
gasoline and the phase down of sulfur in diesel and gasoline
fuels, and the adoption of cleaner vehicle technologies.
The Partnership aims to encourage countries to adopt
overall clean fuel and vehicles strategies, including vehicle
and fuel standards, inspection and maintenance.
http://www.unep.org/pcfv/
28
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Levels : Global Status

http://www.unep.org/pcfv/
29
 International Approach for Fuel Quality
（２） UNECE / WP29
（UNECE : United Nations Economic Commission for Europe）
（WP29 : World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations）

WP29 aims to introduce the international harmonization of

vehicle regulations and the mutual recognition of the vehicle
certification between the importing and exporting country or
regions each other.

WP29 recognize that the market fuel quality must be

compatible with vehicle technology.

IPIECA and OICA are starting to discuss the fuel

parameters which should be included in possible WP29
guideline.
（IPIECA : International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association）
（OICA : International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers）
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 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

31
 JAMA Position about Bio Fuels

From the view point of energy security and CO2

reduction, bio-fuels become more important.

JAMA positively corresponds to the introduction of

the biofuels.

There are issues to be solved,

 Good fuel quality at the pump to prevent problems
and to protect bio fuel reputations.
 Competition with food
 Cost, etc.

32
 Bio Fuels

Sugarcane Bio Ethanol

Wheat
Ethanol
Corn
Wood Cellulose
Gasoline

Rapeseed Bio Diesel

Palm
Soybean FAME
Jatropha Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Coconut Diesel
Cooking Oil

33
 Composition of Carboxyl Acids in FAME
Number of
Double bonds
Carbon Rape Jatropha Soy
Fatty acid Coconut Palm
number -seed -bean
8 0 Caprylic acid ８
10 0 Capric acid ８
12 0 Lauric acid ４５
14 0 Myristic acid １８ １
16 0 Palmitic acid １０ ４５ ４ １５ １１
16 1 Palmitoleic acid １
18 0 Stearic acid ２ ６ ２ ７ ５
18 1 Oleic acid ８ ３８ ６２ ４６ ２５
18 2 Linoleic acid ２ ９ ２０ ３１ ５２
18 3 Linolenic acid ８ ７
〉20 １

The more, the less stable

34
 Oxidation Pathways for FAME
Oleic Acid Methyl Ester
O

Oxidize polymerize

O O
Aldehyde O O
O
O

O O
O
Polymer
Acid O
Source: SAE 2008-01-2502
35
 Example of troubles
caused by “Low Quality Biodiesel”

<Injector> <Fuel pump> <Fuel tank>

Deposit Deposit Metal Corrosion

It is necessary to use “high-quality biodiesel fuel”

to prevent these troubles.

36
 Effect of Anti-Oxidant on B100

Oxidation Stability of PME

Oxidation Stability, Hr by Rancimat

20

15

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Dosage of Anti-Oxidant Agent, ppm

Source: METI Conformity Test

37
 Recommendation of Anti-Oxidant
CEN Standards recommend the use of Anti-Oxidant

Final draft of Diesel blending FAME (prEN590)

□ Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
---
It is strongly recommended to add oxidation stability enhancing
additives in the FAME product, at the production stage and
before storage, providing an action similar to that obtained with
1000 mg/kg of butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT).

Final draft of FAME (prEN14214)

□ Stabilizing agents
In order to improve the long term stability of FAME, it is
recommended that stabilizing agents should be added to the
product immediately after its production, at least before its
eventual blending into a mixture with petroleum based diesel fuel.

38
 Hydro-treating of Vegetable Oil
CH3 CO-O-CH
O 2

Vegetable Oil
CH3
CO-O-CH
-

CH3 CO-O-CH
- 2

Hydro-treating FAME

Hydrogenated Double bond

HC CH3 CO-O-CH3
3 HC
3

＋ H2 O CH2OH
＋ CH OH
＋ CO2, CH4
CH2OH
＋ CH3-CH2-CH3 (glycerin)

Source : Nippon Oil / TOYOTA JSAE Nov.29, 2006

39
Requirement from Automobiles for Biodiesel
 FAME has poor oxidation stability, and might cause
troubles in the fuel system when fuel quality cannot
be secured.
 Adequate Specifications, Good house keeping and
Fuel quality monitoring system for biodiesel are
necessary.
 It will be more preferable to utilize “BTL （Biomass To
Liquid” or “Hydrogenated Biodiesel” as
compared to the use of FAME from the technical view
points.
Biomass to Liquid
Hydrogenated Biodiesel

FAME
40
 Contents

1. Fuel Efficiency & CO2 Reduction and

Vehicle Technology
2. Air Quality Improvement and Fuel Quality
3. International Approach for Fuel Quality
4. Bio Fuels
5. International Approach for Harmonization
of Biofuel Specification

41
 International Approach for
Harmonization of Biofuel Specification
（１） ISO / TC28 / TC7 Liquid Biofuels
International Organization for Standardization

Objectives
To harmonize the specifications and test methods of biofuels
in case of the increase of trade between markets world wide

Progress
First meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro on 27-28 Jan. 2009.
Discussions were Sustainability criteria for biofuels, and
Standardization of terminology, classification, specification,
analysis and testing for liquid biofuels.

42
 International Approach for
Harmonization of Biofuel Specification
（ERIA:Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia）
（２） ERIA Energy Project
Working Group for the Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel in East Asia
Objectives
 To get a common agreement for BDF standardization.
 To support the formulation of BDF standards in ASEAN
and East Asia.
Members
Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and Japan
Outcome
Proposal of BDF specification was decided by the meeting
held in Indonesia on November, 2008.
43
（３） WWFC （World Wide Fuel Charter）

 E100 & B100 guidelines for E10 & B5 will be published

soon for harmonize the fuel quality worldwide.

elines elines
0 Guid Guid
E 1 0 B 10 0

44
 For Sustainable Mobility

Environment
Energy Protection
Conservation
Clean Air
Alternative Fuel CO2 Reduction

Government

Auto Industries Oil Industries

45
Thank you for your attention !

46