Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TEXTILES
Submitted by:
Ch .Lakshmi Priya (III C.S.E)
Priya_gooby@yahoo.com
D.Avanthi
Avanthi_hello@yahoo.com
An adage is well known to all, “change is the only permanent thing in the
nature”. The sheer beauty and economy of nature enables complicated polymers first to
be fabricated then, living processes. The harnessing of these secretes has now led to the
availability of new polymers which can impart living characteristics into an inanimate.
The break through, path braking and revolutionary developments (the
leapfrogging technologies) make sense where technological advances driven by the
market demands. One of the leapfrogging technologies today is “nano technology”,
which is believed to reinvigorate discoveries and innovation in almost every host areas. It
provides the unprecedented way of manufacturing materials, which may not be seen
earlier in nature.
The latest technical buzzword in textiles too is nano technology (fibres, finishes,
& so on).World’s toughest fibre carbon nano fibre is currently being paid more attention
due to their unique physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, obtained by an
“eSpin” technology i.e. electrostatic spinning technology.
This paper summarizes the recent development of nanotechnology in textile areas
including textile formation and textile finishing. Details on two major technical aspects,
using nanosize entities and employing specific techniques to create nanosize structure
inside textile materials, have been elucidated. A number of nanosize fillers and their
resultant performances have been reviewed. Particularly, nanolayer assembly, a new
concept of textile surface coating, has been introduced. At the end, perspectives regarding
future development of nanotechnologv for smart and intelligent textiles have been
addressed.
Introduction:
4% 2% 2% nanoparticle
10%
nanocomposite
10% 46% nanofibre
nanocapsule
nanostructure
nanoemulsion
12% nanofilteration
14% nanosphere
Schematic of a nano
modulus, 60% higher flexural strength, and a 126% increased flexural modulus . In
addition, the heat distortion temperature (HDT) increased from 65°C to 152°C. Nanosize
clay flakes are arranged densely and alternately than the therefore, the composite
material has barrier performance to water, chemicals or other harmful species.
Another function of clay nanoparticles is to introduce dye-attracting sites and creating
dye-holding space in polyproprene fibers, known as non-dyeable fiber due to its
structural compactness and lack of dye-attracting sites. Nanoparticles of
montmorillonite are modified with quaternary ammonium salt and then mixed into
polyproprene before it is extruded. As a result, polyproprene with clay nanoparticles by
weight percentage of 5% can be colored by acid dyes and disperse dyes.
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles:
Nanosize particles of Ti02, Al2O3, ZnO, and MgO are a group of metal oxides
that possess photocatalytic ability, electrical conductivity, UV absorption and photo-
oxidizing capacity against chemical and biological species. Intensive researches
involving the nanoparticles of metal oxides have been focusing on antimicrobial, self-
decontaminating and UV blocking functions for both military protection gears and
civilian health products . Nylon fiber filled with ZnO nanoparticles can provide UV
shielding function and reducing static electricity of nylon fiber. A composite fiber with
nanoparticle of Ti02/ MgO can provide self-sterilizing function .
Carbon Nanotubes:
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the most promising building blocks existing. Its
higher strength and high electrical conductivity arc not comparable by carbon
nanofibers. CNT consists of tiny shell(s) of graphite rolled up into a cylindcr(s). With 100
times the tensile strength of steel at one-sixth weight, thermal conductivity better than all
but the purest diamond, and electrical conductivity similar to copper, but with the ability
to carry much higher currents, CNT seems to be a wonder material.
Generally, CNTs are classified into single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and multi-
walled carbon nanotube (MWNT). They are usually made by carbon-arc discharge, laser
ablation of carbon, or chemical vapor deposition. The potential applications of CNTs
include conductive and high-strength composite fibers, energy storage and energy
conversion devices, sensors, and field emission displays.
One of the successful examples of CNT composite fiber is the SWNT- polyvinyl
alcohol fiber with fiber diameters in micrometer range produced by using a coagulation-
based spinning process. The fiber exhibits twice the stiffness and strength, and 20 times
the toughness of steel wire of the same weight and length. Moreover, the fiber toughness
can be four times higher than that of spider silk and 17 times greater of Kevlar fibers used
in bulletproof vests. " Therefore, this type of fibers has potential applications in safety
harnesses, explosion-proof blankets, and electromagnetic shielding. Continuing
research activities on CNT fibers involve study of different fiber polymer matrices such
as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polyacrylonitrile (PNA) as well as CNT
dispersion and orientation in polymers. Processing approaches such as wet spinning, melt
spinning and electron spinning were extensively explored.
Carbon Nanotubes
Nanocellular Foam Structures:
Nanotechnology not only has exerted its influence in making versatile fiber
composites but also has had impact in making upgraded chemical finishes. One of the
trends in synthesis process is to pursue a nanoscale emulsification, through which
finishes can be applied to textile material in a more thorough, even and precise manner.
Finishes can be emulsified into nano-micelles, made into nano-sols or wrapped in
nanocapsules that can adhere to textile substrates more evenly. These advanced finishes
set up an unprecedented level of textile performances of stain-resistant,
hydrophilic, anti-static, wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities.
Nanoparticles in Finishing:
Nanoparticles such as metal oxides and ceramics are also used in textile finishing
to alter surface properties and impart textile functions. Nanosize particles have a larger
surface area and hence higher efficiency than larger size particles. Besides, nanosize
particles are transparent, and do not blur color and brightness of the textile substrates.
However, preventing nanoparticles from aggregation is the key to achieve a desired
performance.
As an example, the fabric treated with nanoparticles TiCh and MgO replaces
fabrics with active carbon, previously used as chemical and biological protective
materials. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and MgO nanoparticles can break harmful
and toxic chemicals and biological agents. These nanoparticles can be pre-engineered to
adhere to textile substrates by using spray coating or electrostatic methods. Finishing
with nanoparticles can convert fabrics into sensor-based materials. If nanocrystalline
piezoceramic particles are incorporated into fabrics, the finished fabric can convert
exerted mechanical forces into electrical signals enabling the monitoring of bodily
functions such as heart rhythm and pulse if they are worn next to skin.
2)Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil
repellent finishing is effective for use in natural
fibers such as cotton, linen, wool and silk, as well as
synthetics such as polyester, nylon and acryl. Unsurpassed performance in durability and
water and oil repellency may be expected particularly with natural fibers. Nano-Pel
cotton withstands 50 home launderings, with functionality levels well-maintained for
water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20 washes
BEFORE AFTER
3)Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of
more than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the
area of polyester and nylon synthetic garments. Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to
that of the hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using
polyethylene glycol polymer molecules, and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed. It
is expected to serve particularly well for use in nylon, as there exists no such durable
hydrophilic finishing, in the field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration
absorbency.. Considerable growth is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6
months, mainly in the field of sportswear.
4)Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives a durable cellulose wrapping over
synthetic fiber. Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure
to bring overall solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic,
electrostatic, having artificial hand and glaring luster. It will broaden the existing use of
synthetics, being free of their disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being
hydrophobic, electrostatic and having unnatural hand. The following are examples of new
areas of use created through Nano-Touch, a new standard for fiber compounding.
The structural feature of these materials dominates its surface properties, permeselectivity
and permeability that gives hydrogels their unique and interesting properties and
similarity of their physical properties to those of living tissue. Hydrogels can be used in
biomedical applications as they show some advantages in relation to other polymeric
biomaterials .
Polymer solution or the melt that has to be spun is forced through a syringe pump
to form a pendant drop of polymer at the tip of the capillary or syringe needle. High
voltage is applied to the polymer solution inside the syringe through a connected
electrode thereby inducing free charges into the polymer solution. These charged ions
move in response to the applied electric field towards the electrode of opposite polarity
thereby transferring tensile forces to the polymer liquid. At the tip of the capillary, the
pendant hemispherical polymer drop takes a cone like projection in the presence of an
electric field. And, when the applied potential reaches a critical value that is required to
overcome the surface tension of the liquid, a jet of liquid is ejected from the cone tip.
Future Prospect: