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ISLAM AND

SLAVERY
The enslavement of human In the past, religions sought to
justify the practice of slavery. Whilst,
beings was practised by all the thankfully, most have rejected it now,
ancient civilisations of America, Islam stands out as the exception.

Asia, Europe and Africa. People Muhammad and slavery


became slaves – the property of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam,
kept slaves. One of his biographers,
others – through debt, by being Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, states that
sold into slavery by family he had four slave girls and adds a list
of 27 male slaves (some of whom he
members, by being captured in freed).1 Al-Jawziyya also adds that:
war, or through kidnapping by The Prophet bought and sold: he
slave raiders and pirates. bought more than he sold ... He also
sold Ya‘qub, the slave of Abu Madh-
Nowadays, when slavery is banned kur, and exchanged a Negro slave for
in almost every country, there are two slaves.2
still places where people are effec-
Al-Jawziyya also recounts a story
tively trapped in employment under
told by a black slave named Mihran,
harsh conditions. For example, they
nicknamed “the Ship”:
may be “bonded labourers” in
Pakistan, unable to change jobs Among them was Safinah ibn Far-
because of debts to their employer. rukh, whose name was Mihran.
Another scenario is that of expatriate The Prophet called him “Safinah”
domestic workers in Saudi Arabia, because he used to carry people’s
whose employers have seized their luggage while travelling. The
passports, and who are locked in the Prophet said to him, “You are Safi- 1
house to prevent them escaping. nah (a ship)”
Such individuals are slaves in all but
name. There are also still true slaves “The apostle of God and his com-
in some countries. panions went on a trip. When their
belongings became too heavy for
The European slave trade is well them to carry, Muhammad told me,
known, but that of Islam is not. ‘Spread your garment.’ They filled
Furthermore, Islam even played a it with their belongings, then they
part in the European slave trade, put it on me. The apostle of God
as Arab traders were involved with
African chiefs in the business of 1 Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyya, Provisions for the Hereafter
(Zad al-Ma‘ad fi Haydi Khairi-l ‘Ibad), translated by Jalal
providing Africans for the Europeans Abulrub, vol. 1. Orlando, Florida: Madinah Publishers
to enslave. and Distributors, 2003, pp197-200.
2 Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyya, Provisions for the Hereafter,
vol. 1, p279.
told me, ‘Carry (it), for you are a normal and acceptable in the This verse clearly shows that, should be paid to his family and a
ship.’ Even if I was carrying the society of that time but not in the according to the Qur’an, taking believing slave be freed. For those
load of six or seven donkeys while modern world carries little or no slaves in war was a God-given who find this beyond their means
we were on a journey, anyone who weight with conservative Muslims, right. These slaves were considered (is prescribed) a fast for two months
felt weak would throw his clothes who are interested only in copying spoils of war, and the women were running: by way of repentance to
or his sword on me so … I would Muhammad’s example. usually destined to be concubines Allah: for Allah hath all knowledge
carry that. The prophet told me, of the victorious warriors. and all wisdom.
‘You are a ship.’”3 The Qur’an and slavery Muhammad received his share of
Although the Qur’an does not
The existence of slavery is accepted enslaved women.
Many slaves were gained as booty after condemn slavery, it does encourage
uncritically in the Qur’an, and slaves are
victorious military campaigns. After The right of Muslims to have sexual kindness to slaves. Qur’an 24:33
often mentioned. Captive women
defeating a Jewish tribe called the Banu intercourse with female slaves is instructs Muslims to allow slaves of
could be taken as concubines, special
Qurayza in 627, Muhammad executed indicated in Qur’an 23:1-6, which good character to buy their freedom
permission being granted to
all the men (numbering 600 to 900), gives Muslims sexual rights over their if they so request, and it even tells
Muhammad in a Qur’anic verse to
and divided the women and children wives and over those “whom their the slave-owner to contribute
allow him to do this:
among his people as slaves. On this right hands possess”. towards the sum to be raised. This
occasion, he took Rihana, the wife of O prophet! We have made lawful to verse also prohibits compelling
Many texts indicate that slaves can be
the leader of the tribe, as a concubine. thee thy wives to whom thou hast unwilling slave girls into prostitution.
used as a sort of currency to pay penalties
This story indicates the close linkage in paid their dowers; and those whom imposed for the misdemeanours of their ... And if any of your slaves ask for
classical Islam between prisoners of thy right hand possesses out of the owners. Qur’an 4:92, for example, a deed in writing (to enable them
war, slaves and concubines. A prisoner prisoners of war whom Allah has explains that the manslaughter of a to earn their freedom for a certain
of war was automatically a slave, and if assigned to thee; and daughters of Muslim could be paid for by freeing sum), give them such a deed, if you
female she was potentially a concubine thy paternal uncles and aunts and a believing (i.e. Muslim) slave and know any good in them; yea, give
as well. daughters of thy maternal uncles paying compensation to the relatives. them something yourselves out of the
Muhammad not only kept slaves and and aunts who migrated (from Interestingly, a non-Muslim slave cannot means which God has given to you.
enslaved captives but also traded in Mecca) with thee; and any believing be freed for this reason. If a slave cannot But force not your maids to prostitu-
slaves, as did his companions and many woman who dedicates her soul to the be afforded then the penalty is a two tion when they desire chastity...
other people in the Arabian Peninsula Prophet if the Prophet wishes to wed months’ fast.
2 her this only for thee and not for the The freeing of slaves is included in 3
at that time. He also received slaves
Believers (at large); We know what Never should a believer kill a be- a list of virtuous acts (Q 90:12-13),
as gifts. One of his concubines, Mary
We have appointed for them as to liever; but (if it so happens) by mis- and elsewhere the Qur’an commends
the Copt (apparently a Christian), was
their wives and the captives whom take (compensation is due): if one spending money to ransom slaves:
given to him by the ruler of Egypt.
their right hands possess in order (so) kills a believer it is ordained
The example of Muhammad, who is that there should be no difficulty for that he should free a believing It is righteousness to believe in Allah
traditionally considered by Muslims Thee. And Allah is Oft-Forgiving slave and pay compensation to the and the Last Day and the Angels
the perfect model for their own Most Merciful. Q 33:504 deceased’s family unless they remit it and the Book and the Messengers; to
behaviour, has made any Islamic freely. If the deceased belonged to a spend of your substance out of love
opposition to slavery difficult. The 4 Quotations in this booklet are taken from A. Yusuf for Him for your kin for orphans
Ali, The Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation and Commentary.
people at war with you and he was
argument that what he did was Leicester: The Islamic Foundation, 1975. Please note a believer the freeing of a believing for the needy for the wayfarer for
that the verse numbering varies slightly between different slave (is enough). If he belonged to those who ask and for the ransom of
translations of the Qur’an, so it may be necessary to look
3 Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyyah, Provisions for the Hereafter, in the verses just before or just after the reference given a people with whom ye have a treaty slaves. Q 2.177
vol. 1, pp199-200. to find the same text in another translation. of mutual alliance compensation
Sharia and slavery rights: they had no right to be heard (jihad), extending within a few frontiers of the Islamic world.
Sharia (Islamic law) has much to say in court or to property; any goods centuries from the Atlantic Ocean to Muslim corsairs based in North Africa
about slaves, including the acquisition they did manage to accumulate the Indian subcontinent, and raided as far as the English coasts for
of slaves, slave-trading, freeing slaves, would be inherited by their masters spreading to south-east Asia, central slaves up to the 17th century. Sub-
the status of female slaves and how to not their children. They could marry Asia and Africa, large numbers of Saharan Africans were taken as
deal with runaway slaves and lost only with the permission of the people were enslaved. The supply of slaves by Arab and Berber tribes from
slaves. In wars against non-Muslims, owner; they could not give alms or slaves had to be constantly replenished the north.
prisoners of war were to be killed, make a pilgrimage; they were because there was a high death rate
Some slaves were used for domestic
exchanged for Muslim prisoners of considered mere pieces of property. amongst them. Furthermore,
duties or for agricultural and other
war, freed for ransom or enslaved. The marriage amongst slaves was not
As in all contexts where slavery was types of labour, or as soldiers. Slaves
women and children too were to be encouraged, and in any case many
practised, the actual treatment of could rise to positions of great
exchanged or enslaved. Many rules male slaves were castrated (an
slaves varied: some masters were eminence, even to the position of vizier
concerning the practice of owners operation that was often fatal). But
kind, and some were cruel. (like a Prime Minister) under the
marrying slaves and taking slaves as Muslims and non-Muslim minorities
Ottoman Empire. Slave-soldiers
concubines were outlined in order to living under the protection of the
Islamic expansion and slavery included the Turkic Mamelukes, who
determine paternity and ownership of Islamic state could not be enslaved.
As Islam expanded by conquest eventually became a powerful force
children born to a female slave. A slave So the need to procure more slaves
within Islam and set up their own state
concubine who bore children to her became a strong motive for
in Egypt governing a wide area. Female
master would be elevated to the status continuing to expand and conquer
slaves were often used as concubines.
of um walad (mother of his child) and non-Muslim territories.
Those with blonde hair and blue eyes
her children would be equal to the
A vast network of slave trading were considered particularly desirable.
legal offspring. She could not be sold
developed. Within Islamic territories Some male slaves were made eunuchs.
and was freed on her master’s death. If
there were slaves from central Asia,
a concubine was freed she could not High prices were paid for eunuchs,
from the Byzantine Empire, from
have legal status as a wife but would and the practice of castration
sub-Saharan Africa and from Europe.
live with her master as a mistress, and persisted from the 9th century
As far afield as Indonesia the
her children would be illegitimate. until the early 20th century. Islam
business of seizing and selling slaves
There were also rules about slaves prohibits physical mutilation, so
4 flourished, with the Muslim Acehnese 5
marrying each other. many eunuchs were castrated before
active in piracy and “people-hunting”
entering Islamic territory.
The four caliphs who came after on non-Muslim islands and countries,
Muhammad discouraged the even in the early 20th century. The slave trade became a great
enslavement of Muslims, and it was source of wealth and power to
Slavery and jihad were thus
eventually prohibited, but the Muslim states and remained an
interlinked in a symbiotic relationship.
enslavement of non-Muslims important part of the economy of
Jihad provided profitable booty in the
continued apace. If a non-Muslim parts of the Muslim world well into
form of slaves; indeed slave raids
slave converted to Islam he or she the 20th century.
were often camouflaged as jihad.5
remained a slave. As an act of charity
Slave raiding became a way of life
by the owner, however, a slave could Slavery in Africa
for many Muslim warlords on the
be emancipated, but only a believing Black slaves were imported into
A Muslim slave market in Yemen in
slave deserved freedom. In Muslim the thirteenth century
the Muslim world from Africa by a
5 Humphrey J. Fisher, Slavery in the History of Muslim
lands, slaves had few civil or legal Black Africa. London: Hurst and Company, 2001, pp46-54. number of routes northward across
the Sahara desert, and by sea in 1453 Sultan Mehmed wrote to Eunuch slaves were in high demand
into Arabia and the Persian various Muslim rulers boasting of the in the Ottoman Empire, principally
Gulf. Estimates of the number enslavement of its Christian population. as guardians of the harems. Prague
involved vary greatly, but it The Ottomans engaged in slave trading became an important centre for the
seems that there may easily from Gibraltar to Central Asia. castration of European slaves being
have been 10 million, perhaps imported to the Ottoman Empire.
The Balkan Christians of the Ottoman
even twice that number.
Empire suffered cruelly, particularly
Slavery in India
Two-thirds of black African under the brutal and bitterly resented
In the 7th and 8th centuries, and
slaves were female, destined child-levy, the devshirme. From the
later under the Ghaznavids (962-
to be domestic servants, or to 15th century to the early 17th
1187), huge numbers of Hindus
be placed in harems. These century the Ottomans would seize a
became slaves. The Arabs were the
harems were to be found certain proportion of Christian boys
first invaders of India to remove a
not merely in the palaces, from their villages every few years,
large number of its inhabitants as
but wherever a citizen could forcibly convert them to Islam and
enslaved captives.6 A raid by the
afford to sustain one. The train them for the elite fighting force
Sultan Subuktigin of Ghazni (942-
males were considered to known as the Janissaries or for the
997) is recorded:
be troublesome. An uprising state bureaucracy. The devshirme was
of slaves from West Africa, sternly enforced. If any Christian The Sultan returned, marching in
A Muslim slave caravan on a journey with black
the Zanj, who had been parents tried to prevent the taking the rear of this immense booty, and
African captives
imported into the Tigris- of their child they were immediately slaves were so plentiful that they
Euphrates delta to reclaim hanged from their own door frame. became very cheap; and men of
salt marshland through their It is estimated that between 500,000 respectability in their native land,
In 1796 a caravan was seen by a
back-breaking labour, lasted from and one million boys, from the ages were degraded by becoming slaves
British traveller leaving Darfur with
869 until 883. of 8 to 20, were taken in this way. of common shopkeepers. But this is
5,000 slaves. Black eunuchs became
Occasionally armed uprisings against the goodness of God, who bestows
For black slaves coming from West favoured for the royal harems. Even
the system took place, but they were honours on his own religion and
and West Central Africa, particularly after Britain outlawed the slave trade
quickly crushed. Some children ran away, degrades infidelity.7
6 when Africa became the most in 1807, a further 2 million Africans 7
only to return and give themselves up
important source of slaves for were enslaved by Muslim traders. Many more Hindus were enslaved
when their parents were tortured.
Mediterranean Islam, the mortality under the Delhi Sultanate (1206-
The Arabic word abd, which means Many resorted to bribery to escape
rate was very high because of the 1526), the Timurid jihad (1398), and
“slave” or “servant”, is used as an recruitment. In the early 17th century
harsh conditions they faced on their the Mughals (1526-1857).
insult to black people in Lebanon, the devshirme was abandoned, and
journey. The trade was so lucrative
Syria, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf. the Ottomans obtained their slaves Of the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-
that merchants were not deterred
from a new source: the Georgians and 1605) it is related that at the taking
by the numbers who died. Many
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire Circassians of the Caucasus, and Slav of the great Hindu fortress of Chitor
harrowing eyewitness accounts of
The enslavement of captives taken and Central Asian slaves captured and after a long siege:
the vast scale and the miserable
when the Ottoman armies raided traded by the Crimean Tatars. By the
conditions of the slave trade in
Christian countries was part of the early 19th century this supply was 6 Andre Wink, Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic
Africa survive. In the 1570s many World, vol. I, pp13-16, 25, 61.
state system of the Ottoman Empire. reduced and the Ottomans turned
thousands of black Africans were 7 Al-‘Utbi, Tarikh Yamini, in H.M. Elliot and John Dowson,
After he conquered Constantinople to Africa. eds., The History of India: As Told by Its Own Historians,
seen for sale in Cairo on market days. vol. 2. Delhi: Low Price Publications, 2001, p39.
At early dawn the Emperor fief-holders and officers to capture were enslaved on the Barbary coast. Slavery in modern times
[Akbar] went in mounted on an slaves whenever they were at war, Around the year 1600 there were Although Tunisia, Egypt, and the
elephant attended by his nobles and to pick out and send the best for estimated to be some 35,000 in Ottoman Empire abolished slavery in
and chiefs on foot. The order was the services of the court.10 captivity there at any one time. Many the 19th century under pressure from
given for a general massacre of records of the letters sent home, the West, in east Africa and other
This sultan had 180,000 slaves, of
the infidels as a punishment ... telling of the terrible sufferings the places it persisted into the 20th
whom 40,000 were guards in his
By mid-day, nearly 2000 had slaves were enduring, still exist. century, prompting the League of
palace, and he had a special minister
been slain ... those of the fortress Some converted to Islam in order Nations and later the United Nations
and bureaucracy dedicated to
who escaped the sword, men and to get easier duties or, in the case to condemn the practice. The nations
dealing with his slaves. Other slaves
women, were made prisoners, and of women in the harems, to stay of the Arabian Peninsula were among
captured in campaigns were either
their property came into the hands with their children, who were being the last to outlaw slavery: Qatar in
sold in local markets or sent to
of the Musulmans. The place being brought up as Muslims. 1952, Saudi Arabia and the Yemen
markets in central Asia. Amid such
cleared of the infidels, His Majesty Arab Republic in 1962, the United
abundance the price of female The slaves’ only hope lay in being
remained there three days.8 Arab Emirates in 1963, South Yemen
slaves was very low. redeemed by payment of a ransom.
in 1967 and Oman in 1970.
The later Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Churches collected offerings for
It has been claimed that the slave-
(1658-1707) treated non-Muslims this purpose. Many of those who Saudi Arabia
taking added significantly to the growth
with great severity while setting out went to North Africa with funds to After abolition in 1962, about
of the Muslim population in India.
to conquer the remaining Hindu negotiate the release of the slaves 10,000 slaves were freed out of an
parts of India, especially those in the were church leaders. In Spain and estimated 15,000–30,000. A UN
Enslaving western Europeans
south. During a campaign against the Italy ransoming slaves was report in 1965 revealed that the
Muslim pirates from the Barbary
Rajputs, his generals: considered an act of great merit. Saudi royal family still kept
(North African) coast, authorised by
“Their [only] fault, their crime, is hundreds of slaves. Many in Saudi
employed themselves in laying their governments, were active in
recognising Jesus Christ as the Arabia still advocate slavery. Sheik
waste the country, destroying seizing and enslaving white Christians
most divine Saviour … and of Saleh Al-Fawzan, a leading scholar
temples and buildings, cutting down from Western Europe from the 16th
professing Him as the True Faith.”11 and author of a religious textbook
fruit trees, and making prisoners to the 18th century. They attacked not
for schools, said in a tape recorded
of the women and children of the only ships but also coastal villages. English slaves were largely neglected
by the Saudi Information Agency in
8 infidels who had take refuge in holes Although Spain and Italy bore the by their home country, especially in 9
2003 that slavery is a part of Islam
and ruined places.9 brunt of these attacks, the Barbary comparison with those from southern
and that those Muslims who oppose
pirates – often called corsairs – would European countries. They knew this
The nobility owned huge numbers it are ignorant.12
also go to Portugal, France, England, and were demoralised.
of slaves and maintained large slave
Ireland and even Iceland. The slaves In Saudi Arabia, the plight of
armies. Of the Sultan Firoz Shah An “Algerian Duty” was set aside
were kept in wretched conditions and migrant workers often amounts to
Tughlaq (1351-1388) it is said that: from the customs income in England
many were worked to death, especially slavery. Over 40 years after slavery
to redeem slaves, but much of it was
The Sultan was very diligent in those unfortunate enough to be chosen was officially banned, domestic
diverted to other uses. Many English
providing slaves, and he carried his to row the corsair galleys. workers are often exploited, forcibly
slaves died in captivity.
care so far as to command his great confined, beaten, underfed and
Between 1530 and 1780 at least a
sometimes raped. The lives of these
million white Christian Europeans
8 Maulana Ahmad, “Tarikh-i Alfi”, in Elliot and Dowson, 11 Quoted in R. Davies, “British Slaves on the Barbary
The History of India, vol. 5, p174. Coast”, 7 January 2003, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ 12 “Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic: A Dialogue with
9 Khafi Khan, “Muntakhabu-l Lubab”, in Elliot and 10 Shams-i Siraj ‘Afif, Tarikh-i Fioz Shahi, in Elliot and british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_04.shtml Idris Palmer”, Part 1, http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/
Dowson, The History of India, vol. 7, p300. Dowson, The History of India, vol. 2, p341. (accessed 20 October 2008). thequtbisuroori.pdf (accessed 18 January 2010).
workers are complicated further by the 1981 ordinance abolishing
deeply-ingrained gender, religious and slavery granted compensation to
racial discrimination in Saudi society. slave holders for the loss of their
Government policies, the practice of slaves, but the money was not
private employers and unfair legal forthcoming, which may be one of
proceedings all combine to oppress the reasons why most slave owners
large numbers of poor and desperate continued to hold their slaves.
foreigners trying to earn a living in
Although some try to defend the
Saudi Arabia.
institution by noting that many families
Mauritania of slaves have worked for the same
In ancient times slavery was common family for generations and claiming that
in Mauritania. In the 8th century they are merely servants working for
Mauritania came under Islamic their keep, the testimonies of the small
authority. From this point onward, number who have managed to escape
only black Africans have been tell of brutalities and hardship that
enslaved in Mauritania. seem more like slavery.
The old practice of forming slave There do not seem to be any firm figures
armies was revived after the end of on the number of slaves in Mauritania
colonialism (1960). Black currently, but it is clear that slavery
Mauritanians (Harratin) were forced continues there.
into military units and sent into
Sudan
African villages to subdue and kill
With the imposition of Islamic law in
the inhabitants. The soldiers were
1983 by the Northern-based Arab Pakistani Christian slaves in 2006
then settled on the lands of the
Islamic government, the age-old
villagers and authorised to defend
practice of slavery in Sudan gathered
themselves and undertake punitive
momentum. During the civil war that
campaigns against the population. and middlemen, with many of the Evidence came to light in 2006 of the
10 raged from 1983 until 2005, captured 11
slaves being brutally treated and kidnapping and enslavement of
In Mauritania there have been Southerners were frequently enslaved.
some forcibly converted to Islam. young boys from Christian villages
several legal/constitutional rulings Many men were shot; the children
in the Punjab, an operation
to outlaw slavery (in 1905, two in were made slaves (herding cattle or Such slavery was abolished in the 2005
coordinated by a leading member of
1961, and in 1981), but they have performing other unpaid tasks), while peace treaty that ended the civil war.
a militant Islamic group, the Jamaat-
not been effective. In 1994 there the women became the sexual slaves
Pakistan ud-Daawa. The children, aged
were still an estimated 90,000 of their owners. (This is reminiscent
In Pakistan, many lives are blighted as between 6 and 12, were held in
black Mauritanians in the of what Muhammad did to the Banu
enormous numbers of people eke out appalling conditions, beaten, barely
possession of their Arab/Berber Qurayza in 627. See page 2.)
an existence as “bonded labourers” fed, and forbidden to talk, play or
masters. It was also reported that
Since 1986 more than 200,000 unable to leave their desperately hard pray, before being sold for
some 300,000 freed slaves were
people of the Dinka tribe are and low-paid jobs. A high proportion approximately $1,700 each into the
still serving their former masters
estimated to have been enslaved in a of these are Christian workers with sex trade or into domestic servitude.
because of psychological or
complex network of buyers, sellers Muslim employers.
economic dependence. Article 2 of
Conclusion
Many Muslims agree that there is no
place for slavery in the modern world,
but there has as yet been no sustained
critique of the practice. The difficulties
and dangers of confronting the example
of Muhammad and the teaching of
the Qur’an and sharia (which most
Muslims believe cannot be changed)
have dampened any internal debate
within Islam. Although slavery still
exists in many Islamic countries, few
Muslim leaders show remorse for the
past, discuss reparations or show that
repugnance for the scourge of slavery
that eventually led to its abolition
in the West. It is time for Muslims
emphatically and publicly to condemn
the practice of slavery in any form
and to ensure that their legal codes
An enslaved Pakistani Christian boy supporting it are changed.

Further reading

12 Humphrey J. Fisher, Slavery in the History of Muslim Black Africa (London: Hurst & Company, 2001).

Ronald Segal, Islam’s Black Slaves (London: Atlantic Books, 2002).

Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (New York & Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1990).

Robert Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and
Italy, 1500-1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

Jok Madut, War and Slavery in Sudan (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001).

John Eibner, “My Career Redeeming Slaves”, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4 (December 1999).
This series of booklets is intended to Current titles in this
provide background information for series include:
Christians seeking to understand the nature What is Islam?
of Islam and its contemporary expression.
What is Sharia?
One aspect of this relates to understanding
the reason for the oppression and Islam and Slavery
persecution of Christians in various Islamic Islam and Truth
parts of the world, and another to the
growing challenge which Islam poses to
Western society, culture and Church.
Dr. Patrick Sookhdeo, International Director

UK – International Headquarters New Zealand


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