Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ab
bout ICSSG
The
T International Copper Study G Group (ICSG) was formally established The current memberrs of ICSG are:
as an autonomo ous inter‐governmental organizaation on 23 Jan nuary
Belgium Luxembourg
1992, following a series of Ad Ho
oc meetings sponnsored by the Un nited
Chile Mexico
Nations
N (UNCTAD D) in 1986 and 1987 to review th he world situatioon of
China Netherlands
copper and discuss the need for ssuch a body. ICSSG serves to incrrease
copper market transparency and d promote interrnational discusssions European
Peru
and cooperation on
o issues related
d to copper. Union
Finland Poland
In
n order to fulfiill its mandate, the Study Gro
oup has three main
France Portugal
objectives:
o
Germanyy Russian Federration
• Increase maarket transparen ncy by promoting an exchange of Greece Serbia
information ono production, co onsumption, stocks, trade, and prices
p India Spain
of copper, byb forecasting prroduction and consumption,
c and by Italy Sweden
assessing thee present and future capacitie es of copper mines,
m
Japan United States
plants, smelters and refineriees.
• Promote inteernational coopeeration on matte ers related to coppper,
such as health and the environment, research, techno ology As part
p of its mandaate to provide a global forum w where industry an nd
transfer, regu
ulations and trad
de. goveernments can meet and discuss common
c problem ms and objectivees,
• Provide a glo
obal forum wheree industry and goovernments can meet
m ICSG
G meetings are held
h twice per yeear, typically in tthe Spring and Faall
and discuss common probleems/objectives. The T ICSG is the only at IC
CSG Headquarteers in Lisbon, Portugal. The meettings of the Stud dy
inter‐governmment forum solely dedicated to copper.
c Group are open to government
g mem mbers, their industry advisors an nd
invitted observers.
In
nternational Cop
pper Study Group
p i
The World Copper Factbook 2010
International Copper Study Group ICSG would like to thank the International Copper Association, the Copper
Rua Almirante Barroso, 38‐6º Development Association, the European Copper Institute, the U.S.
1000‐013 Lisbon, Portugal Geological Survey, the U.S. National Park Service, the British Museum and
Tel: +351‐21‐351‐3870 Mr. Luis Hernán Herreros Infante for their contributions to the Factbook.
Fax: +351‐21‐352‐4035 The International Copper Study Group's World Copper Factbook © 2010 is
e‐mail: mail@icsg.org published by the ICSG.
website: www.icsg.org
ICSG Publications
• DIRECTORY OF COPPER MINES AND PLANTS (September 2010
• COPPER BULLETIN (monthly). The ICSG Copper Bulletin includes
edition). The Directory of Copper Mines and Plants highlights current
annual and monthly statistics on copper and copper products, their
capacity and provides a five year outlook of forecasted capacity for
production, usage and trade by country, as well as stocks and
over 1,000 existing and planned copper mines, plants and refineries on
exchange prices, providing a global view of supply and demand.
a country by country basis, including separate tables for SX‐EW plants.
Subscribers to the Copper Bulletin receive the Yearbook as part of
Salient details for each operation are included and the Directory
their annual subscription.
separates operations between Operating & Developing and
Exploration & Feasibility stages. The Directory is published twice per
• ICSG 2010 STATISTICAL YEARBOOK (July 2010). The ICSG Copper year.
Bulletin yearbook includes annual statistics on copper and copper
products, their production, usage and trade by country, as well as
• DIRECTORY OF COPPER & COPPER ALLOY FABRICATORS (FIRST USE)
stocks and exchange prices, providing a global view of supply and
2010 EDITION. This directory provides a systematic global overview of
demand for the past 10 years. The Yearbook serves as a useful tool
companies and plants involved in the first use of copper. First users are
for consultations and analysis on the longer term evolution of world
mainly semis fabricators that process refinery shapes into semi‐finished
copper production, usage, stocks and prices. Subscribers to the
copper and copper alloy products. The Directory covers wire rod plants,
Copper Bulletin receive the Yearbook as part of their annual
ingot makers (for castings), master alloy plants, brass mills, and
subscription.
electrodeposited copper foil mills. Published September 2010.
Table of Contents Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Capacity by Region & Product
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis Production by Country: Top 20
25
Electrical Conductivity (% IACS) 1.673 x 10-8 ohm-m But copper’s benefits extend beyond mechanical characteristics:
Crystal Structure Face-Centered Cubic • Copper is essential to the health of plants, animal and humans.
Copper makes vital contributions to sustaining and improving society. Deficiencies, as well as excesses, can be detrimental to health.
Copper's chemical, physical and aesthetic properties make it a material • Antimicrobial Properties. Due to copper’s antimicrobial
of choice in a wide range of domestic, industrial and high technology properties, copper and copper alloy products can be used to
applications. eliminate pathogens and reduce the spread of diseases.
• Recycling. Copper is one of the most recycled of all metals.
Alloyed with other metals, such as zinc (to form brass), aluminum or Virtually all products made from copper can be recycled and
tin (to form bronzes), or nickel, for example, it can acquire new recycled copper loses none of its chemical or physical properties.
characteristics for use in highly specialized applications. In fact, • Energy Efficiency. Copper can improve the efficiency of energy
society's infrastructure is based, in part, on copper. production and distribution systems.
Copper
C in History
Archaaeological evidennce demonstrates that copper was one of the firrst metals used by humans andd was used at least 10,000
years ago for items succh as coins and ornaments in western
w Asia. Du
uring the prehistoric Chalcolith
hic Period (derrived from
chalkoss, the Greek worrd for copper), man
m discovered how
h to extract and use copper to
o produce ornam
ments and impleements. As
early ass the 4th to 3rd m
millennium BC, workers extractted copper from Spain's Huelva region.
The disscovery that coppper, when alloyeed with tin, prodduces bronze, le
ed to the Bronze e Age, c. 2,500 BC. Israel's Tim
mna Valley
provideed copper to thee Pharaohs (an Egyptian papyrrus records the use of copper to o treat infection
ns and to steriliize water).
Cyprus supplied much h of the Phoeniccian, Greek and Roman needs for f copper. "Cop pper" is derivedd from the latin Cyprium,
literally
y Cyprian metall. The Greeks off Aristotle's era were
w familiar wiith brass as a va
alued copper allloy. In South Am
merica, the
pre-Columbian Maya, A Aztec and Inca civilizations exp ploited copper, in
i addition to go old and silver. During
D the Mid
ddle Ages,
copper and
a bronze work ks flourished in China, India an nd Japan.
Images courtesy of
o the British Museu
um, the Copper Development Association and ICSG.
In
nternational Cop
pper Study Group
p 5
The World Copper Factbook 2010
Copper Today
The global demand for copper continues to grow: world refined usage has surged by around 300% in the last 50 years thanks to expanding sectors
such as electrical and electronic products, building construction, industrial machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, and consumer and
general products. Some of the highlights of 2009 copper production and usage are listed below. In the chapters that follow, more in‐depth
information is presented on copper production, trade, usage and recycling. For the most up‐to‐date information on the global copper market,
please visit our website at www.icsg.org.
Copper Production Highlights Copper Usage Highlights
Preliminary figures indicate that global Refined copper usage (usage by semis plants or the
copper mine production in 2009 reached first users of copper) in 2009 reached nearly 18.2
over 15.7 million tonnes. The largest million tonnes. China was also the largest consumer
producer of mined copper was Chile of refined copper in 2009 with apparent usage of
(nearly 5.4 million tonnes). over 7 million tonnes.
Refinery Production in 2009 increased to New copper applications being developed include
antimicrobial copper touch surfaces, lead‐free brass
nearly 18.4 million tonnes, including 2.9
plumbing, high tech copper wire, heat exchangers,
million tonnes of secondary refined
and new consumer products as well.
production.
Images courtesy of CDA and Luis Hernán Herreros from www.visnu.cl, © Copyright Anglo American (Faena Los Bronces y Mantos Blancos – Chile).
How is Copper Produced? Alternatively, in the hydrometallurgical route, copper is extracted from
mainly low grade oxide ores and also some sulphide ores, through
Geologists look for signs and/or anomalies that would indicate the leaching (solvent extraction) and electrowinning (SX‐EW process). The
presence of a mineral deposit. Under the right geological, economic, output is the same as through the electro‐refining route ‐ refined copper
environmental and legal conditions, mining can proceed. cathodes. ICSG estimates that in 2009, refined copper production from
SX‐EW represented 18% of total copper refined production.
Primary copper production starts with the extraction of copper‐bearing
ores. There are three basic ways of copper mining: surface, underground Refined copper production derived from mine production (either from
mining and leaching. Open‐pit mining is the predominant mining method metallurgical treatment of concentrates or SX‐EW) is referred to as
in the world. “primary copper production”, as obtainable from a primary raw material
source. However, there is another important source of raw material which
After the ore has been mined, it is crushed and ground followed by a
is scrap. Copper scrap derives from either metals discarded in semis
concentration by flotation. The obtained copper concentrates typically
fabrication or finished product manufacturing processes (“new scrap”) or
contain around 30% of copper, but grades can range from 20 to 40 per
obsolete end‐of‐life products (“old scrap”). Refined copper production
cent. In the following smelting process, sometimes preceded by a roasting
attributable to recycled scrap feed is classified as “secondary copper
step, copper is transformed into a “matte” containing 50‐70% copper. The
production”. Secondary producers use processes similar to those
molten matte is processed in a converter resulting in a so‐called blister
employed for primary production. ICSG estimates that in 2009, at the
copper of 98.5‐99.5% copper content. In the next step, the blister copper
refinery level, secondary copper refined production reached around 16%
is fire refined in the traditional process route, or, increasingly, re‐melted
of total copper refined production.
and cast into anodes for electro‐refining.
Concentrates SX-EW
Since 1900, when world production was less than 500 thousand tonnes , world copper mine production has grown by around 4% per year to reach
nearly 16 million tonnes in 2009. SX‐EW production, virtually non‐existent before the 1960’s, reached nearly 3.3 million tonnes in 2009.
8000
Thousand Metric Tonnes Copper
7000
6000
5000
1960
4000 1980
2009p
3000
2000
1000
0
Africa Asia Europe Latin North Oceania
America America
From less than 750 thousand tonnes in 1960, copper mine production
in Latin America surged to just over 7 million tonnes last year.
Chile
Peru
United States
China
Indonesia
Australia
Russian Fed.
Zambia
Canada
Poland
Kazakhstan
Congo
Iran
Mexico
Brazil
Papua New Guinea
Argentina
Mongolia
Laos
South Africa
3 Grasberg Indonesia P.T. Freeport Indonesia Co. (PT-FI), Rio Tinto Concentrates 780
4 Collahuasi Chile Anglo American (44%), Xstrata plc (44%), Mitsui + Nippon (12%) Concs & SX-EW 520
7 Los Pelambres Chile Antofagasta Plc (60%), Nippon Mining (25%), Mitsubishi Materials (15%) concentrates 400
9 Morenci United States Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc./Sumitomo Concs & SX-EW 390
10 Bingham Canyon United States Kennecott (Rio Tinto) Concentrates 280
PT Pukuafu 20%, Newmont 41.5%, Sumitomo Corp., Sumitomo Metal Mining &
10 Batu Hijau Indonesia Concentrates 280
Mitsubishi Materials 31.5%, PT Multi Daerah Bersaing 7%
10 Andina Chile Codelco Chile concentrates 280
13 Kansanshi Zambia First Quantum Minerals Ltd (80%), ZCCM (20%) Concs & SX-EW 270
14 Los Bronces Chile Anglo American (100%) Concs & SX-EW 241
15 Zhezkazgan Complex Kazakhstan Kazakhmys (Samsung) concentrates 230
16 Olympic Dam Australia BHP Billiton Concs & SX-EW 225
17 Rudna Poland KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. concentrates 220
18 Sarcheshmeh Iran National Iranian Copper Industry Co. Concs & SX-EW 204
19 Spence Chile BHP Billiton SX-EW 200
20 La Caridad Mexico Mexicana de Cobre S. A. (Grupo Mexico) Concs & SX-EW 195
• Project finance: cost of capital is a central factor. High interest • High domestic costs if there is “dutch disease” (resulting in
rates may reduce supply significantly higher exchange rates due in part to strong exports)
• Capital cost overruns: in the past. underestimations of US • Rate between imported inputs and domestic input costs
dollar inflation was source of many cost overruns affected by the currency strength of the producer
• Tax & investment regimes: recent research indicates these are • Market power/concentration: risks have moved to the import
less important than geological endowments demand side versus export supply side in recent years
• Water supply: a critical issue in dry mining districts • Peace and security is also a key factor
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009
18,000
16,000
14,000
Thousand tonnes copper
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
91
92
93
94
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Asia’s share of world copper smelter output jumped from 27% in 1990 to
52% in 2009 as smelter production in China expanded rapidly.
China
Japan
Chile
Russian Fed.
India
United States
Germany
Korean Rep.
Poland
Australia
Kazakhstan
Canada
Peru
Zambia
Indonesia
Bulgaria
Spain
Iran
Philippines
Brazil
In 2009, China accounted for around 24% of world copper smelter output,
followed by Japan (11%), Chile (10%) and the Russian Federation (5%).
17,500
15,000
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
18,000
16,000
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
This chart shows world copper refinery capacity by refining process. The ratio between production and capacity is called the
capacity utilization rate. At around 78% in 2009, the world refinery capacity utilization rate was lower than in recent years.
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Africa America Asia Europe Oceania
Region with the highest output of refined copper in 1990: the Americas (4,250 kt), followed by Europe (3,004 kt)
Leading region in the world in 2009: Asia (8,050 kt)
China
Chile
Japan
United States
Russian Fed.
India
Germany
Korean Rep.
Poland
Australia
Peru
Zambia
Belgium
Kazakhstan
Canada
Spain
Indonesia
Mexico
Brazil
Iran
Semis Production
Copper and Copper Alloy and Casting Production, 1980‐2008
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
27,000
24,000
21,000
18,000
15,000
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Copper Semis Copper Alloy Semis Other Semis Foundry Castings
Semis fabricators process refinery shapes such as cathodes, wire bar, ingot, billet slab and cake into semi‐finished copper and copper alloy
products using both unwrought copper materials and direct melt scrap as raw material feed. Semis fabricators are considered to be the “first
users” of refined copper and include ingot makers, master alloy plants, wire rod plants, brass mills, alloy wire mills, foundries and foil mills.
Copper and Copper Alloy Semis and Casting Production by Region, 1980 & 2008
Thousand metric tonnes
Source: ICSG
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
1980
2008
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America
Asia accounted for 58% of semis production in 2008, or more than 13.4 million metric tonnes, up from 22% in 1980.
Semis Production Capacity by Region, 2010 (%) Semis Production Capacity by Product, 2010 (%)
Source: ICSG Source: ICSG
Middle Powder 0.4%
Africa Foil 1.1%
East Castings 0.4%
Russian Fed. 1%
5%
& Central Asia
Ingot
5%+
Cu Alloy
s 3%
Wire
Mainland China 6%
30%
South Asia
& Oceania
Cu & Cu Alloy Tubes
9% 13%
EU27, Norway
Americas & Switzerland
14% 22% Plate, Sheet &
Strips (PSS)
15%
In 2010, China accounted for the largest share of Wire rod plants are estimated to have accounted
world semis capacity production (30%) and the for just under half of all first use capacity in 2010,
largest number of semis plants (498). or nearly 19.6 Mt.
Chapter
C 3: Copp
per Trade
e World Copp
per Exports by Pro
Thousand metric
m
oduct Category, 20
009p
tonnes copper (unless otherwise note
ed)
Copper
C products across
a the value cchain are traded internationally.
i O
Often, Source: ICSSG
co
ountries where upstream cop pper production n capacity excceeds
Concentrates
downstream production capacity w will import the raw
w materials needeed to
meet
m their producction needs, and vvice versa. Major product categoriies of
Blister & Anode
co
opper traded inteernationally includ
de:
C
Copper Scrap /1
In
nternational Cop
pper Study Group
p 2
27
The World Copper Factbook 2010
1. Chile 1. China
2. Peru 2. Japan
3. Indonesia 3. India
4. Australia 4. Korean Rep.
5. Canada 5. Germany
6. Brazil 6. Spain
7. Kazakhstan 7. Philippines
8. USA 8. Bulgaria
9. Argentina 9. Brazil
10. Mongolia 10. Sweden
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes.
1. Chile 1. Belgium
2. Bulgaria 2. China
3. Canada 3. United States
4. Netherlands 4. Canada
5. Spain 5. Mexico
6. Turkey 6. Netherlands
7. Slovakia 7. Korean Rep.
8. Finland 8. Australia
9. USA 9. Austria
10. Philippines 10. Turkey
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes.
1. Chile 1. China
2. Zambia 2. USA
3. Japan 3. Germany
4. Russia 4. Italy
5. Peru 5. Taiwan
6. Australia 6. Korean Rep.
7. Kazakhstan 7. Turkey
8. Poland 8. France
9. Belgium 9. Netherlands
10. Netherlands 10. Thailand
1
Figure is intended to illustrate trade flows but not actual trade routes.
1,200
Exporters
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Ge Ch Ko T F I Ho U R B J S S C P O
rm i rea aiwa ranc taly ng nite ussi elgiu apan pain wed anad olan ther
an na n R n e Ko dS an m en a d s
y ng tat
ep
. es Fed.
1,600
Importers
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Ch U I Ho G F U M C A S S T K S O
ina nited taly ng erm ranc nited exic zech ustr pain witz haila orea inga ther
Sta Ko any e Ki n o Re i a erl nd n R por s
te s ng gd p. a nd e p. e
om
Exchanges also provide for the trading of futures and options contracts.
The Global Copper Market and the These allow producers and consumers to fix a price in the future, thus
Commodity “Copper” providing a hedge against price variations. In this process the participation
of speculators, who are ready to buy the risk of price variation in
Copper, as any other good or merchandise, is traded between producers exchange for monetary reward, gives liquidity to the market. A futures or
and consumers. Producers sell their present or future production to options contract defines the quality of the product, the size of the lot,
clients, who transform the metal into shapes or alloys, so that delivery dates, delivery warehouses and other aspects related to the
downstream fabricators can transform these into different end‐use trading process. Contracts are unique for each exchange. The existence of
products. One of the most important factors in trading a commodity such futures contracts also allows producers and their clients to agree on
as copper is the settlement price for the present day (spot price) or for different price settling schemes to accommodate different interests.
future days.
Exchanges also provide for warehousing facilities that enable market
Exchanges participants to make or take physical delivery of copper in accordance
with each exchange's criteria.
The role of a commodity exchange is to facilitate and make transparent
the process of settling prices. Three commodity exchanges provide the Average Annual Copper Prices (LME, Grade A, Cash), 1960‐2009
US$ per tonne
facilities to trade copper: The London Metal Exchange (LME), the Source: ICSG
8,000
Commodity Exchange Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange
7,000
(COMEX/NYMEX) and the Shanghai Metal Exchange (SHME). In these
6,000
exchanges, prices are settled by bid and offer, reflecting the market's
5,000
perception of supply and demand of a commodity on a particular day. On
4,000
the LME, copper is traded in 25 tonne lots and quoted in US dollars per
3,000
tonne; on COMEX, copper is traded in lots of 25,000 pounds and quoted
2,000
in US cents per pound; and on the SHME, copper is traded in lots of 5 1,000
tonnes and quoted in Renminbi per tonne. More recently, mini contracts 0
of smaller lots sizes have been introduced at the exchanges.
0
8
6
0
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Current $ Constant 2005 $
2,100 280
2,025 270
Copper and copper alloy semis can be further transformed by downstream industries for use in end use products such as automobiles,
appliances, electronics, and a whole range of other copper‐dependent products in order to meet society’s needs. This section provides a
range of information about refined copper usage, total use, major uses of copper and end‐use.
For the most up‐to‐date information on refined copper usage, please visit the ICSG website at www.icsg.org
20,000
17,500
15,000
12,500
10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
0
00
04
08
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
Since 1900, demand for refined copper increased from less than 500 thousand tonnes to over 18
million metric tonnes in 2009 as demand over the period grew by an average of 4% per year.
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1960 1980 2009p
Growth in refined copper usage has been especially strong in Asia, where demand has
expanded more than five fold in less than 30 years.
8,000,000,000 3.0
7,000,000,000
2.5
6,000,000,000
2.0
5,000,000,000
kg per person
population
4,000,000,000 1.5
3,000,000,000
1.0
2,000,000,000
0.5
1,000,000,000
0 0.0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
*Refined copper is consumed by semis fabricators or the “first users” of refined copper, including ingot makers,
master alloy plants, wire rod plants, brass mills, alloy wire mills, foundries and foil mills. As a result, per capita
consumption of refined copper refers to the amount of copper consumed by industry divided by the total population
and does not represent consumption of copper in finished products per person.
25
Intensity of Refined Copper Use*
Sources: ICSG and International Monetary Fund
Belgium
Refined Copper Usage per Capita (kg/person) Taiwan (China)
20
Korean Rep.
15
Germany
10
Italy
Saudi Arabia Spain
Japan
Chile EU-27 Australia
China Poland
5 France USA
Turkey
Canada
Egypt Mexico Russian Fed.
Peru
Brazil Portugal
India
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000
TOTAL SCRAP
TOTAL SCRAP
TOTAL SCRAP
TOTAL SCRAP
TOTAL SCRAP
20,000
TOTAL SCRAP
TOTAL SCRAP
15,000
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
PRIMARY REFINED
10,000
5,000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Major Uses of Copper: Electrical sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, fuel cells and other
technologies are all heavily reliant on copper due to its excellent
Copper is the best non‐ conductivity.
precious metal conductor of
ICSG, in partnership with the Common Fund for Commodities,
electricity as it encounters
the International Copper Association and the International
much less resistance
Copper Promotion Council (India), is supervising the Transfer of
compared with other
Technology for High Pressure Copper Die Casting in India project.
commonly used metals. It sets
The project is designed to facilitate the transfer of technology
the standard to which other
related to the manufacture of rotors, motors and motor systems
conductors are compared.
using more energy efficient high pressure copper die castings.
Copper is also used in power cables, either insulated or
uninsulated, for high, medium and low voltage applications.
Copper is an essential
component of energy
efficient generators,
motors, transformers
and renewable energy
production systems.
Renewable energy
Images courtesy of the Copper Development Association.
Images courtesy of the Copper Development Association and European Copper Institute.
Images courtesy of the Copper Development Association and the International Copper Association.
Images courtesy of the Copper Development Association and the European Copper Institute.
Images courtesy of the International Copper Association and the Copper Development Association.
1
Source: U.S. Department of the Treasury.
2009
tonnes
000
China 7,873
Japan 1,222
South Korea 766
India 920
ASEAN 863
Taiwan 435
North America 2,468
Latin America 1,194
Western Europe 3,133
Eastern Europe (excluding 751
Russia 464
Africa 534
Rest of World 1,477
World 22,099
Copper Recycling Rate Definitions • The Overall Recycling Efficiency Rate (Overall
RER) indicates the efficiency with which end of life
The recycling performance of copper-bearing products (EOL) scrap, new scrap, and other metal-bearing
can be measured and demonstrated in various ways – residues are collected and recycled by a network of
depending, among other things, on objectives, scope, collectors, processors, and metal recyclers. The key
data availability and target audience. The three target audiences of this particular indicator are metal
International Non-Ferrous Metal Study Groups in industry, scrap processors and scrap generators.
conjunction with various metal industry associations
agreed on the common definitions of the three following
metal recycling rates: • The EOL Recycling Efficiency Rate (EOL RER)
indicates the efficiency with which EOL scrap from
• The Recycling Input Rate (RIR) measures the obsolete products is recycled. This measure focuses
proportion of metal and metal products that are on end-of-life management performance of products
produced from scrap and other metal-bearing low- and provides important information to target audiences
grade residues. The RIR is mainly a statistical such as metal and recycling industries, product
measurement for raw material availability and supply designers, life cycle analysts, and environmental
rather than an indicator of recycling efficiency of policy makers.
processes or products. The RIR has been in use in the
metals industry for a long time and is widely available
from statistical sources. Major target audiences for this
type of “metallurgical” indicator are the metal industry,
metal traders and resource policy makers. However,
given structural and process variables, it may have
limited use as a policy tool.
Total scrap use year-on-year -3.0% 8.1% 1.8% 11.8% 0.2% -2.6%
Secondary refined production 1,898 1,786 2,069 2,161 2,613 2,743 2,823
Cu content of Direct Melt 5,159 5,061 5,331 5,375 5,812 5,702 5,407
Refined Usage 15,238 15,719 16,845 16,677 17,058 18,239 18,062
Total copper usage 20,396 20,781 22,176 22,053 22,869 23,941 23,468
Recycling Input Rate (RIR) 34.6% 33.0% 33.4% 34.2% 36.8% 35.3% 35.1%
Recycling Input Rate 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Asia 30.9% 30.0% 31.7% 33.1% 37.7% 34.2% 34.0%
Europe 44.4% 41.6% 41.2% 41.5% 41.0% 41.3% 42.7%
North America 32.4% 31.5% 30.5% 31.1% 33.2% 34.1% 33.0%
Rest of the World 16.3% 14.0% 14.6% 16.6% 17.1% 18.8% 16.3%
Total World 34.6% 33.0% 33.4% 34.2% 36.8% 35.3% 35.1%
Key Drivers of the Global Copper Scrap Market ICSG Global Copper Scrap Project Reports
• Expanding Copper Mine Production and • ICSG Global Copper Scrap Research Project
Refined Copper Substitution Final Report (New!)
• Industrialization and Economic Growth
• Japan Scrap Market Report
• Prices
o Copper Scrap Prices and Spreads • China Scrap Usage Survey
o Refined Copper Prices and the Demand
• China Domestic Scrap Generation 2010‐2015
for Scrap
• China • India Scrap Market
• The Shift in Regional Scrap Processing • China Scrap Market Report
Capacity
• Regulations on Recycling and Trade
• Technology
Fabrication
Mining Production
Wire rod Wire rod plant /
Wire mill
SX/EW
Refined Brass Semis Supply
Usage mill
Mine Smelter Refinery
Foundry
New Scrap
Chemicals Low Grade
By-products/ Other Plants Residues
Tailings
slag/ashes
refined
ANNEX
World Copper Production and Usage, 1960-2009p
Thousand Metric Tonnes
Source: ICSG
e-mail: mail@icsg.org