Professional Documents
Culture Documents
With Applications
Mustafa Onur, S–W~Alvaro M.M. Peres, and Albert’ C, Reynolds Jr.. SPE. U. of Tulsa
&’6 /$75/$/
Summay New pressure and pressure-derivative functions for analyzing weU-test data are presented. The new pressure function
represents the integral of pressure with rwpt to time divided by time. ‘fhus, this new pressure function represents a moving or cmnula-
tive average of the pressure over time. It is shown that the logarithmic derivative of this pressure function is equal to a moving or
cumulative average of the standard logarithmic pressure derivative. It also is shown tbti Ods new derivative function is usefid for analyzing
welf-test pressure data in cases where the pointwise pressurederivative data are difKculf to interpret because of noise.
Introduetlon
fn recent years, the pressure derivative has become a bigbly,popu. Dimensionless pressure, dimensionless he based on wellbore
IN method for interpretation of welf-test pressure data. The main radius, and dimensionless time based on fracture haff-lenagh am
disadwritage of the pressure derivative is that one must constmcl detined by
derivative data by numerical dfiirentiadon of measured pressure
data. The resulting pressure derivative data cften are noisy and PwD=[M(Pi–Pti)J/141 .zqBP, . . . . . . ...-............(I)
difficult to interpret. While various “smoothing” tecfmiqoes have
fD=(2.637X 10–4W+C/Pr#, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...(2)
been used to reduce noise, some concern exists that the smoothing
pmcwiures may alter the basic character of the data. In this work, andtXfD =(2.637 x10-%t)/.+c#f; . ..(3)
we present new pressure functions based on the cumulative aver-
age of pressure and its derivatives. This averaged pressurederivative respectively.
function is adtintageous in practice because it fmsquently is much Let P;D denote the logarithmic derivative of the’ dimensionless
to obtain the pressure drop one woold obtain for the equivalent wel-
bore storage and skin probIem. fn this paper and its supplement,2
andI(p;D)=l’DpJD(r)dr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(6)
we use the integral functions to obtain the same type of analyses
o
proce@res (type curve and sernilog) that commonly are applied
to standard well-testing pmblemss-il when one can generate For the classic wellbore-storage and skin probIem, the &men.
smooth pressure-derivative data. sionless welfbore-storage constant is defined by
The objectives of this work are (1) to present new type curves
based on the integra-pressure function and its derivatives, (2) to CD=5.615C/2m$cZr#t, . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ...(7)
illustrate the utility of these new pressure functions for idend.tjing
For ftite-conductivity fractured wefls, the dimensionless frac-
pro@}emilog straight lines, and (3) to ifbmtmte application of the
ture conductivity is defined by
new presswe t?inctions by applying them to two typical field ex-
amples. Ref. 2 presents two additional field kxamples. CfD=kfb/Kxf, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(8)
Siiar work was done independently and concurrently by B1zsin-
game et al., 12 who presented a variety of type curves based on where k and b are the permeabiMy in the fracture and the width
the integral-pressure and integraf-pressure-derivative functions.. of the d actore, respectively.
Duong and McLaucblin 13 also used the basic rdationship between
the integral-pressure fmction and the integral-pressure-derivative Basic Theoretical Equations
function to develop a regression-analysis prccduze to estimate reser- Dividibg both sides of Eqs. 5 and 6 by dimensionless time, tD,
voir parameters, However, they did not pursue the use of pressure- gives
integral and pressure-integm-derivative functions in type-curve
analysis.
~I(pwD)=~~.’DpwD(r)dr . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (9)
& ,,, > J> Noti that@. 22 and 23 indicati that the I(Ap’)lt aqd Z(Apr’)/t
, ‘and-
CD
(pwQ)=
d MD [1 +l(.pw~)
fD -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(12) fanctiom Cm be generated
constructing
from
the pressurederivative
measured pressure
data, Apt and Apt’.
&@ WitiOUt
Eqs. 22
and 23 also indicate that I(Ap’)it sboufd have about tie same degree
Eq.’12 indicates that I(p;D)/tD is equal to the logarithmic deriva-
tive of the integral-pressure function. Moreover, Eqs. 11 and 12 of smoothness as Ap and that KAp’’)/r shoufd have approxirqately
the “same degree of ~oothness as Ap’, which makes use of the
provide forrnukk for computing I(pjD)/fD without expficit !mowl-
function I(Ap’ ‘)/2 reasonable for well-test analysis.
edge ofp &D.
Moreover, because I(Ap’ ‘)/t is the logarithmic derivative of
Throughout, p[~ =Iogalithmic derivative of p;,D ; tit is,
Z(Ap’)/r, which is the logarith@c derivative of I(Ap)/r, it is possi-
dP;D
ble, if necessary to” smooth I(Ap’)/t and I(AP”W data by ~C~Y
~;D.—=— ‘2pwD , . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(13) aPPIY~g dgOrilhM that were developed to smooth the pressure
d In ID d(fn tD)2 derivative for examples, see Refs. 15 and 16.
There is a caveat related to the preceding smoothness ZgumeUts,
~d I(P;D ) =titigr@ of p;D from zero to tD. The cumulative
however. This can be seen ez?.ify by considering Eq. 22. If Z(Ap)/t
average value of P:D is given by
is close to Ap, then subtracting the two, as in the middle expres-
1“
one compute I(Ap)/t (with Eq. 17) and then mmpute the 10g~th-
lI(pjD)=pLD - ‘I(P&D) ‘PhD ‘PWD + ;KPWD) njc derivative of this data directly with ?ourdet et al. ‘S 15 metiod.
‘D dlntD [1tD
kh I(AP)
+pwD) =—— . . . . . . ..(24)
The I(p;D)/tD function, referre$l to throughout as the integ+
‘D 141.2qBp t ““”’’””’””’”’”
pressure second-depvative function, can be com.tnmted by differen-
tiating 2( p;D)/tD with respect to logarithmic times or by taking
kh I(Ap’)
the second logarithmic derivative of the integral-pressure fqnction, ‘I(P;D)=— — . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . ...(25)
z(pwD)/tD. ‘D ,. 141 .2q@ t
Ap,=+gi’ (20)
It is possible to generate the analogs of type curves presented in
Ref. ]7 with the integral-pressure fincdrms. There are several pos-
dint dt ‘ ““”’ ”’’’’’””’””’’””””””””””””’
sI%iMies (see Ref. 2), but we consider only Wo—i. e., GTe c~es
and Ap” =logatithndc time derivative of Ap’, based on
,, KpWD)/21(p;D)=Z(AP)/21(AP’) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (28)
Ap’’=~=t% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . ,. (21)
and l(p;D)/I(P~D)=Z(AP’’) /~(AP’). .(29)
&
V@ical scales of the type curves based on the groups defied
The last equalkies of Eqs. 20 and 21 folfow directly fmm the chain by the Iefi sides of Eqs. 28 and 29 wilf be identical to the vertical
rule. scales of the corresponding field data plots based on the right sid+
From Eqs. 11 and 12, we obtain of Eqs. 2g and 29, respectively. Therefore, ~eoreticaly genemt-
ed type curyes that use the groups given by tbe Ieft sides of E(s..
28 and 29 wiff have the same advantages as type curves based on
jI(Apf)=Ap(t)–j~ ‘Ap~)d~=+ ~(Ap) . . . . . . (22)
[1 the group pWD/(2p;D) (Ref. 17).
d -*;”D’’’i%23
-:’
2
.
.!
-a’
,.-,
10-1
‘ DIMms!oi:esTIME
2$”P,tD/co
‘0’ ’04”
Identification of Semilog straight L&s. As Refs. 17 and 18 show, Dividing Eq. 3 I by E.+ 32 gives
I
thenormahed pressure function, pWD/(2p;D) @q. 27), can be
used to identify tie proper semilog straight line (Or lines) when _ ‘(pwD) _ Z(AP)
=L(pwD) = 1. 151@0g(tD)
analyzing pressure &ta with standard sendlog methods. We show
21(P~D) 21(AP’) tD
below that the normalized integmd.pressure fiction, I(pWD)/
Integrating both sides of Eq. 30 from zero to tD and dividing the vs. t always WM exhibit a semilog straight line witi a slope of I. 151
resulting equation by tD gives during radial flow. Note., however, IJIat a semifogplot of this group
vs. f will be more conservative in predicting the beginning of a prop-
.sr semilog straight line than a semilog pIot of Ap/(2Ap’) vs. t be-
rf. n. ..)//- = ~ [ln(tD) +0.80907] cause l(Ap)/[21(Ap’)] is based on the cumulative average values
..”” >.. O
102
.a:
~
> 10,
:
=
2
al
g
.
~
=
,.-,
,.-, 1 10
,., ,.3
104
CiMEN310NLESS TIME GROUP,lO/~
OIMENSIONLESS TIME GROUP, tD/Co
ig. 3—Wellbore-storage and skin type CUI’W,V integral pres. Fig. ‘l-New wellbore-storage and skin type curve; integral
ure and normalized integral function. second derivative.
CDe2*
Fig. 5—New wellbore-storage and skin type cuwq normalized integral second derivative.
Wellbore Storage and Skin. New wellbore-storage and skin type I(p~D){tD, with Bourdet et al. ‘s3 standad pr.essmtierivative
curves based on “the integrti fqctions are presented here. AU re- type-curve solution, p;., which is shown by solid curws for vx-
ious values of CDe2$. The graphs of both the I(p~D)ltD and p~D
sults presented in tfds section were generatwl with Agarwal
et al.’ S7 LapIace-spWe analytical solution. solutions display the unit-slope line at early dine s.”At L@ times,
both solutions asywptoticaUy approach the constant value of one-
The motivation for wellbore-storage and skin type curves based
half. The I(p~D)/rD solutions approach one-half at a later time than
on pressure integrals fo130ws. During weflbore-storage-dominated
does the pointwise pressure-derivative solution, PAD, for a given
flow-i. e., whenpWD =tD/CD–it is easy”to show that the foUow-
value of CDe~. ~s results because “the integral-pressure-
ing equation applies:
derivative function represents a cuimdative average value of the
p~D function in the tinIe interval [O,tD]. Nevertheless, the imegral-
~pw:)=:.f(pb)=~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-(34) pressure-derivative solution follows a trend similar to that of the
2CD
dimensionless pressure-derivative solution.
Fig. 2 shows a type curve based on log-log pIots of boti
During the time when the appro@nation of Eq. 31 is valid, the
I(pWD)/tD and Z(p&D)/tD vs. tD/CD as functi.iy of CDe~. The
fOUOwing two equations apply
dashed curves through solid cimles on the I(pWD)/tD and
I(p~D )/tD solutions represent the approximate beginning of the
&pwD)= : & ~
ID [ (CD) +0.s0907
1
–: +;MCDCW semilog
Iog straight
straight
line
line
begins
of Eq.
at the
30 based
earliest
on the criterion
time so hat PLD
that the semi-
is within
1 1 I I I I 1
500
txfD
10
+ = I(~WD) 5
‘x fD
g ,,o-2~06
I
a 10
Ffg. 6—New finite-conductivity-fracture type curve$ integral pressure and its derivative.
pressure matchpoint values obtained with the type curve of Fig. 2. {lf(AP’’)/tl}M
One also can construct a type curve based on a log-log plot of One can determine the welfbore.-stoi-age coefficient, C (or CD), and
both Z(pW~)/t~ and I(pW~)/[2f(p~)] W. tD/CD. Fig. ~ SbOWS tbiS the skin factor, s, from
type curve. The prcachue for using this type curve is siroifar to
that for using the wellbore-storage and skin VP cutie of Ref. 17. 2.95 X 10 “khtM
c= (42)
The solid circles on tie normalized integral-pressure solution denote
#(tD/cD)M
the approximate start of the seudlog straight line of E+ 30 based
on the criterion that tbe semilog straight line begins when the pres-
sure
In tie
derivative,
following,
p~D,
we show
is within 5% of
match of field data by use “of fie type curve in Fig. 4. This nonu-
During pseudolinear flow, one can show that the following equa-
niqueness problem can be reduced by adding the I(p~D )/tD [or
tions approximately hold:
I(pWD)/tD] solution to the type cuwe of Fig. 4. To use the resulting
type cume, one would need to match lI(AP’ ‘)/t I and I(AP1)Iz vs.
t data simultaneously with the appropriate II(PJD )/tD I and cfD “>%+:=; cfDpwD+; , .(47)
( *)
1( p&D)ltD solutions. Another option for reducing the nonunique- ‘#D
tal direction only], This match tixes the correspondence between 2p;D 3S’ ““’”’”’’””””’”’””’””””
the time scales of Fig. 5 and the time scales of the field data plot
Similarly, during pseudoradial flow, one can establish the fol-
G i.e., it determines the time matchpeint values, (ZDICD)M and tM,
lowing approximate equation
and also provides an estimate of the value of (CDe2S)M from the
specific type curve matched. One then matches the field data plot z(pwD)
of lI(Ap’’)/t I vs. r with the lZ(pJD)/tD I vs. tD/CD curve come- Jr(p.D)= —=1.151p0g(t#~) +o.351]
LfD 21(pJ~)
sponding to the vahe of (CDe~)M obtained from the previous
match. This match determines the integral-pressure-second-
Lxf
derivative matchpoint values, {lf(p~D)/tDl }M and {lf(Ap’’)/tl}W +ln — +Sf–:. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (51)
From tie last match, we can determine. kh witfx ()
rw
Fig. 7–Comparison of normalized integral and normalized Fig. 8—New finite-conductivity.fnmtura type curvai PormaI-
derivative; f hdte-ccmductivlty fracture. Ized integral function.
h EU. 51. s,=skin factor from the existence of a fracture and is the standard pseudolineamflow equation @q. 7 of Ref. 31) first ap-
relat~ to /e effective wellbore radius, rwe, and the fracmre half- plies. Similar argumenk apply tD the beginning time of Eq. 51 com-
length, LJfi by pared with the beginning time of Eq. 54.
Note that tie derivation of F@. 47 through 51 are approximate (2p~D). Fig. 7 shows semilog plots of I(pWD)/[2Z(pJD)] solutions
in that they neglect the intluence of earlier flow regimes. For ex- (solid curves through open circular data points) and the pWD/
(2p~D) WMOIM (solid CUIVW with no data points on them) vs. C&
ample, the first equtilty of Eq. 47 follows most easily by integmt-
ing the standard pseudolinear flow equation (F.+ 7 of Ref. 31) from &fD fOr W d~ereat V~US Of fie fm~ @nductiviV, cfD = 1s
zero to @. However, before pseudolinem flow, bilinear flow ex- 25, and 500. The results of Fig. 7 indicate that the shape of the
ists and pseudolimar flow does not begin until bfD - llC~ fOr curve represendng the nonmdized integralderivative group is simi-
CfD 215. Thus, the derivation of Eq, 47 obtained by integrating Iax to the shape of tie normalized pressure-derivative group.
Eq. 7 of Ref. 31 from zero to t~D neglects the difference between Moreover, dtig bilinear flow, both solutions are identicd as pre
the integrals of the bilinew-flow and pseudolinear-flow equations dieted by Eq. 46, which applies for C~Dt#Ds 10’3 for CjLI = 1,
On the intel’vd flOm Ze10 tO f,fD = l/CjD. ‘fbiS difference k nOt and for C2 txfDs 0.1 for CfD =25, 500. During pseudoliiez
great and has a decreasing effect on the value of l(pwD)/fHD as flow, WIUC
“’? occurs only for the CfD =25 and 500 cases, the nor-
&jD inmeases. However, difference
tie tends to delay the time at malized integral-derivative solution is slightly above the normal-
which Eq. 47 becomes applicable compared with the time at which tied pressurederivative solution (see F@. 49 and 50). This flow
10’
01 (AW [21[AP’1]
m A~/12A~J
S[1O ; .o&%?
a
o
..$ #=@
g -~ ~eo~
.
. ~ 88*&9a=f@””
~$,
,.-s ,.-. @ , ,..
-: ~.,, ,..2
I
,.-,
1
,.,
J
@
10 1 10
Fig. 9—Comparison of normalized integral and normalized ’19. 10—Type-cuwe match of normalized integral-second.
derivative dst% Field Example 1. Ierivafive datm Field Example 1.
regime beg~s at t~~C~D = 1 for the CD =25 and CfD =500 solu- Integrator of Pressure Data
tions and lasts longer for the CfD = 500 case. In particular, during
h tieId applications, tk- ‘,>--=-? ‘-.-~-”,:--’s --+---a ;--”-
this flow period, both solutions approach mdty and become indEdn-
sure data is required to construct fhe integral-pressure functions
guishable for the CfD = 5CQ case in the ttie period 102s t,fLI
proposed in this work. We present two numerical procedures for
.C& ~ 104. This result is expected from ~s. 49 and 50. We also
integrating given weU-te?”pressure vs. time data.
note that the normalized imegralderiv?tive solution is below the
The dimensional integral-pressure function is given by
normdimd pressure-derivative solution during the meudoradial flow
re~ie, bu~both solutions eventually exhiiit th”e 1.151 semilog
stmightline@qs. 51 and 53). ;(AP)=+~’Ap(7)dr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. (55)
F&. 8 mesents new finite-conductivim fracture me curves based
on s~miiog plots of the norrnked ~tegralde~~ative solution,
With a pardtion of the interval [O,t] given by
z(p@)/[ti(p~D)], VS. the diMemiOIdeSS @e grOUp, txfDc~*. The
solid circl@ on Fig. 8 denote the ear~est time at which the pres- Q=to<tl<r2< . ..<rn<tn+1=t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(5d)
GLE data exhibit the sendlog straight line (3e@@gofpseudoradial
we can write
flOw)ba@ Onthecrit@Ont hatp JD iswb.hin5% Of O.5.
The proc@re for using the $aniIog type curves of Fig. 8 is simi-
lar to that for using the setiog type CWVe of F@ 7 of Ref. 18, Z(Ap)(%+,)=\’”+ ’Ap(~)dr= ~. ~“+lAp(r)dn (57)
which is based on a Se@log plot of PWD/(2pLD) W. t#Dc&
Fm~y, we note that one also can develop type curves based on App,yhg tie .ti~~oidd de givw ‘
the groups mggested by Yeh and AgwaL20 For example, one
could divide the time group in Fig. 8 by I(p~D)/t#D. The advan-
‘1
tage of such a type curve is that one can directIy determine >e fmc- KAP)(tn+ ~) = ,~o ; [AP(t:) +~P(t;+ I)](%+ I ‘%), (58)
tire half.length from the time matchpoint values.
235 1 1 n-
I I
:220 -
: 205 –
3
In
In
u
E 190 –
L
2
x 175 -
= 175.75 psi
W (Pws)at= 1
0
0
I ,1 1 [ L
1601
,03
10 102 104 105
HORNER TIME RATIO, RH
‘i9. 13-Horner plot of shut-in pressur~ naturally fractured resemol~ Field ExampIe 2.
M tme f the distance between time data points is sufficiently small, md, CD=863 (C=9.12X10–3 RB/psi), and $=8.1.
and then Eq. 58 will give reliable results. fn applyimg our integral By consiqwting the appropriate integral functions, one also could
functions to data in the literature, we otlen had to work witi sparse analyze the data using either the type curves of Figs. 2 or 3. We
dztz. fn such cases, we sometimes found that we needed an im- have used the type crews of Figs. 4 and 5 simply to emphasize
proved integration equation at eaIly times. One equation we have tiat the new integral fumtiom make it possible to generate dati
used successfully is a numerical integration procedure based on the involving the second derivative, which is smooth enough to use in
integration of a quadratic polynomial titted through each of three. fieId ap@ations.
successive (Ap,t) data points. b this technique, we tirst tit a quid-
ratic polynomial, QI, through data points @-1, Api, ~d AP;+I Naturaffy Fractured Reservoir Example. The field buildup ex-
and then fit a second quadratic pelynomizl, Q2, through data points ample considered here is Test B of Ref. 32. The data were obtained
Api, Api+ ~, and Api+2. Once these quadratics are obtiined, we from an offshore well in a double-porosity reservoir that consists
use the following integration equation of silt layers (matrix) and limestone layers (fissure).. The prcduc-
,, ing time before the buildup test was 12,216 hours, and the dura-
tion of the buildup test was 2,039 hours. The other reservoirlweil
I(Ap)(ti+l) =I(AP)(t~) +~~ ‘i+l [Ql(r)+QZ(r)1d7. (59)
data we as foflowx production rate before shut-in, q=233 STFYD;
z, oil FVF, B.= 1.05 REVSTB, matrix total compressibdity,
This technique is known as the overlapping parabolas integration CW ‘5.7x 10 –d psi-l; ma@ po,rosity, @m =0.262; total resel-
ruIe. (Blasingzme et al. 12 suggested an alternative equation based vou Ouckness, h= 128 fL 011 VMCOWY, P. =90 W, wellbore radius,
on a trapezoidal rule derived for power-law functions. Their equa- I.W=IJ.591 @, md the bottomhole flowing pressure at the instant
tion is very reliable for fmcture&well data during the bilinear, linear, of shut-in, P@, = 133.87 psi.
and pseudolinear flow “periods.) we ZUZIyZe this tield btidup data by use of @Vdent time, t,g.
where the subscript m refers to the derivative computed from meas- PW$ = shut-in pressure, miLt2, psi
ured pressure data, Apj(t) represents the correct derivative func- AP = chmge in we31bore pressure, m/Lt2, psi
tion, and e(t) is the error (the difference between tbehvo derivative Ap’ = logarithmic derivative of Ap, m/Lt2, psi
functions). fn teirns of the integral functions, it foflows from Eq. AP” = logarithmic derivative of Ap’, m/Lt2, psi
61 that q = flOW rote, L3/t, STB/D
Q = quadratic polynomial
rw = wellbore radius, L, ft
pressy.e derivative. Most important from the model identification At = shut-in time, t,. hours
hibits the same flow regimes”as the pressure derivative itse~ how- h = interporosity flow coefficient
ever, in the integral case, all flow regimes except the fist tend to p = viscosity of producing fltid, miLt, CP
about tie existence of one particular flow regime, one coold con- 55 = reservoir porosity, fraction
struct the integral derivative function over tie time integral of in- w = storativity ratio
terest instead of starting the integration at time zero. That is, one
could consider [J~l Ap’(~) d~]/(t–tl) for an appropfite value (or Subscripts
values) of tl. c = correct
D = dimensionless
conclusions
e = effective
In this work, we presented new type cufves based on integfak eq = equivalent
pressure functions for wellbore-storage and skin problems and for f= IMchlre
firdte.conductivity vmicaly fractured we33 problems. It was shown i = ~ti~
that these type cun’es are useful for analyzing field data for cases ~ . ~~m~
where the stsnckud pressme.derivative.data are very noisy. These M=mti
type curves can be. used to analyze both buildup and drawdown tield M = ma.tchpoint value
data, but the analysis of buildup data should be based on equiva- O= Oil
lent time. Moreover, it was shown tiat the normdiiad intsgral- p = producing
pressure-derivative group, or the integral-pressure-derivative tic-’ t = total
tion, can be used to identify @e proper semi30g straight line (or w = weUbore
lines). ”
Superscripts
Nomenclature ,.
‘ = fist derivative
b = fracture width, L, ft “ = second derivative
B = FVF, RB/STB
cc = tOM compressibility, Lk21m, psi- I Acknowledgments
cm = ~ti cOMpmssl%ifitY, Lt2/m, psi-1 Financial support for the work presented in this paper was provid-
C = weUbore-storage constant, RB/psi ed by Acamco Services Co., Arco Oil & Gas Co., Mobil Explora-
CD = dimensionless weUbore-storage constant tion & Producing Services fnc., Pertandna, and PbiUips Petroleum
CfD = dimensionless fracture conductivity Co. through the U. of ‘fuka Petroleum Reservoir Exploitation
e(z) = emor Projects. Financial supporl for the graduate studies of Mustafa Onur
h = total reservoir tbickne:s, L, ft was provided by these same companies; the Mtitry of Natiopal
Education, Ankara, Turkey; and the T-1. of Tufsa. Petrobrds provided
I(pwD) = integral of pwD
futzncial support for the graduate studies of Afvaro Peres.
I(p;~) = integral of pJ,~
Z(p~D) = integral of p;D
I(Ap) = integral of Ap from zero to t, psi-hr
1. Peres”A.M.M,, Onur, M., ad Reynolds, A. C.: “A New General
[(Az’) = integraf of Apr from zero to t, psi-br
Press-tiysis Procedure for Slug Tests,’> papsr SPE 18801 present-
I(Ap”) = integral of Ap” from zero to r, psi-br
ed at the 1989 SPE C=dif..rria Regicmf Meains, Bakersfield, April 5-7,
k = reservoir permeabili~, md 2. Onur, M., Peres, A.M.M., and Reymlcb., A. C.: “supplement to SPE
kf = fracture permeability, md 19514, New WeU-Te5ing Pressure Furudom Wit& Applicatkti,,. paper
Lzf = fracture half-length, L, R, SPE 26214, available from SPE Book Order Dept., Richardson, TX.
mathematics and dheztor of the U. of Tul$a Petroleum R6sar- Restricted-EntrY Well in a Multilayered Reservoir,” 3FEFE (March
and 198a-82 as a Technical Editor. He Is a member of the 25. WameII, J.E. and Rcot, P.J.: ‘The Behavior of Naturally Fractured
19al-94 Pre88ura Transient Testing technical committee and Resemoim,” SPEJ (Sept. 1963) 245-5% Tmns., AfME, 223.
also served on the Well Testing Committee in 19S1 and 1982. 26. Bourdet, D. and Grir@ten, A.C.: ‘Detwmimtionof Fissured Volume
In 1891 and 1992, he was a member of the AIME Ro881tw W. and Blcck Sii in R’actud R=ervOim by Z@-Cucve .bdySiS,” paPW
Raymond Memoriai Award Committee, serving as chairman SPE 9293 presented af fhe 1980 SPB .4mmaJ Technical Conference and
in 1992. Reynolds received the 1883 SPE Distinguished Exhibition, Daltas, Sept. 21-24.
Achievement Award far Petroleum Englneerlng Faculfy. He 27. sem% K., Reynolds, A. C., and R@a.ti, R.: ccNew Fress-
holds a .BA degree from the U. of New Hampshire, an MS Tramien-Am.l@s Medmds for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs,,, JPT
degrae from Case Inst. of Technology, and a PhD degree from (Dec. ... 1983) . 2271-33: Trans. AlME. 275.
28. From, M.L. .qd k: W.J.: ‘:Dete&tion of Formation Pmperdes
Case Wastarn Resefve U., ali in mathematlos.
Fmm Long-Term Gas WelJ Frcdmdon Aff@d by Non-Darcy F@w,”
paper SPE 16934 p-ted at the 1987 SPE +ual Tecbniwd Cm.
3. Bourdet, D. et al.: “A New Set of ‘Type Curves S!mplii%s Well Test fermce and Exhib,tom, Dallas, Sept. 27-30.
Analysis,” Worfd Oil (May 1983) 95-106. 29. Cinm-1.ey, H. m!d Meng, H.-Z.: “Pressure-Tmmient AmdYsis of Wetls
4. Bourdet, D. cc cd.: ‘Interpreting W.!J Tests in Fractured Resemoirs,” With Finite-Conducfiviiy Vertical Fractures in Double-Porosity Res-er-
Wbrfd Oil (Oct. 1983) 77-87. VOL-S,,, pqer SPE 18172 presented at fhe 1988 SPE Annual Technical
5, Bourdet, D. ct cd.: ‘<New Type Curves Aid Analysis of Fissured Zone Cotierenct and Exhibition, Houston, Oct. 2-5.
Well Tests,,, World Oil (A@ 1984) 111-24. ,3o. cincc-ky, H. and Samaniego-V., F.: “Tmn?.ient Pressure Analysis
6, Wong, D.W,, Harri@on, A. G., and Cmco-Ley, H.:’ ‘Application of for Fractured Wells,” JPT (Sept. 1981) 1749-66.
tbe Pressure-Derivative Function in tie Pressum-Tramieti Tesdng of 31. CinCO-LeY: H., S?.maniegc-V., F., and Rcdrigmz, F.: “Application
of Pseudohm+r+low McdeJ to the Pkssure-Trandent Analysis of Frac-
Fractured WeUs,,, SFEFE (Oct. 1986) 470-8& Trans., AIME, 234.
tured Wells,” SPEFE (Sept. 1989) 43g44.
7. Agarwd, R. G., M-Ifussainy, R., and Ramey, H.J. Jr.: “AU Immsti-
32. Gringarten, A.C. et ~.: “Evaluadn8 Fissured Fom=tion Ge~V
gation or Weltbore*torage and Win Effects in Umteady Liquid Flow
From Well-Test Datz A Field Example, ” paper SPE 10182 presented
I. Analytical Treatment,” SPEJ (Sept. 1970) 278-90; Trans., AJME,
at the 1981 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San An-
249.
tonio. Oct. 4-7.
8. Gringarten, AC. er .1.: “A Comparison Between Different Skin and
33. Ufdrich, D.O. and Ersba@i, 1.: “A Mefhcd for Estimating the Inter-
wellbore-storage We Curves for JZarly-Time Tmn.sienI .’@lYsi%”
F-OIOSWJOW pmw~ Na~y F- R=.wO~;’ WEJ (od.
paper SPE 8205 presented at the 1979 SPE .4nnua3 Technical cmfer. 1!279) 324-32; Tmns. , m, 267.
ewe and Exhibition, Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26.
34. Onur, M.: “New WelJ Tesdng Appiicafiom of fbe fkwsure Deriva-
9. Grin@en, A. C., p.amey, H.J. Jr., and Raghavan, R.: “Unsteady- tive,,> PhD disserf@n, U, of T16sa, TuJsa, OK (19g9).
State pressure Distributions Created by a Welt Witi a Single fnfinite-
C!ondocdvity Vertical Fracture,” SPEJ (Aug. 1974) 347-60; Tram.,
S1 MedrIc. Conversion Factors
AJME, 257.
IO. Gringaten, A.C.: “R*rvoir Limit TeSing for FracO.md Wells,” papa bbl X 1.589873, E–01 = m3
SPE 74S’2 presented at tie 19783PE AIUIuaI Technical Conference and Cp x 1.0* E–03 = Pas
Exhibition, Housfon, Oct. 173, ft x 3.04S* E–01 = M
11. Cinco-ky, H., Sammiego-V,, F., and Domingues, N.: ‘ ‘Tmmient- psi x 6.894757 E+OO = kpa
Pressnre Behavior for a WelJ With a Finite-conductivity V$”wl FM psi-l X 1.450377 E–01 = !@a-l
ture,” SPE.7 (Aug. 1978) 253-64,
12. Bla.$ingame, T.A., Johnston, J. L., andk.% W. J.: “wCum. An?J- .C.anv.rs(o” f.scw 1, exact. SPE813
ysis Using the Pressure- fmegml hkihcd,” paper SPE 18799 presSnt- or!g$na SPE mamwdpt m.slwd for rwlw Mach 27, w3a;R6ws6d rnanusm’pt rweived
ed at tic 193P SPE California Rezional Metim. Bakerstiehf. Ad 5-7. ,@ 3, 1932, PaPer SPE (19514] accepted fm Publication Aug. 31, 19$2.
13. Dumg, A.N. and Mcfaucblin,”L.A.: “A G&mlized ‘Apprkch for SPE 26214, ,,Supplement to SPE 19514, Nw Wel!-TesUng Pressure Functions Wllh .4P
~YZ@tie F.dy-Time Pressure-Tra.mient Data,” paper SPE la880 pllca~ons; .v811ELIE main SPE Ocek Order Dept.
In Fig. 1, the”solid curve represents the clsesical line source solution (Theis solution),
pD, whereas the solid curve tlwough circular data points represents the integral-pressure
function ~(pD)/tD. Note that the integrakpreseure function is below the dimensionless
pressure solution at all times, but at late times the difference between the two solutions
approaches 1/2, see Eqs. 3S and 37. Note that the pressure-integral solution has the same
basic curvature as the pressure solution.
Similarly, Fig. 2 shows log-log plots of the dmensionlees pressure-derivative function
p~ (Am by a did curve) and the d~ensionless integral-preseure-derivative function
~(#D)/t~ (ahOwnby a solid curve through circuhw data points) vemus tD/~. Fig. 2 ihs-
trates that dimensionless integral-pressure-derivative solution is below the dimensionless
pressure-derivative solution for dimensionless times tD/r# <30, but, for diiensionkss
times tD/~ >30, the dimensionless integrai-premxm-derivative solution is indistinguish-
able from the pressure-derivative solution. Note Eqs. W and 38 indicate that these two
solutions must coalesce ●t late t:mes. Note that the integral-preesure-derivative function
presents the same bade character of the #D solution.
Figure 3 shows a new type cwe based on a log-log plot of the integral-pressure
functiu.1, ~(pD)/tD, and the integral-pressure-derivative function, ~(#D)/tD, versus tD/r~.
The solid circles shown on the integral-preesure and the integral-derivative solution are used
to denote the earliest time such that the two sides of Eq. 36 differ by 1%, Fig. 3 can be
used to analyze interference test data with the following procedure:
(i) Make a log-log plot of I(Ap)/t and I(Ap’)/t versus t on tracing paper using the basic
scales of Fig. 3;
(ii) Perform a simultaneous match of I(Ap)/t and I(A#)/t with the type-curve solutions
of Fig. 3; th~ match will determine the integrabpressure match-po”mt&hms, [~(pD)/tD]~
and [I(Ap) /t]~, and time match-point values, (tD /r& )M and tM; (l%roughout thh work,
the subscript i14 refers to a match point value.)
10
..
(iii) Determine the transmissibility kb/g using the integral-pressure wtch-point values
obtained instep 2 in Eq. 22, and determine the poroeity-compredbility-khicknees product
#qh using the time match-point values in Eq. 2. (A computational procedure to generate
11
type cuwee b-d on a ratio of thr int~al-preeaure function divided by the dimension-
less pressure, that ie, [~(~~)/tB]/(2~D). It can be easily shown that the vertical scales of
type curvee baaed on these groupe are automatically aligned with the vertical scalea of the
corresponding field data plotu. SpecMcaily, it is eeey to show that
3!!EL=43!L (40)
21(#D) 21(Ap”j ‘
tD~D tAp
—— (41)
2@I’I’) = 21(Ap9 ‘
and
~ = mP)
(42)
2tDpD 2tAp ‘
which ‘hnpliesthat the vertical scaiea of type cures based on the groups detied by the left
sides of Eqs. 40,41 and 42 will be identical to the verticai ecalee of the correepondlng field
data plote baaed on the right sid- of Eqa. 40, 41 and 42, respectively. Therefore, type
curvee bad on the grape given by the left sidm of Eqa. 40-42 have the same advantaga
u a type cum baaed on the group pn /(2#P). We note that the groups given by Eqa. 40
and 41 are related by the following equation:
w?L=LQ?L+i (43)
2qp!!) 21 (pf~) 2’
which follows dwectly from Eq. 12, Therefore, a type curve based on tDp~/[2~(p~)] is
equivalent to a type curve baaed on ~(p~)/[2~(#D)] from a theoretical viewpoint.
Using Eqs. 32-34 and 43, one can ~tabliah the following short-time results:
(44)
tDpD 1 2tD
—=~+=g, (46)
21(Pb)
and
4!!!L=KL=+ (47)
2tDpD 2#D TD *
12
*
Using Eqs. 35-38, we can ‘show that the following equations apply at late times:
PD
‘=pD’ #ln ~ , (48)
2#D ()c7 r;
I(pD)
‘=$z(pD)=; h ~ ‘;, (49)
21(P’D) ()
()
tnpv
—— =~ln ~ , (50)
21(p’jJ = ‘D evr&
and
I(pD) = 1
(51)
2t~pD ~“
Note that Eqs. 49 and 50 assume that tn is sufficiently large so that Eq. 38 can be
approximated by ~(#D)/tn = 1/2.
Figure 4 dwpiays a log-log’plot of pD/(2p”) (shown by a solid curve), ~(pD)/[2~(p~)]
(shuwn by a solid curve through circular data pohts), pD/[2~(#D)/tD] (shown by a solid
curve through square data points), and l(pD)/(2tDpD) (shmrn by a did curve through
triangular data points) vemus tLl/& It is important to note that for tJ)/r~ ~ 0.01,
.
the pD/(2#D), I(pD)/[21(#D)] and l(pD)/(2tDpD] solutions are identical and &play the
unit-kpe he given by %D/r~ as predicted analytiedy by Eqs. 44, 45 and 47. This
result suggests that log-log plots of Ap/(2A#), l(Ap)/[21(A#)] and l(Ap)/(2tAp) ver-
sus t will d~lay a unit slope liie fkom which the diffusivity, k/(#Qp), can be obtained.
However, this unit slope line will typically correspond to values of t where the pressure
change is extremely smalL Note that, at small values of t~/r~, the $npD/[2~(p~)] so-
lution is equal to 0.5 as indicated by Eq. 46. When time is sufficiently long so that the
dimensionless pressure function is well approximated by the log approximation (~ Eq.
35), the pD/(2p~) and ~~/[2~(#D)/t~] solutions of Fig. 4 are identical as prdcted by
Eqs. 48 and 50, whereas the ~(pD)/[2~(#~)] solution is below the p~/(2p””) solution and
is given by Eq. 49, The I(pD)/(2tDpD) asymptotically approaches the constant value of
0.5 as predicted by E%. 61,
The use of the type curves of Fig. 4 to analyze field data is sinilar to the use of
the type curves presented by Refs. 13 and 14, and thus, is not discussed here. In later
sections$ we demonstrate the utility of these type curves by analyzing field data obtained
at an observation well during an interference test.
13
0
Identification of the Semilog Straight Line.
For tD/r~ a 30, the dihnensionless integral-pressure ~d the integral-pressur-deri~-
tive functions given by Eqs. 37 and 38 are well approximated by the following equations,
respectively:
1 4tD 1
&~@D) = ~ k —
e~r~ ‘-=pD–0.5,
2 (52)
()
where pD is given by Eq. 35, and
(53)
tDpD tAp
——
21(pjJ = 21(Ap9 = ‘D =
and
l(pD) = Z(Ap)
21(#n) m= i%”)=
Equations 54 and 55 indicate that when pD is given by Eq. 35, semilog plots of
tAp/[21(A#)] ~d l(Ap)/[21(Ap’)] versus t will both d~play a sernilog straight line of.
slope 1.151. If these semilog plots display this semilog straight line, then pressure data
can be analyzed with confidence using the standard semilog analysis procedures based on
a semilog plot of pressure versus time,
Figure 5 illustrates our theoretical tidings that a sixnilog plot of tDpD/[2Z(#D)] and
l(p~)/[21(p~)] versus tD/r& displays a semilog straight line of 1,151. It is clear that both
solutions dhplay a serdog straight limewith a slope of 1.151 for $D/r~ ~ 30.
14
As far as the use of integral-pressure functions infield data analyBis is concerned,
the numerical integration of measured pressure data is required to construct the “integral-
preesure functions proposed in this work. Here, we present two numerical procedures for
integrating given well-test pressure versus time data.
The dmenaional integral-pressure function is given by
(56)
(58)
‘1
I (AP) (tm+l) = ~ q [AP(G) + AP (ti+l)] (ti+l -&) , (59)
3=0
Onge l~Ap) /t versus t data is constructed by the use of Eqs. 59 and 56, we can numerically
generate l(Ap’) /t versus t data from Eq. 60. Thue, we can generate the l(A#)/t data
without actually constructing the pressure derhative data, A#. Thii is the main advantage
of using integral functions,
Another useful numerical integration procedure is baaed on the integration of a quad-
ratic fitted through each three successive (Ap, t) data pointe. In thw tecti~que, we first
15
.
fit a quadratic, Q1, through data poin~ AM. 1, A% and AX+i and then fit a second
quadratic, Q2, through data points Am, Ax+l and Ap~+Z. Once these quadratics are
obtained, we use the following integration formula
G+l
l(Ap)(t~+i) = ~(Ap)(tJ + ~ t, [Ql(?) + Q2(7)) dr. (61)
/
Here, field interference well test data is analyzed by using the new integral-functions
proposed in this work, The field example considered here has been presented by Wither-
spoon & gLlg. The field example is taken fkom a sandstone aquifer. A pumping test was
performed using an average rate of 2742.86 STB/D at an active well whalefour neighboring
wells remained shut-in for an interference testing. Here, we only analyse the data obtained
at one observation well. The radial d~ance between the observation well and the active
well (pumping well) is 327 ft. The preesure data presented in Ref. 19 was converted to
psi.
The 4properties of the aquifer tested areas follows: the average thickness of the reaer-
voir is h = 160 ft, the average porosity from core ana!ysis is # = 0.145, the viscosity of the
producing fluid is p = 1.16 cp, and the average permeability for several wells that were
cored in the aquifer is 137 md.
Table 1 Iiits the pressure and integral-pressure functions as functions of time obtained
at the interference well. The integral functions l(Ap)/t and l(A#)/t were generated using
the overlapping parabolas integration technique. Table 2 shows the pressure and pressure-
derivative data for this example. The pressure-derivative data presented in Table 2 was
obtained by fitting a quadratic through each three successive data points and differentiating
this quadratic at the central point. Thw procedure is the same as the procedure suggested
in Ref. 8. It should be noted we have not applied any smoothing technique to the pressure
or pressure derivative data.
Figure 6 shows a log-log plot of the observation well pressure versus time. Fig. 7
shows a simultaneous match of the field integral pressure functions l(Ap)/t and 1( Sp’)/t
16
.
with the type curves of Fig. 3. It is important to note that a well-defined match of the
field data with the type curves of Fig. 3 is obtained. The t-me and integral-pressure
match-point values, respectively, are (tD/r~)~ = LO, t~ = 6.8, and [~(pD)/tD]M = 0.1,
[I(Ap)Jt]M = 3.8. By using the pressure-match pvint values and the parameter values
given earlier in Eq. 22, we computed the transmissibility kh/~ = 10192 md-ft/cp (k = 74
md). Similarly, by using the tire-match point values in Eq, 2 in the standard way, we
computed the poroshy-compressibility-thickness product as &h = 1.4578 x 10-4 psi- ‘-ft
17
upward horn this straight line.’ Thii deviation from the semilog straight line could be
caused by the presence of a constut pressure boundary. However, the information given
by Ref. 19 is not sufficient to confidently predict the cause of thw upward bend in the data.
For comparison purposes, Fig. 11 presents a semilog plot the pressure/prezsmderivative
function Apj(2A#) versus t. As mentioned earlier, if we have data analyzable by standard
semilog plots, a semilog plot of Ap/ (2A#) versus time should tilblt a semilog straight
iine with slope equal to 1.151. It is important to note that because of the tendency of the
derivative data to amplify the noise, we cannot identify the proper semilog straight line
of slope 1.151 in Fig. 11 even though Fig. 1.0 indicates that we have analyzable pressure
data which can be analyzed by standard zemilog plots.
Based on the results of Fig. 10, the pressure data corresponding to 50 ~ t ~ 35o can
be analyzed using the standard semilog analysis procedure. Figure 12 shows a semilog .
plot of Ap versus t data. The straight line shown in Fig. 12 was fit through data points
corresponding to 50 s t g 350 and has a slope of 44 psi/cycle. By extrapolat”~ this
straight lime to a sem pressure drop, we obtained to = 2.4 houm. Using these values
in the s$andard way, we obtained kh/~ = 1.0138 x 104 md-ft/cp (k = 73.5 md) and
~qh = 1.3474 x 10-4 psi-l-ft (#~ = 8.421 x 10-7 psi-l). These results are in good
agreement with the results obtained from type-curve match of Fig. 7.
For the same example, Ref. 19 obtained k = 74.5 md and ~~ = 8.8595 x 10-7 psi-i
from type-curve matchiig of only pressure data and k = 74.5 md and #Q = 8.3085x 10-7
psi- 1 from sernilog analysis of pressure data. Note that these values are in close agreement
with the values obtained from our new analysis procedure.
Just prior to submitting this paper, we learned that Duong and McLauchlin20 had
used a relation similar to Eq. 12 to derive an analysis method for analyzing early-time
pressure data. Their method, which is based on Duhamel’s principle, assumes that all data
considered represents only one flow regime, e.g., linear flow, biliiear flow, spherical flow, or
radkd flow. Under this assumption, they obtain from the convolution ‘integral (Duhamel’s
formula) a linear relation involving three coefficients which are directly related to reservoir
18
properties and recommend determining these coefficients by multiple regression analysis.
Their linear relation explicitly invohws the pressure derivative. Our approach is radcally
diiTerent, for example, we recommend generating type curves which c- be used at all
times and are not dependent on any specific flow regime and we do not need to compute
the values of the pressure derivative; see Eq. 00.
In th~ work, we introduced average pressure and pressure derivative functioti which
can be used to generate type curves for all clswical problems of ‘interest “mwell test”mg. It
was shown that these new well-testing functions are useful for analyzing interference data
by type-curve match~ or by semilog methods. It was also shown that these pressure
functions has the same basic characters of the pressure function and the pressure-derivative
function. Most importantly, the new integral-pressarAerhmtive fbnction haa the same
character as the standard pressure derivative function, but yields much smoother data
(less noise) than is obtained by differentiating measured pressure data.
Symbol
B= FVF, RB/STB [res ins/stock-tank ms]
Cg = system compressibility, psi- i [kPa- 1]
19
,
U#wD)
= hktegrd of #WDfrom zero ~ tD
rD = dimensionless radial distance between the active well and observat m well,
defined by Eq. 3
rW = wellbore radius, ft [m]
s = skin factor at the active well
t = time, hours
tD = dimensionless time bssed on wellbore radius
4 = reservoir porosity, fraction
# = viscosity, cp [P-on]
7 = Euler’uconstant, 0.57722
The preparation of th~ paper was supported by grants from Aramco ServicesCo.,
Arco Oil and Gas Co., Mobil Exploration and Producing Services, Inc. and Pertamina.
Financial support for the graduate studies of M. Onur was pr~~ided by these same compa-
nies, the Ministry of National Education, Ankara, Turkey, and the U. of !lMsa. Financial
support for the graduate studies of A, Peres was provided by Petrobras.
REFERENC Es
1. Theis, C. V.: “Relation between the Lowering of the Piezometric Surface and the Rate
and the Duration of Discharge of a Well Using Ground-Water Storage,fi KM lhns.,
AGU (1935) 16, No. 2,519-24.
2* Jacob, C. E.: “Drawdown Test to Determine Effective Radius of Artesian Wells,”
!lhw., ASCE (1947) 113, 1047-1070.
20
m 19$14 -
3. Earlougher, R. C., Jr.: Advunceu in WsU Testing, Monograph Series, SPE, Rk3mrd-
son, TX,(1977) 5.
4. Jacob, C. E.: ‘Coefficients of Storage and lhnsmissibility Obtained from Pumping
Tests in the Houston District, Texas? Zhms., AGU (1941) 744-56.
5* Chow, V. T.: ‘On the Determination of Transmissibility and Storage Coefficients
from Pumping Data~ ~anu., AGU (1952) S8, 397-404.
6. Tiab, D. and Kumar, A.: ‘Application of the #D function to Interference Analysis,m
JPZ’ (Aug. 1980) 1465-70.
7* E1-Khatib, N. A. F.: “A New Approach to Interference Test Analysis? SIWFE (Dee
1987) 609-610,
8. Bourdet, D,, Whittle, T. M., Douglas, A. and Pirard, Y. M.: ‘A New Set of Type
Curves Simplifies Well Test Analysis? Workf Oil (May 1983) 95-106.
9* Clark, D. G. and van Golf-Racht, T. D.: “Pressure-Derivative Approach to Zhnsient
T-t Analysis: A Flgh-Permeability North Sea Reservoir Example~ WV (Nov. 1985)
2023-29.
10. van Everd~en, A. F.: “The $km Effect and Its I&mnce on the Productive Capacity
of a Well,” Zhms., AIME (1953) Vol. 198171-176.
11* Hurst, W.: %stabkhrnent of the Skm Effect and Its Irnpdrnent to Fluid Flow into
a Well Bore? Pet. Eng. [Oct. 1953) Vol. 25, B 6-16.
12. Per=, A. M. M., Onur, M. and Ibynolds, A, C.: ‘A New General Pressure A~alysie
Procedure for Slug Tests,n paper SPE 18801 presented at the SPE 1989 California
Regional Meeting, Bakemfield, CA, April. &7.
13. Onur, M. and Reynolds, A. C.: ‘A New Approach for Constructing Type Curves for
Well Test Analysis: SPEFE (March 1988) 197-206.
14. Onur, M., Yeh, N., and Reynolds, A. C.: “New Derivative Type Curves for Well Test
Analysis,n paper SPE 16810 presented at the 1987 SPE Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition, Dallas, Sept. 27-30, to appear in SPEFE.
15. Ozkan, E., Raghavan, R., and Joshi, S. D.: ‘Horizontal Well Pressure Analysis,*
paper SPE 16378 presented at the 1987 SPE Californi:~Regional Meeting, Ventura,
April 8-10,
,
21
16. Duong, A. N.: ‘A New Set of Type Curvee for Well Tent Interpretation Using the
Pressure Derivative Ratio? paper SPE 16812 preeented at the 1987 SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallae, Sept. 27-30.
17. Yeh, N-S. and Agarwal, R. G.: ‘Development and Application of New Type Curves
for Preesure Ithnaient Analysis,n paper SPE 17567 preeented at the 1988 SPE Inter-
national Meet”ingon Petroleum Engineering, Tianjin, China, Nov. 1-4.
18. Cinc*Ley, H. and Meng, H,-Z.: “Preseure ‘.Ihneient Analysie of Wells with Finite
Conductivity Vertical Fracturee in Double Poroeity Reeervoirs~ paper SPE 18172
preeenied at the 1988 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston,
Oct. 2-5.
19, Witherspoon, P. A., Javandel, I., Newman, S. P,, and Freeze, R. A.: Interpretation of
Aqui/er Gas Stora~e Conditions From Water Pumping WeUU,Monograph on Project
NS-38, AGA Inc., New York, NY (1967) 14-20.
20. Duong; A. N. and McLaughlin, L. A.: ‘A Generalised Approach for Analysing the
Early-Time Preeeure ‘hnsient Data? paper SPE 18880 preeented at the 1989 SPE
Production Operations $ympoeium, Oklahoma City, March 12-14.
22
.
/b(rDstD) =
-~Ei[-&l=iE’[H (A -1)
Defining
(A -5)
‘(pD)=i(*)[%~’(*)
-%E’(2)1* ‘A-’)
Via integration by parts, it can be shown that
Using Eq. A-7 in Eq. A-6 and rearranging the resulting equation, it follows that
I(pD)
=; (~)[(%+1)E4%H4-W ‘A-8)
23
>
~ a~slb
I(pD) =
-;(*) [(*+’) ’’(-*) +* W(-*)]. 0-,)
Integrating Eq. A-10 by parts and using the fact that pD (0) = O, we obtain
Using Eqs. A-1 and A-9 in Eq. A-11 and rearranging the resulting equation gives
(A - 12)
24
T8bh 1
Fidd Iatukoaeo TOWDots
ofRef.
W Prwwo oadhto~ Prowur,Dot~
-’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. Q
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a,@,)(+j
— f)~(fD.tD)
7“’
il
0{
(:d) 1 ~ CINV (ad)+
8SNO110Nfld 1VW31NI
= 19s14
ml
-n
-a
-am
u
.
.
.
o 0’
.ag
J1
&
-
OQ
\\ 00
~ 00
.
u)
on
0 I
m
●
4!’
Fig. 6- Log-Log Plot of Prumlre Ch8nge Ver6w T-; F~eld Examp]dlef. 19.
●
---
g
‘i!
u
Q
#
u
v
:=
,1,n
-4-
n I
o
y
1111 I 1 11111111
1 1111111
I 1 11111111 I
N
i ~- o
s. g- 0 b
TIME, t, hours
-1 s
1-
.
-..
Z-8 0
*
o 0
I
A
( (Idv) IZ)/(dv) 1 UO ((,@) Iz)f(dv+)
4.605 I 1 f 111111 1 I I Ilili[ 1 I I Ililll I 1 I 1 II
0
0
0
3.454
00
00 0
00
%
o
0°0
1.151
00 00 0
0j*-1 ,*3
1 10 102
Z
-
m
Fii. 11- Semilog Plot d Ap/(2A#) versus Tree; Field Example.
*
120 II
r’IIIIW I I
111111 I I 1111114 I I I 111
90 -
60 -
30 -
. .
0. 1
TIME, t, hours
:
Fii. 12- Semilog P1Otaf Pr9aure C&nge, Ap, vemae T-; Fwld Exampk. w
m
*