Square Numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 225

Composite Numbers (eg. 2*2=4; 5*3=15)

4 6 8 9 10 12 14 15 16 18 20 21 22 24 25

Prime Numbers
2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 27 29 31 37 41 43

Exponents
1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384
1 3 9 27 81 243 729 2187 6561 19683 59049 177147 531441 1594323 4782969
1 16 256 4096 65536 1048576 16777216 268435456 4294967296 68719476736

Counting Numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Integers
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

Rational Numbers (Closed under +, -, * and /)

Integers Fractions Divide a rational by a rational and get a rational
Irrational Number
Is neither a whole number or a fraction Non-repeating decimal
eg Pi (22/7) 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939937510...

BIG 4 OPERATIONS FOR (+, -, *, /)

1 Inverse Operations
eg 2 + 1 = 3 ............ 3 - 2 = 1
Commutative Operations (For + and *)
eg 7.2 = 14 ............ 2.7 = 14
2 5+2 = 7 ............ 2+5= 7
**Non-Commutative (For - and /)
eg 5-2= 3 ............ 2-5=-3
2/1= 2 ............ 1/2= 0.5
Associative Operations (For + and *)
3 eg (2+3) + 5 = 10..... 2 + (3+5) = 10
(5.2).4 = 40....... 5.(2.4) = 40
** Non-Associative (For - and /)
Distributive Operations
4 eg 17.101 = 17.(100+1)
= (17*100)+(17*1)

Absolute Value
eg l3l =3
l-3l = 3

Equations
eg 1+1=2
Expressions
eg 1+1
Evaluation
eg expression 1 + 1, the value is 2

Three properties of equality:

1. Reflexivity
eg 1=1 ; 24=24; 300=300
2. Symmetry
eg 2.4 = 8 ; 8 = 2.4
3. Transitivity
eg 3+1 = 4 and 2.2 = 4 then 3+1 = 2.2

Order of Operations
1 Parenthesis
2 Exponents
3 Multiplication and Division
4 Addition and Subtraction

Solving basic word problems

1 Read through the problem and set up word equations (equations that contain both words and numbers)
2 Plug in numbers in place of words wherever possible to set up a regulr math eqution
3 Use math to solve the equation
4 Answer the question that the problem asks

Digital Roots
eg 24 ... 2 + 4 = 6, so 6 is its digital root
143 ... 1 + 4 + 3 = 8, so 8 is its digital root
 87,482... 8 + 7 + 4 + 8 + 2 = 29
2 + 9 = 11
1 + 1 = 2, so 2 is its digital root
For numbers between 100 and 200,
eg 154, if you add 1 + 4 = 5, therefore
the number is divisible by 11, also
15983 ... 1+9+3=13 and
5+8=13, this number
is divisible by 11
9181909... 9+8+9+9=35 and
1+1+0=2, so
35-2=33, then 33 is divisible
by 11, therefore 9181909 is also
divisible by 11

A Prime number is divisible by exactly 2 positive whole numbers, ie 1 and the number itself
A Composite number is divisible by at least 3 numbers

The first four prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, and 7

Every composite number under 100 is divisible by at least one of these numbers
To test whether a number under 100 is prime, test it for divisibility by 2, 3, 5, and 7. If its divisible by any these numbers, its composite- if not, its prime

When one number is a factor of another, the other is a mulitple of the other
eg 5 and 20: 5 is a factor of 20 and 20 is a multiple of 5
Factor is always the lower and multiple is always the higher number
Is 7 a factor of 56: 56/7= 8, therefore it is
Is 4 a factor of 34: 34/4= 8 r 2, therefore it is not
Generating a number's factors
eg Factors of 18
1 2 3 6 9 18
divisible by 2? Yes (18/2 = 9), so its also divisible by 9
divisible by 3? Yes (18/3 = 6), so its also divisible by 6
divisible by 4? No ( 18/4 = 4 r 2)
divisible by 5? No (18/5 = 3 r 3)

Prime Factors
A number's prime factors are the set of prime numbers (including repeats) that equal that number when multiplied together.
eg prime factors :
10 2.5
30 2.3.5.
72 2.2.2.3.3

Factorization Tree
1 Split the number into any two factors and check off the original
2 If either of these factors is prime, circle it
3 Repeat step 1 and 2 for any number that is neither circled nor checked
4 When every number in the tree is either checked or circled, the tree is finished, and the circled
numbers are prime factors of the original number

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

Every number has a unique prime factorization
If a number that is less than 121 isn't divisible by 2,3,5,or 7, it's a prime number
If a number that is less than 289 isn't divisible by 2,3,5,11, or 13, It's prime

Greatest common factor (GCF)

The GCF of a set of numbers is the largest number that is a factor of all those numbers
eg GCF of 4 and 6 is 2 because 2 is the greatest number that is a factor of both 4 and 6

Factors of 6 1,2,3,6
15 1,3,5,15
So the GCF of these two is 3

Factors of 9 1,3,9
20 1,2,4,5,10,20
25 1,5,25
So the GCF of these three is 1

GCF of a set of numbers using prime factorization

1 List the prime factors of each number
2 Circle every prime factor, ie every prime factor that is a factor of every number in the set
3 Multiply all the circled numbers
The result is the GCF.
eg 28 2 . 2 . 7
42 2 . 3 . 7
70 2 . 5 . 7
so, 2.7= 14
thus 14 is the GCF of 28,42,70
Proper Fractions
2/2, 3/3, 4/4...
When the numerator is smaller than the denominator than 1(2/3 < 1, 1/2 < 1)

Improper Fraction
When the fraction is greater than 1.

Multiply 3/4 by 2
3.2
4.2 ans 6/8

How to increase the terms of a fraction so that the denominator becomes a preset number
1 Divide the new denominator by the old denominator (eg. 4/7 = ?/35... Divide 35 by 7... The denominator was multiplied by 5)
2 Multiply this result by the old numerator to get the new numerator (eg. 4/7 = 4.5/7.5 = 20/35)

How to reduce a fraction

1 Break both the numerator and denominator into their prime numbers
eg. 12 - 2.2.3
30 - 2.3.5
2 Cross out any common factors
3 Multiply the remaining numbers to get the reduced numerator and denominator

Converting an improper fraction to a mixed number

1 The quotient is the whole number part
2 The remainder is the numerator
 3 The denominator of the improper fraction is the denominator

eg 19/5 = 3r4 the mixed number is written as follows 3,4/5

Cross multiplication of fractions

To find out which two fraction are larger, cross-multiply and place the two answers in order under the two fractions.
The larger number is always under the larger fraction
eg
3/5. 5/9.
3.9=27 5.5=25

Multiplying numerators and denominators straight accross

eg 4 . 7 28 7
5 . 8 ..... 40 ..... 10

Dividing fractions
Invert and multiply

Adding fractions
Same denominators
eg 1 + 2 = 3
5 5 5

Different denominators (1)

Cross-multiply the two fractions and add the results together to get the numerator of the answer
eg 1 + 2 = 1.5=5 and 2.3=6 so 5+6=11
3 5
Then multiply the two denominators to get the denominator of the answer
3.5=15
Hence, the answer = 11
15
Adding more than 2 fractions

eg 1 + 3 + 4
2 5 7

Step 1 Multiply the numerator of the first fraction by the denominators of all the other fraction
(1 . 5 . 7) = 35

Step 2 Do the same with the second fraction and add this vaue to the first
35 + (3 . 2 . 7) = 35 + 42

Step 3 Do the same with the remaining fractions

35 + 42 + (4 . 2 . 5) = 35 + 42 + 40 = 117

Therefore, the numerator is 117.

Step 4 To get the denominator, multiply all the denominators together

(2 . 5 . 7) = 70

So the answer is 117 Simplified 1 47

70 70

Quick trick ( Doesn't work in all cases)

11 + 19 = 492
12 24 288
Step 1 Increase the terms of the fraction with the smaller denominator so that it has the larger denominator
24/12=22 so 11/12 = 22/24
Step 2
22 + 19 = 41
24 24
Which, simplified is 1,17/24

Going from percents to decimals

To convert a percent to a decimal, drop the percent sign and move the decimal point two places to the left.
In a whole number, the decimal point comes at the end
eg 2.5% = 0.025
4% = 0.04
36% = 0.36
111% = 1.11

Changing decimals into percents

To convert a decimal to a percent, move the decimal point two places to the right and add a % sign
eg 0.007 = 7%
0.21 = 21%
0.375 = 37.5%

Switching from percents to fractions

eg
39% = 39/100 and so on
for 99.9% use 99.9/100,
then 999/1000

Turning fractions into percents

Convert the fraction to a decimal
eg 4/5 = 0.8
Convert this decimal to a percent
eg 0.8 = 80% (read rules above)

To find 20% of a number move the decimal point one place to the left and double the result:)

Suppose :
88% of 50
Switch it around
50% of 88 = 44
Another example
7% of 200
200% of 7 = 14

Find any percent of any number

Step 1 Change the word of to a multiplication sign and the percent to a decimal
eg 35% of 80 = 0.35 . 80
Step 2 Solve using multiplication
eg 0.35
x 80
 28.00
So 35% of 80 is 28

eg 12% of 31 = 0.12 . 31
0.12
x 31
0.12
3.60
3.72

So 12% 0f 31 is 3.37

The percentage circle

When you multiply the two bottom numbers together, they equal the top number
If you make a fraction out of the top number and either bottom number, that fraction equals
the other bottom number, eg 1/2 = 0.5 and 1/0.5 = 2

eg 75% of 20
Because 0.75 and 20 are both the bottom numbers of the circle, multiply :
0.75
x 20
15.00
So 75% 0f 20 is 15

eg What percent of 50 is 35?

Using the circle. 0.7
35/50 simplify = 7/10 so 10 7.0
70
0
Convert from decimal to percentage move point two to right
70%
eg 15% of what number is 18
using the circle 120
18/0.15 0.15 1800
15
o30
o30
0
In this case the decimal is a whole number (120) so 15% of 120 is 18
Problems about multipling fractions
If beef costs $4 a pound, how much does 5/8 of a pound cost?

5/8 . 1 pound of beef

..... 5/8 . $4
..... 5/8 . 4/1 = 5.4/8.1 = 20/8 = 2.4/8 = 2.1/2 = 2.5
So you are paying $2.50

Jerry bought a pie and ate 1/5 of it. Doreen ate 1/6 of what was left.
How much of the total pie was left?

J = 1/5 ; D = 1/6 ; Pie = 1

So Pie after J ate = 1-1/5 = 4/5

Pie after D ate = 1/6. 4/5 = 4/30 = 2/15
So total J & D both ate = 2/15 + 1/5 = 5/15 or 1/3
so together they ate 1/3 of the pie, meaning 2/3 of the pie is left.
 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
256 289 324 361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900 961

26 28 30 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 42 44 45 46 48

47 51 53 57 59

32768 65536 131072 262144 524288

14348907 43046721 129140163 387420489 1162261467

16 17 18 19 20

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
1024 1089 1156 1225 1296 1369 1444 1521 1600 1681 1764 1849 1936 2025 2116 2209 2304 2401

49 50 52 54 55 56 58 60

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
2500 2601 2704 2809 2916 3025 3136 3249 3364 3481 3600 3721 3844 3969 4096 4225 4356 4489
 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85
4624 4761 4900 5041 5184 5329 5476 5625 5776 5929 6084 6241 6400 6561 6724 6889 7056 7225
 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
7396 7569 7744 7921 8100 8281 8464 8649 8836 9025 9216 9409 9604 9801 10000