Korean Wikibooks

Learn Korean - wikibooks
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Contents
Articles
Korean 1
Korean/Alphabet 5
Korean/RWP 7
Korean/RWP/Lesson 1 8
Korean/RWP/Summary 35
Korean/Principles of Orthography 36
Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules 40
Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules 44
Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson 47
Korean/Getting started on Hanjas 54
Korean/Grammar Introduction 56
Korean/Personal pronouns 56
Korean/Demonstrative pronouns 58
Korean/Adjectives 60
Korean/Verbs 61
Korean/Conjunctions 65
Korean/Particles 66
Korean/Comparatives and superlatives 67
Korean/Questions 68
Korean/Commands 69
Korean/Dates and times 70
Korean/Lesson I1 71
Korean/Lesson I2 74
Korean/Lesson I3 78
Korean/Lesson I4 79
Korean/Lesson I5 81
Korean/Lesson I6 82
Korean/Lesson I7 84
Korean/Lesson I8 85
Korean/Lesson I9 85
Korean/Lesson I10 86
Korean/Lesson II1 86
Korean/Lesson III1 92
Korean/Lesson VI1 101
References
Article Sources and Contributors 103
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 105
Article Licenses
License 106
Korean 1
Korean
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Learn Korean (Introduction) — Reading and writing •
Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계:
Advanced
Grammar
III This is a Category III Language.

Welcome to the Korean Wikibook, a free textbook for learning Korean.
Note: To use this book, your web browser must first be configured to display Korean (Hangeul) characters. Check
the two boxes below:
ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅎ 안녕하세요
The boxes show Hangeul characters and jamo. If symbols appear as blank boxes, garbage, or question marks (?),
your computer or web browser needs to be configured for the Korean language.
Introduction
Korean is the official language of both Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and Republic of
Korea (South Korea). It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.
Worldwide, there are about 80 million Korean speakers, most of which live in China, Japan or the United States, but
they also represent sizeable minorities in New Zealand, Kazakhstan, Canada, Uzbekistan and Australia.
In the Republic of Korea, the language is most often called 한국말 (Han-gung-mal), or more formally, 한국어
(Han-gug-eo) or 국어 (Gug-eo; literally "national language"). In North Korea and Yanbian, the language is most
often called 조선말 (Chosŏnmal), or more formally, 조선어 (Chosŏnŏ).
Experts are still not completely sure of the origins of the Korean language, although it is generally believed to come
from the Altaic language tree. It is an agglutinative language, so it has some certain special characteristics that are
unlike English. A student of Chinese languages will quickly notice that Korean shares much of their vocabulary,
while a Japanese student will also notice similarities in grammar and vocabulary.
Feel free to use English Wiktionary's Korean language Category as a reference for these courses. New students to
this type of language may initially progress slowly, but as study progresses, previously unfamiliar aspects of Korean
will begin to make sense and new concepts will be more easily learned. Korean grammar is complex but surprisingly
also very simple, and always very fun to learn.
Korean 2
Reading and writing

• Alphabet Introduction
• Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean (course)
• /Principles of Orthography/
• /Essential Pronunciation Rules/
• /Advanced Pronunciation Rules/
• /Mini-tutorial Lesson/
• /Getting started on Hanjas/
Grammar
• Introduction to Korean Grammar • Conjunctions
• Personal pronouns • Particles
• Demonstrative pronouns • Sentence word order
• Adjectives • Comparatives & superlatives
• Verbs • Forming questions
• Articles & qualifiers • Forming commands
• Forming dates & times
Vocabulary
• Expert Hanja Hanja Terms for Expert Level Learners
• Expert Terms for Expert Level Learners
Conversation
Korean 3
1단계 (LEVEL I): Beginner 2단계 (LEVEL II): High beginner

• 1. Greeting • 1. Sports
안녕 (informal) 운동
안녕하세요? (general) • 2. Jobs
안녕하십니까? (formal) 직업
• 2. Forming sentences • 3. Downtown
저는 대학생입니다. 도심
• 3. Connective Particles and Forms • 4. Public transportation
-고, -거나, -지만 대중교통

• 4. Colors / Shopping • 5. At the hotel
파랑, 빨강, 노랑 호텔에서

• 5. In a taxi / Distance and Time • 6. At the library
택시 / 거리와 시간 도서관에서
• 6. Family • 7. At the farm
가족 시골에서
• 7. Around the house • 8. Medical care
집안 병원에서
• 8. The workplace / Using the telephone • 9. The Weather
직장 날씨
• 9. School • 10. At the Theater
학교 영화관에서
• 10. Onomatopoeia
의성어
3단계 (LEVEL III): Low 4단계 (LEVEL IV): High intermediate

intermediate • 제1과
• 1. The human body • 제2과
• 제3과
인간의 몸
• 제4과
• 2. Religion
• 제5과
종교 • 제6과
• 3. Nature • 제7과
자연 • 제8과
• 4. The universe • 제9과
우주 • 제10과
• 5. Reading a book
책 읽기
• 6. How much do you love me?
날 얼마나 사랑해?
• 7. Using computers
컴퓨터 사용하기
• 제8과
• 제9과
• 제10과
Korean 4
5단계 (LEVEL V): Low advanced 6단계 (LEVEL VI): Advanced

• 제1과 • 제1과: 마침 제 친구가 전화했기에 망정이지 그렇지 않았으면 비행기를 놓칠
• 제2과 뻔했어요.
• 제3과 • 제2과
• 제4과 • 제3과
• 제5과 • 제4과
• 제6과 • 제5과
• 제7과 • 제6과
• 제8과 • 제7과
• 제9과 • 제8과
• 제10과 • 제9과
• 제10과
About this Book
About the Authors

• Authors
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Advanced
Grammar
References
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Korean/ Navigation
Korean/Alphabet 5
Korean/Alphabet
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Learn Korean (Introduction)
Reading and writing — Course • Principles of Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules
Advanced
Grammar
Introduction
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangeul (한글, "great script"), is considered one of the most efficient and logical
writing systems in the world. While most modern alphabets evolved from earlier hieroglyphics or ideographs, 한글
(Hangeul) was created specifically to make it easy to read and write the Korean language.
Although the characters of 한글 (Hangeul) may appear to be ideograms like the traditional Hanja (한자, 漢字), they
really form an alphabet. Each block character represents one syllable and is made up of individual jamo (자모),
much like the letters in the Latin alphabet. 한글 (Hangeul) is easy to learn because it has only 24 basic jamo.
See Wikipedia's entries on Hangul and Hanja for more about the history and design of the Korean writing
systems.
Consonants
Below are the consonants (자음) of the Korean alphabet. You don't
need to memorize them yet because individual lessons will cover each
letter in detail. For now, just be aware that the Korean alphabet has ten
basic consonants and nine variations on them:
14 Korean consonants
Korean/Alphabet 6
Consonant jamo
Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱㄴㄷ ㄹㅁ ㅂㅅ ㅇ ㅈ ㅎ
Romanization g or k n d or t r or l m b or p s - or ng j or ch h
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [n] [d] or [t] [ɾ] or [l] [m] [b] or [p] [s] silent or [ŋ] [ʥ] or [ʨ] [h]
Aspirated Letter (jamo)

거센소리 ㅋ ㅌ ㅍ ㅊ
Romanization k t p ch
Pronunciation [kʰ] [tʰ] [pʰ] [ʨʰ]
Tense Letter (jamo)

된소리 ㄲ ㄸ ㅃㅆ ㅉ
Romanization gg or kk dd or tt bb or pp ss jj
Pronunciation [k͈] [t͈] [p͈] [s͈] [ʨ͈]
Notice that some consonants have two different pronunciations (e.g. ㄱ pronounced as /g/ or /k/ depending on
context). Also, some are "aspirated" and some are "tense". Those details and more are explained in ../Essential
Pronunciation Rules/.
Vowels
There are 21 letters used to represent vowels: six basic vowels, nine
combinations of those six basic vowels (which originally were all
pronounced as diphthongs), and six vowels with an extra short dash
representing the initial y [j] sound.
6 Korean regular vowels: diphthongs in red
Vowel jamo
Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅑㅓㅕㅗㅛㅜㅠㅡㅣ
Romanization a ya eo yeo o yo u yu eu i
Pronunciation [a] [ja] [ʌ] [jʌ] [o] [jo] [u] [ju] [ɯ] [i]
Letter (jamo)
ㅐㅒㅔㅖㅚ ㅟ ㅢ
Romanization ae yae e ye oe wi ui
Pronunciation [ɛ] [jɛ] [e] [je] [wø] [wi] [ɰi]
Letter (jamo)
ㅘ ㅝ
Romanization wa wo
Pronunciation [wa] [wʌ]
Korean/Alphabet 7
Letter (jamo)
ㅙ ㅞ
Romanization wae we
Pronunciation [wɛ] [we]
End of introduction
To learn how to read, write, and pronounce each Korean letter, proceed to the Read, Write, and Pronounce Korean
course.
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Advanced
Grammar
Korean/RWP
Read, write, pronounce Korean:
Course — Lesson 1 • Lesson 2 • Lesson 3 • Lesson 4 • Lesson 5 • Lesson 6 • Summary
Orthography • Essential Pronunciation Rules • Advanced Pronunciation Rules
Grammar • Conversation
Welcome to a course teaching you how to read, write and pronounce the Korean script! Here you will learn the script
without difficulty, because we're taking it step by step and you will have plenty of opportunities to practise. So dive
in!
• Lesson 1 (first four letters: ㅂㅏㄴㅇ)
• Lesson 2 (four more letters: ㅁㅣㄹㄱ)
• Lesson 3 (final ㅇ and four more letters: ㅗㄷㅅ一)
• Lesson 4 (the last basic letters: ㅜㅓㅔㅐㅎㅈ)
• Lesson 5 (aspiration, diphthongs)
• Lesson 6 (doubled letters, more digraphs)
• Summary
External links
• Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean [1]: A continuation of this course copied on a private (non-wiki) site.
See Talk:Korean/RWP for more details.
References
[1] http:/ / www. learnlangs. com/ RWP/ Korean/
Korean/RWP/Lesson 1
Congratulations on your decision to start learning Hangeul, the Korean script! You will see that being able to
read Korean will baffle your friends and enrich your life. Also, you will no longer be completely illiterate when
travelling to Korea.
Even though Korean may look similar to Chinese or Japanese to the uninitiated, it is actually much easier because
the characters are a combination of just 24 letters (jamo) and a few simple variations, rather than thousands of
drawings to memorize. So even going at a relaxed pace of 4 letters per lesson, you will have learned everything you
need to read Korean after just a few lessons, compared with the years of training required to master the Japanese or
Chinese scripts!
First letters
First we will learn the Korean letters (jamo) for "A" and "B".
ㅂ (bieup) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅂ (bieup) (help·info)
Letter (jamo):
ㅂ
Pronunciation: [b] or [p]
The letter ㅂ (called bieup) is pronounced somewhat like the English b sound. It can also sound like the English p
sound but it is not aspirated. That is, it is said without a burst of air. To feel or see the difference between aspirated
and unaspirated sounds, put a hand or a lit candle in front of your mouth and say "pin" ([pʰɪn]) and then "spin"
([spɪn]). You should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with "pin" that doesn't appear with
"spin".
So, ㅂ sounds like the b in in the English word "bin" or like the p in the English word "spin".
ㅏ (a) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅏ (a) (help·info)
Letter (jamo):
ㅏ
Pronunciation: [a]
The letter ㅏ (a) represents the vowel a as in father.
Combining letters
To combine them into a complete Korean character, fit them into an imaginary little square box:
Letter (jamo):
ㅂㅏ 바 =>
Romanization: b a ba
Pronunciation: [p] [a] [pa]
Exercise
The character 바 is the actual spelling of a Korean word. Can you guess what it means? Click "▼" below to see the
answer.
There is a standard way to represent Korean words in the Latin alphabet (the alphabet used to write English), called
the Revised Romanization of Korean. In that system, 바 is represented as "ba". When there is a difference between
the standard romanization and the usual pronunciation of a Korean word, this course shows the standard
romanization of Korean characters and words in italics (like ba for the standard romanization of 바) and the
pronunciation in square brackets (like [pa] for the pronunciation of 바).
ㄴ (nieun) stroke order
Sound sample of ㄴ (nieun) (help·info)
Now, the next important letter to learn is ㄴ (nieun):
Letter (jamo):
ㄴ
Pronunciation: [n]
The letter ㄴ (nieun) represents the n sound.

Notice how the letter ㄴ (n) combines with the letter ㅏ (a) to make the character 나 (na):
Letter (jamo):
ㄴㅏ 나 =>
Pronunciation: [n] [a] [na]
Exercise
Try to read and understand the following word:
When you think you know the answer, click "▼" above and to the right to see whether you are right.
Initial consonant placeholder
ㅇ (ieung) stroke order
In initial position, ㅇ (ieung) is silent.
Every Korean character represents one syllable, and each starts with a space for a consonant. But some syllables start
with a vowel, such as the beginning of the Korean greeting "annyeong haseyo". Those syllables use the placeholder
ㅇ (called ieung) for the initial consonant. It's easy to remember the placeholder because it has zero pronunciation
and is written like the number zero (0):
Letter (jamo):
O
Pronunciation: (silent)
To make a syllable that starts with a vowel, write the placeholder O followed by that vowel:
Letter (jamo):
Oㅏ 아 =>
Pronunciation: (silent) [a] [a]
So, the initial consonant placeholder O (ieung) combines with ㅏ (a) to make the word 아 (a, meaning "ah" or "oh").
Excercise
Try to read the following Korean words:
Syllables with a final consonant

Some syllables end in a consonant, especially when a word has a cluster of two consonants in the middle: one
consonant then forms the end of one syllable and the other forms the beginning of the next syllable. Fitting two
consonants and a vowel into a little square box is a little trickier. First write the initial consonant and the vowel next
to each other as before, then put the final consonant below them. For example:
Letter (jamo):
ㅂㅏ 반 =>
ㄴ
Romanization: ba ban
n
Pronunciation: [ p a n ] [pan]
Exercise
Can you read the following?
Did you manage to read that? If so, you will soon be able to read Korean fluently.
End of lesson 1
This was in fact the hardest lesson of all, because you didn't have any previous knowledge. The next lessons will
build on what you learned here and you will find them easier, also because you will be able to practise reading much
more once you know a few more letters. If you don't feel overwhelmed right now, you can already continue with the
next lesson, where you will learn a few more letters and many more words. Otherwise, please come back to it later.
Jamo learned so far:
Consonant jamo
Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄴㅂ ㅇ
Romanization n b or p -
Pronunciation [n] [b] or [p] (initial)
silent
Vowel jamo
Letter (jamo)
ㅏ
Romanization a
Pronunciation [a]

Korean/RWP/Lesson 2
Consonants learned in Lesson 1:

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄴㅂ ㅇ
Romanization n b or p -
Pronunciation [n] [b] or [p] (initial)
silent
Vowels learned in Lesson 1:

Letter (jamo)
ㅏ
Romanization a
Pronunciation [a]
Welcome back! This is the second lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean".
In the last lesson, you already learned four letters: ㅂ (bieup), ㅏ (a), ㄴ (nieun) and O (ieung). In this lesson, you
will learn four new letters. Combined with the four you already know, they will open up quite a few Korean words to
you.
The consonant ㅁ (mieum)
ㅁ (mieum) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅁ (mieum) (help·info)
The first new consonant to learn is ㅁ (mieum):
Letter (jamo):
ㅁ
Pronunciation: [m]
ㅁ (mieum) is pronounced just like a regular English m. Be careful not to confuse it with 'O', which doesn't have
corners.
Letter (jamo):
ㅁㅏ 마 =>
Pronunciation: [m] [a] [ma]

Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅁ (mieum). Click "Show" to check your answers, as
usual.
The vowel ㅣ (i)
ㅣ (i) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅣ (i) (help·info)
The first new vowel to learn is ㅣ (i):
Letter (jamo):
ㅣ
Pronunciation: [i]
The vowel ㅣ (i) looks much like the English letter I and is pronounced like the i in "machine", so it's easy to
remember. It also looks similar to the Korean letter ㅏ (a), except that the dash to the right is missing. (Note: all
Korean vowels are based on long horizontal or vertical lines, most with short dashes attached to them.)
Letter (jamo):
ㅁㅣ 미 =>
Pronunciation: [m] [i] [mi]
Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅣ (i). Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.
The consonant ㄹ (rieul)
ㄹ (rieul) stroke order
Sound sample of ㄹ (rieul) (help·info)
The next consonant, ㄹ (rieul), has two different sounds:

Letter (jamo):
ㄹ
Romanization: l or r
Pronunciation: [ɾ] or [l]
ㄹ (rieul) is pronounced like the l in let or like the the r in the Spanish word árbol, and is transliterated as r or l.
Letter (jamo):
ㄹㅏ 라 =>
Romanization: r a ra
Pronunciation: [ɾ] [a] [ɾa]
Exercise
Each of these words has ㄹ (rieul). Translate each word into English. Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.
The consonant ㄱ (giyeok)
ㄱ (giyeok) stroke order
Sound sample of ㄱ (giyeok) (help·info)
Finally, the consonant ㄱ (giyeok) will unlock lots of words to you:
Letter (jamo):
ㄱ
Pronunciation: [g] or [k]
ㄱ (giyeok) is pronounced like the k in sky or the c in scrape. It is not aspirated, so it does not sound like the c in cry
or vacation. Many English speakers liken it more to the g sound. It is transliterated as g or k. Be careful not to
confuse it with ㄴ (nieun). When ㄱ (giyeok) is combined with a vowel such as ㅏ (a) or ㅣ (i), it changes shape
slightly:
Letter (jamo):
ㄱㅣ 기 =>
Romanization: g i gi
Pronunciation: [k] [i] [ki]

Exercise
Translate these words with ㄱ (giyeok) into English. Click "Show" to check your answers, as usual.
End of lesson 2
Very good! You have now learned 8 Korean letters already and the rest won't be difficult either. Feel free to continue
with the next lesson.
Consonants learned so far:

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱ ㄴㄹㅁ ㅂ ㅇ
Romanization g or k n r or l m b or p -
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [n] [ɾ] or [l] [m] [b] or [p] (initial)
silent
Vowels learned so far:

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅣ
Romanization a i
Pronunciation [a] [i]

Korean/RWP/Lesson 3

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱ ㄴㄹㅁ ㅂ ㅇ
Romanization g or k n r or l m b or p -
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [n] [ɾ] or [l] [m] [b] or [p] (initial)
silent

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅣ
Romanization a i
Pronunciation [a] [i]
Welcome back! This is the third lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". In the previous two lessons,
you already learned a total of 8 letters.
In this lesson, you will learn 4 additional basic letters and many new Korean words. You will even use your
knowledge to write some Korean words, rather than just reading them.
The vowel ㅗ (o)
ㅗ (o) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅗ (o) (help·info)
The first new letter is the vowel ㅗ (o):
Letter (jamo):
ㅗ
Pronunciation: [o]
The vowel ㅗ (o) is pronounced like the ow in the American English pronunciation of row or the a in the Australian
English pronunciation of ball (IPA: [o]). Since this vowel is much wider than it is tall (unlike the vowels you have
learned so far), it would be difficult to fit it beside a consonant in a little square box. Instead, it is written below the
initial consonant:
Letter (jamo):
ㄹ 로 =>
ㅗ
Romanization: r ro
o
Even when ㅗ (o) is already below the consonant, it is still possible to add another consonant below to make the
syllable end in a consonant:
Letter (jamo):
ㅂ =>
볼
ㅗ
ㄹ
Romanization: b bol
o
l
Pronunciation: [ p o l ] [pol]
Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅗ (o). Click "▼" to check your answers, as usual.
Final ㅇ (ieung)
Final ㅇ (ieung) stroke order
Sound sample of Final ㅇ (ieung) (help·info)
The consonant ㅇ (ieung) can appear at the end of a syllable. When ㅇ (ieung) comes at the beginning of a syllable,
it is just a placeholder enabling the syllable to start with a vowel, but when it comes at the end of a syllable, it is
pronounced like the ng in ring and is transliterated as ng.
Letter (jamo):
o =>
옹
ㅗ
o
Romanization: (none) ong
o
ng
Pronunciation: [ o ŋ ] [ oŋ ]
Exercise
Practise reading these words now:
The consonant ㄷ (digeut)
ㄷ (digeut) stroke order
Sound sample of ㄷ (digeut) (help·info)
Time to learn the consonant ㄷ (digeut):
Letter (jamo):
ㄷ
Pronunciation: [d] or [t]
The letter ㄷ (digeut) is pronounced similar to the t in stop or strain. It is not aspirated, so it does not sound like the t
in try or today. Many English speakers liken it more to the d sound. It is transliterated as d or t.
Exercise
Practise reading by guessing the meaning of the following Korean words:
Check your answers by clicking "▼", as usual.
The consonant ㅅ (siot)
ㅅ (siot) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅅ (siot) (help·info)
Meet ㅅ (siot):
Letter (jamo):
ㅅ
Pronunciation: [s] or [ɕ]
The letter ㅅ (siot) is usually pronounced like the s in sand and is transliterated as s. When the following vowel is ㅣ
(i), though, ㅅ sounds a little different because the body of the tongue is raised toward the palate to make the [i]
sound. So, the syllable 소 (IPA: [so]) sounds like the English word "so", but the syllable 시 (IPA: [ɕi]) sounds
similar to the English word "she".
Exercise
Practise reading:
The vowel 一 (eu)
一 (eu) stroke order
Sound sample of 一 (eu) (help·info)
The last letter for this lesson is 一 (eu):
Letter (jamo):
一
Romanization: eu
Pronunciation: [ɯ] or [ɘ]
The vowel 一 (eu) looks just like an ordinary horizontal line. It is much wider than tall, so it is also written below
the preceding consonant rather than next to it. Its pronunciation is a bit strange for English speakers, somewhat like
the oo of boot but without rounding the lips. In words of foreign origin, it is often an in-between neutral vowel sound
used to make consonant clusters more pronounceable for the Koreans. In such words (and otherwise when
unstressed), it often is pronounced similar to the u of the Southern American English pronunciation of nut, and the
guttural "e" sound in French.
Exercise
Words for practise:
Exercise: Writing practice

Since you now can read Korean words with these jamo, try some writing practice:
End of lesson 3
If you learned the letters in this lesson, you are ready to go on to lesson 4, where you will learn the rest of the simple
letters and continue practising your writing skills.

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱㄴㄷ ㄹㅁ ㅂㅅ ㅇ
Romanization g or k n d or t r or l m b or p s - or ng
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [n] [d] or [t] [ɾ] or [l] [m] [b] or [p] [s] silent or [ŋ]

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅗㅡㅣ
Romanization a o eu i
Pronunciation [a] [o] [ɯ] [i]

Korean/RWP/Lesson 4

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱㄴㄷ ㄹㅁ ㅂㅅ ㅇ
Romanization g or k n d or t r or l m b or p s - or ng
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [n] [d] or [t] [ɾ] or [l] [m] [b] or [p] [s] silent or [ŋ]

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅗㅡㅣ
Romanization a o eu i
Pronunciation [a] [o] [ɯ] [i]
This lesson is not yet complete. Help complete it by reading Korean/Writing lessons plan or clicking "edit".
Welcome back! This is the 4th lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". This lesson covers the rest of
the basic Korean letters.
The vowel ㅜ (u)

ㅜ (u) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅜ (u) (help·info)
The first new letter is the vowel ㅜ (u):
Letter (jamo):
ㅜ
Pronunciation: [u]
The vowel ㅜ is pronounced like the oo in boot. Similar in appearance to ㅗ (o) and 一 (eu), the vowel ㅜ (u) is
wider than it is tall, so it is written below the consonant rather than next to it.
Letter (jamo):
ㄷ 두 =>
ㅜ
Romanization: d du
u
Exercise
The following Korean words contain ㅜ (u). Guess what the words mean. Click "Show" to check your answers, as
usual.
You can check your answers by clicking at "Show" above, as usual.
Exercise: writing practice

Try to write the following words:
The vowel ㅓ (eo)
ㅓ (eo) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅓ (eo) (help·info)
The next of the vowels to learn is ㅓ (eo):

Letter (jamo):
ㅓ
Romanization: eo
Pronunciation: [ʌ]
The vowel ㅓ is pronounced like the u in plus (IPA: [ ʌ ]) and transcribed as eo (think "surgeon"). Similar in
appearance to ㅏ (a), the vowel ㅓ (eo) is taller than it is wide, so it is written next to the consonant.
Exercise
Try to translate these Korean words:
Try translating the following words into Korean:
The vowel ㅔ (e)
ㅔ (e) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅔ (e) (help·info)
The next vowel to learn is the digraph ㅔ (e):
Letter (jamo):
ㅔ
Pronunciation: [e]
The appearance the vowel ㅔ shows that it was originally a diphthong of ㅓ (eo) and ㅣ (i). Today, it is pronounced
like the e in the Australian pronunciation of word bed and transcribed as e.
Exercise
The vowel ㅐ (ae)

ㅐ (ae) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅐ (ae) (help·info)
The last vowel for this lesson is the digraph ㅐ (ae):
Letter (jamo):
ㅐ
Pronunciation: [ɛ]
The appearance the vowel ㅐ shows that it was originally a diphthong of ㅏ (a) and ㅣ (i). Today, it is pronounced
like the e in the American pronunciation of the English word bed and transcribed as ae.
Exercise
The consonant ㅎ (hieut)
ㅎ (hieut) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅎ (hieut) (help·info)
The next consonant for this lesson is ㅎ (hieut):
Letter (jamo):
ㅎ
Pronunciation: [h]
Exercise
The consonant ㅈ (jieut)

ㅈ (jieut) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅈ (jieut) (help·info)
The last consonant for this lesson is ㅈ (jieut), it is pronounced as a j or a ch:
Letter (jamo):
ㅈ
Pronunciation: [ʥ]
Exercise
End of lesson 4
If you learned the letters in this lesson, you are ready to go on to lesson 5, where you will learn some simple
variations of the letters you already learned.

Basic Letter (jamo)

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅓㅗㅜㅡㅣ
Romanization a eo o u eu i
Pronunciation [a] [ʌ] [o] [u] [ɯ] [i]
Letter (jamo)
ㅐㅔ
Romanization ae e
Pronunciation [ɛ] [e]

Korean/RWP/Lesson 5

Basic Letter (jamo)

Letter (jamo)
ㅏㅓㅗㅜㅡㅣ
Romanization a eo o u eu i
Pronunciation [a] [ʌ] [o] [u] [ɯ] [i]
Letter (jamo)
ㅐㅔ
Romanization ae e
Pronunciation [ɛ] [e]
Welcome back! This is the fifth lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". This lesson covers some
variations on the letters you already learned.
The consonant ㅋ (kieuk)
ㅋ (kieuk) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅋ (kieuk) (help·info)
The first new letter is the consonant ㅋ (kieuk):
Letter (jamo):
ㅋ
Pronunciation: [kʰ]
The first new letter to learn is ㅋ (kieuk). It looks and similar to ㄱ (giyeok) and but has an additional horizontal line,
which indicates that ㅋ is aspirated. That is, ㅋ is pronounced with a burst of air. As you may recall, the difference
between aspirated and unaspirated sounds is easily demonstrated by putting a hand or a lit candle in front of your
mouth and saying "can" ([kʰæn]) and then "scan" ([skæn]). You should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the
candle flame with "can" that does not appear with "scan". So, ㅋ (kieuk) is pronounced like the c in can.
Exercise
Try writing the following words in Korean:
Try guessing the meaning of following Korean words:
The vowel ㅑ (ya)
ㅑ (ya) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅑ (ya) (help·info)
The first new vowel to learn is ㅑ (ya):
Letter (jamo):
ㅑ
Pronunciation: [ja]
The first vowel to learn is ㅑ (ya). It looks and sounds similar to ㅏ (a). The additional short line indicates that the
pronunciation begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅑ (ya) is pronounced like the ya in yahoo, the German
word ja, and the Russian word я (IPA: [ja]). In the terminology of phonetics, ㅑ (ya) and the other four vowels in
this lesson are the iotized versions of vowels you already learned.
Exercise
Try to guess the meaning of the following Korean words:
The consonant ㅌ (tieut)
ㅌ (tieut) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅌ (tieut) (help·info)
The next new letter is the consonant ㅌ (tieut):
Letter (jamo):
ㅌ
Pronunciation: [tʰ]
ㅌ (tieut) looks and similar to ㄷ (digeut) and but has an additional horizontal line, which indicates that ㅌ is
aspirated. That is, ㅌ is pronounced with a burst of air. Again, to demonstrate the aspiration, put a hand or a lit
candle in front of your mouth and say "tone" ([tʰon]) and then "stone" ([ston]). You should either feel a puff of air or
see a flicker of the candle flame with "tone" that does appear with "stone". So, ㅌ (tieut) is pronounced like the t in
tone.
Exercise
Try guessing the meaning of the following Korean words:
The consonant ㅍ (pieup)
ㅍ (pieup) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅍ (pieup) (help·info)
The next new letter is the consonant ㅍ (pieup):
Letter (jamo):
ㅍ
Pronunciation: [pʰ]
ㅍ (pieup) looks and sounds similar to ㅂ (bieup) and but has an additional horizontal line, which indicates that ㅍ is
aspirated. That is, ㅍ is pronounced with a burst of air. Again, to demonstrate the aspiration, put a hand or a lit
candle in front of your mouth and say "pin" ([pʰɪn]) and then "spin" ([spɪn]). You should either feel a puff of air or
see a flicker of the candle flame with "pin" that does appear with "spin". So, ㅍ (pieup) is pronounced like the p in
pin.
Exercise
Try guessing the meaning of the following Korean words and names:
The consonant ㅊ (chieut)
ㅊ (chieut) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅊ (chieut) (help·info)
The next new letter is the consonant ㅊ (chieut):
Letter (jamo):
ㅊ
Pronunciation: [ʨʰ]
ㅊ (chieut) looks and sounds similar to ㅈ (jieut) and but has an additional horizontal line, which indicates that ㅊ is
aspirated. That is, ㅊ is pronounced with a burst of air. Again, to demonstrate the aspiration, put a hand or a lit
candle in front of your mouth and say "chin" ([tʃʰɪn]) and then "gin" ([dʒɪn]). Ignoring the difference in use of the
vocal cords, you should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with "chin" that does appear with
"gin". So, although there is no precise English sound for ㅊ (chieut), it is pronounced similar to the ch in chin.
Exercise
Try guessing the meaning of the following Korean words:
The vowel ㅕ (yeo)
ㅕ (yeo) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅕ (yeo) (help·info)
The next new vowel to learn is ㅕ (yeo):
Letter (jamo):
ㅕ
Pronunciation: [jʌ]
The vowel ㅕ (yeo) looks and sounds similar to ㅓ (eo). The additional short line indicates that the pronunciation
begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅕ (yeo) is pronounced like the you in young.
Exercise
Try to write the following in Korean:
The vowel ㅛ (yo)

ㅛ (yo) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅛ (yo) (help·info)
The next new vowel to learn is ㅛ (yo):
Letter (jamo):
ㅛ
Pronunciation: [jo]
The vowel ㅛ (yo) looks and sounds similar to ㅗ (o). The additional short line indicates that the pronunciation
begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅛ (yo) is pronounced like the yo in yoga.
Exercise
The vowel ㅠ (yu)
ㅠ (yu) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅠ (yu) (help·info)
The next new vowel to learn is ㅠ (yu):
Letter (jamo):
ㅠ
Pronunciation: [ju]
The vowel ㅠ (yu) looks and sounds similar to ㅜ (u). The additional short line indicates that the pronunciation
begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅠ (yu) is pronounced like the English word you.
Exercise
Try to guess the meaning of the following Korean words and names:
The vowel ㅖ (ye)

ㅖ (ye) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅖ (ye) (help·info)
The next new vowel to learn is ㅖ (ye):
Letter (jamo):
ㅖ
Pronunciation: [jʌ]
The vowel ㅖ (ye) looks and sounds similar to ㅔ (e). The additional short line indicates that the pronunciation
begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅖ (ye) is pronounced like the Ya in the English word Yale.
Exercise
The vowel ㅒ (yae)
ㅒ (yae) stroke order
Sound sample of ㅒ (yae) (help·info)
The next new vowel to learn is ㅒ (yae):
Letter (jamo):
ㅒ
Pronunciation: [jɛ]
The vowel ㅒ (yae) looks and sounds similar to ㅐ (ae). The additional short line indicates that the pronunciation
begins with a short "y" sound (IPA: [j]). So, ㅒ (yae) is pronounced similar to the ye in the English word yet.
Exercise
This lesson is not yet complete. Help complete it by reading Korean/Writing lessons plan or clicking "edit".
End of lesson 5
Very good! You have now learned almost all of the Korean letters. When you are ready, continue to the last lesson,
Lesson 6, to learn the last of the letters: the "tense" consonants and other digraphs. (It will be easy because they are
all based on letters you already know.)

Basic Letter (jamo)


Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
ㅐㅒㅔㅖ
Romanization ae yae e ye
Pronunciation [ɛ] [jɛ] [e] [je]

Korean/RWP/Lesson 6

Basic Letter (jamo)


Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
ㅐㅒㅔㅖ
Romanization ae yae e ye
Pronunciation [ɛ] [jɛ] [e] [je]
This lesson is not yet complete. The lesson plan says it should introduce "doubled letters" (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, and ㅉ)
and "the remaining diphthongs" (ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ, ㅘ, ㅝ, ㅙ, and ㅞ). Help complete it by reading Korean/Writing lessons
plan or clicking "edit".
Welcome back! This is the sixth lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". This lesson covers the
remaining jamo, all just variations on the letters you already learned.
The diphthong ㅟ (wi)

The vowel ㅟ is pronounced like the u in the French word chute (IPA: [ y ]) and transcribed as wi. Its appearance
shows that it was originally a diphthong of ㅜ (u) and ㅣ (i).
Letter (jamo):
ㄷㅣ 뒤 =>
ㅜ
Romanization: d i dwi
w
Pronunciation: [dy] [ dy ]
Exercise
The following Korean words contain ㅟ (wi). Guess what the words mean. Click "Show" to check your answers, as
usual.
The vowel ? (?)
? (?) stroke order
Sound sample of ? (?) (help·info)
The first new letter is the vowel ? (?):
Letter (jamo):
Pronunciation: [?]
The vowel ? is pronounced like the ? in ???. As its shape indicates, it was originally a digraph of ? and ?, but today it
is pronounced like ?.
Letter (jamo): =>
? ?
Romanization: ? ??
y?
Exercise
The following Korean words contain ? (?). Guess what the words mean. Click "Show" to check your answers, as
usual.
End of lesson 6
Congratulations! You have now learned the whole Korean alphabet! If you'd like to review or brush up, visit the
course summary.
Consonant jamo
Basic Letter (jamo)

Tense Letter (jamo)

Vowel jamo
Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
ㅘ ㅝ
Romanization wa wo
Letter (jamo)
ㅙ ㅞ
Romanization wae we

Korean/RWP/Summary
This lesson summary is incomplete. Per the lesson plan, it should have a "table showing all letters, summary of all
rules, extra words for practice".
Consonants
Consonant jamo
Basic Letter (jamo)

Tense Letter (jamo)

Vowels
Vowel jamo
Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
Letter (jamo)
ㅘ ㅝ
Romanization wa wo
Letter (jamo)
ㅙ ㅞ
Romanization wae we
Practice
Korean/Principles of Orthography
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Advanced
Grammar
Introduction
The Korean writing system (Hangeul) has some basic principles that are easy to master.
Writing Korean letters
Consonants
When writing Korean consonants (자음, jaeum), the general rule is to start at the top left corner and work down to
the bottom right. The topmost horizontal stroke is usually first, followed by any vertical strokes. The images below
show the generally accepted stroke order:
For double characters, such as ㅃ and ㅉ, simply write the corresponding single character twice, close together, using
the same stroke order. Once proficiency in writing has been developed, one may develop shortcuts or different forms
of short-hand or cursive, for personal use. For example, ㄹ is often written similar to a backwards S as one stroke.
Vowels
With vowels (모음, moeum), the general rule is to move from left to right and top to bottom. If the character is a
digraph with both horizontal and vertical components, the horizontal vowel is written first, followed by the
appending vertical vowel to the right:
Syllables
In Hangeul, words are divided into blocks of characters, each block representing one syllable. For example, the word
for the Korean dietary staple, kimchi, has two syllables and is thus divided into two blocks of hangul characters:
Letter (jamo):
ㄱㅣㅊㅣ 김 치 =>
ㅁ
Romanization: gi ch i 김치 (gimchi)
m
In modern Korean, no jamo may stand alone. Instead, they are grouped into syllables, each with an initial consonant
cluster (초성), a medial vowel or diphthong (중성), and optionally a final consonant cluster (종성).
The placement or "stacking" of jamo in the block follows set patterns based on the shape of the medial.
• The components of complex jamo such as ㅄ or ㅝ are written left to right.
• Medials are written under the initial, to the right, or wrap around the initial from bottom to right, depending on
their shape: If the medial has a horizontal axis like ㅡ eu, then it is written under the initial; if it has a vertical axis
like ㅣ i, then it is written to the right of the initial; and if it combines both orientations, like ㅢ ui, then it wraps
around the initial from the bottom to the right:
initial medial initial initial 2nd

med.
medial 1st med.
• A final jamo, if there is one, is always written at the bottom, under the medial:
initial medial initial initial 2nd

med.
final medial 1st med.
final final
Blocks are always written in phonetic order, initial-medial-final. The direction of the medial (horizontal or vertical)
governs the placement of the initial. These are the basic rules:
• Syllables with a horizontal medial are written downward: 읍
• Syllables with a vertical medial and simple final are written clockwise: 쌍
• Syllables with a wrapping medial switch direction (down-right-down): 된
• Syllables with a complex final are written left to right at the bottom: 밟
Initial consonant placeholder

When a syllable has no actual initial consonant, the null initial ㅇ (called 이응, ieung) is used as a placeholder. (No
placeholder is needed when there is no final.)
Examples:
• 오이 (oi, "cucumber")
• 왕 (wang, "king")
Horizontal medials
In a syllable with a horizontal medial (ㅛ, ㅗ, ㅡ, ㅜ, or ㅠ), the initial is written first, followed by the medial below
it. With ㄱ, the vowels look like this: 교, 고, 그, 구, 규. Any other consonant behaves the same: 표, 소, 드, 부, 류.
Notice how the protruding lines in each vowel nestle into any empty spaces in the consonant above it, particularly
with ㄱ and ㅅ.
Vertical medials
In a syllable with a vertical medial (ㅑ, ㅏ, ㅕ, ㅓ, ㅣ, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅒ, or ㅖ), the initial is written to the left of the vowel.
With ㄱ, the vowels look like this: 갸, 가, 겨, 거, 기.
Wrapping medials
If the vowel is a wrapping medial (i.e. written with the digraphs ㅘ, ㅝ, ㅚ, ㅟ, ㅢ, ㅙ, or ㅞ), the initial is always in
the top-left area, with the diphthong surrounding the consonant on the bottom and right sides. With ㄱ, the vowels
look like this: 과, 궈, 괴, 귀, 긔, 괘, 궤. Notice how ㅗ fits into spaces of the consonant above it.
Finals
In a syllable with a final (받침, batchim), the initial and medial are written in the top of the block, as described
above, and the final is written below them. In few cases, a syllable will contain two finals, the final written below is
simply the two characters next to each other.
Practice
Practice 1
Combine the following jamo into Korean characters. Click "Show" to check your answers:
Practice 2
Write the following Korean words:
Practice 3
Practice 4
Compounds of 2
Complete this table. Or if you feel you are proficient enough, you can complete it until satisfied. Who's gonna know?
Compounds of 3
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Advanced
Grammar
Korean/Essential Pronunciation Rules

[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Advanced
Grammar
Introduction
Note: If you are not aware of the general interpretations of the Korean alphabet, please first read Alphabet before
continuing.
This page uses the International Phonetic Alphabet to transcribe pronunciation. All text within square brackets
[skwɛər ˈbrækət̩s] uses that system. See the Wikipedia entry on IPA for more information.
The few essential pronunciation rules and exceptions in this lesson will improve your accuracy in speaking and
interpreting Korean.
Plain, aspirated, and tense

In English, certain pairs of consonants, like p/b, t/d, s/z, and k/g, have a pronunciation that differs mostly in whether
they are voiced or voiceless. Korean consonants do not have that same distinction, but rather differ according to
whether they are "plain", "aspirated", or "tense".
Some consonant jamo are plain, some aspirated, some tense:

Basic Letter (jamo)
예사소리 ㄱ ㄷ ㅂㅅ ㅈ
Romanization g or k d or t b or p s j or ch
Pronunciation [g] or [k] [d] or [t] [b] or [p] [s] [ʥ] or [ʨ]

Tense Letter (jamo)

Aspirated consonants (ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ, and ㅊ) are pronounced with a burst of air that does not accompany their plain
counterparts. To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, put a hand or a lit candle in
front of your mouth and say "tore" ([tʰɔɹ]) and then "store" ([stɔɹ]). You should either feel a puff of air or see a
flicker of the candle flame with "tore" that does not appear with "store". In English, the t should be aspirated in
"tore" and unaspirated in "store". In Korean, the aspirated consonants are like the t in "tore", in that you must expel a
burst of air to say them correctly.
Tense consonants (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, and ㅉ) are said with a harder, stiffer voice than their plain counterparts. With
these "tense" consonants, the diaphragm, glottis, and tongue are tense. For example, imagine you were to say "duck!"
kind of loudly. The hard d sound in "duck!" is like the sound made by the Korean ㄸ.
ㄹ (rieul)
Proper pronunciation of the Korean letter ㄹ takes some practice for most English speakers. It is pronounced sort of
like a half r and half l sound. Specifically, it is either an alveolar tap or an alveolar lateral approximant, depending on
the following sound. While difficult at first, mastery is fairly easy.
Initial, Middle, and Final Consonants

Korean alphabet charts have two tables: initial sounds, and final sounds. The sound of a Korean consonant can
change slightly when it is preceded or followed by another consonant. For example, ㄱ can be pronounced as a
voiced sound (the English g) or voiceless (like the English k). To know how to pronounce such letters, it's important
to know the difference between an initial, a medial, and a final consonant.
Initial Consonant
An initial consonant is any consonant at the beginning of a word. Initial consonants (especially at the beginning of
sentences and phrases) are usually pronounced voiceless. For example the ㅈ in the word 저 ("I") is typically
voiceless, especially as first word of a sentence. That makes it sound more like "ch" than "j" to an English speaker.
The consonants that follow this rule are ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ. Thus, initial ㄱ sounds more like "k" than "g", initial ㄷ
sounds more like "t" than "d", initial ㅈ sounds more like "ch" than "j", and initial ㅂ sounds more like "p" than "b":
Examples:
• 가 ([ka]): initial sound is unvoiced.
• 다 ([ta]): initial sound is unvoiced.
• 바 ([pa]): initial sound is unvoiced.
• 자 ([ʨa], "cha"): initial sound is unvoiced.
Middle Consonants
Consonants that come in the middle of a sentence can follow some complex sound changes, but the two most
important changes are whether the consonant follows another consonant or a vowel. For example, the word 막대기
("stick") has a middle consonant-consonant sequence (ㄱㄷ) and a vowel-consonant sequence (ㅐㄱ). In many cases,
a middle consonant with a preceding consonant becomes slightly more tensified, meaning a "tighter, stronger"
pronunciation. So the ㄷ becomes a slightly harder "d" ([d̬]), but the second ㄱ is pronounced "normally" ([g]). The
same consonants listed in the section above (ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅈ, and ㅂ) are also mainly the ones that follow this rule.
Examples:
• 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄷ follows another consonant, so it is more tense.
• 막대기 ([mak̚d̬ɛːgi]): Middle consonant ㄱ follows another vowel, so it has the standard pronunciation.
Final Consonants
A final consonant is a consonant that either ends a word, or is preceded by another consonant. Examples are found in
밥 ([pap̚], "rice") and 식사 ([ɕik̚sa], "meal"). Notice that ㅂ is the final letter in 밥. This causes its pronunciation to
shorten to an unreleased stop, like the p in the English word "apt" ([æp̚t]). The ㄱ in 식사 also has a similar change.
It's pronounced similar to the c in the English word "act" ([æk̚t]). ㄱ,ㄷ,ㅈ, and ㅂ follow this rule in final position.
Other consonants can sometimes follow more complex rules. Some of them will be discussed here, but many are
very complex and will be discussed in the ../Advanced Pronunciation Rules/ section.
Examples:
• 밥 ([pap̚], bap): Final consonant ㅂ is at the end of the word, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.
• 식사 ([ɕik̚sa]): Final consonant ㄱ is followed by another consonant, so it sounds tensed and abbreviated.
ㅇ (ieung)
ㅇ (ieung) is a special letter in Korean, because sometimes it makes a sound and sometimes it doesn't. This is
determined by whether it is in the initial, middle, or final position.
• In initial position, such as in the word 엄마 ([ʌmma], "mother") ㅇ is not pronounced, and the vowel becomes the
initial sound.
• In the middle position, there are two possibilities.
• When ㅇ follows a final consonant, that preceding consonant replaces ㅇ. For example, 한국어 (Hangugeo,
"Korean language") has an ㅇ following the final consonant ㄱ in 국 . That ㄱ is pronounced as if it replaces
the initial ㅇ of the following syllable, thus the word is pronounced as if it were written "한구거" [hangugʌ].
• However, when ㅇ is not preceded by a consonant, such as in the word 아이 ([ai], "child"), it is silent.
• Finally, if ㅇ is in the final position, such as in 강 ([kaŋ], "river") or 영어 ([jʌŋʌ], "English language"), then it is
pronounced [ŋ], similar to the ng in the English word "sing".
Examples:
• 엄마 ([ʌmma]): ㅇ in initial position is not pronounced.
• 한국어 ([hangugʌ]): ㅇ in middle position with preceding consonant is replaced by the consonant (한국어 ->
"한구거").
• 아이 ([ai]): ㅇ in middle position with no preceding consonant is silent.
• 강 ([kaŋ]): ㅇ in final position is similar to ng sound.
Final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹ

The final-initial pairs ㄴㄹ and ㄹㄹ each become [ll] (or for some speakers, [ɭl]):
Examples:
• 몰라 ([molla], low form for "don't know")
• 곤란 ([kollan], "troubles, difficulty")
• 원래 ([wʌllɛ], "originally")
Note that the final-initial pair ㄴㄴ does not follow this rule. Each ㄴ in ㄴㄴ retains its natural sound ([n̚n]).
T-stops
There are a few consonants that, when are in final position, are pronounced [t̚] (an unreleased t, like in the English
word "atlas"). These characters are: ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅈ, ㅊ, and ㅌ:
• 맛 ([mat̚], "flavor, taste")
• 꽃 ([g̬ot̚], "flower")
• 끝 ([g̬ɯt̚], "end")
• 돋보기 ([tot̚pogi], "magnifying glass")
• 맞다 ([mat̚da], "to correct")
• 있다 ([it̚da], "to exist")
However, if an ㅇ (ieung) follows a t-stop letter, then the normal sound is simply carried over:
• 맛이 ([maɕi], as if it were spelled "마시")
Exercise
Pronounce the following:
Next steps
If you want to know more about specific pronunciation rules, then you can read more in the ../Advanced
Pronunciation Rules/ section. Otherwise, you are ready to start learning Korean vocabulary and grammar!
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Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules

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This lesson is incomplete. Help by clicking "edit" or use Talk:Korean/Advanced Pronunciation Rules.
Medials
• ㅗㅏ becomes ㅘ
• ㅜㅓ becomes ㅝ
Finals
The sounds of some final consonants (받침, batchim) are different from their sounds as initials.
Only seven consonant sounds are found at the end of syllables.
In general, obstruents before nasals are assimilated to nasals, while keeping the same place of articulation as before:
Notice the pattern: 1) ㄱ, ㅋ becomes ㅇ 2) The 't-stops' ㄷ,ㅅ,ㅆ,ㅈ,ㅊ,ㅌ,ㅎ becomes ㄴ 3) ㅂ, ㅍ becomes ㅁ
• ㄱㄴ becomes ㅇㄴ
ex) 격노하다(to be incensed), pronounced [경노]
• ㄱㅁ becomes ㅇㅁ
ex) 국물 (broth), pronounced [궁물]
• ㅋ,ㄲ,ㄱㄴ becomes ㅇㄴ
ex) 학년 (grade, school/academic year, form, standard), prounounced [항년]
• ㅋㅁ becomes ㅇㅁ
ex) 부엌문 (kitchen door), pronounced [부엉문]
• ㄷㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
ex) 닫는 (closing, present participle form), pronounced [단는]
• ㄷㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
ex) not common
• ㅅㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
ex) 덧니 (snaggletooth), pronounced [던니]
• ㅆㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
• ㅅㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
ex) 옷맵시 (line of cloth, style), pronounced [온맵씨]

• ㅈㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
ex) 젖니 (baby tooth), pronounced [전니]
• ㅈㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
ex) 낮말, pronounced (난말)
• ㅊㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
not common
ex) 옻나무 (lacquer tree), pronounced [온나무]
• ㅊㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
not common
ex) 옻물 (lacquer sap), pronounced (온물)
• ㅌㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
ex) not common
• ㅌㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
ex) 낱말 (a word), pronounced (난말)
• ㅎㄴ becomes ㄴㄴ
ex) 놓는 (putting down, participle form), pronounced (논는)
• ㅎㅁ becomes ㄴㅁ
ex) not common
• ㅂㄴ becomes ㅁㄴ
ex) 굽는 (roasting, participle form), pronounced (굼는)

ex) 줍는 (picking up, participle form), pronounced (줌는)
• ㅂㅁ becomes ㅁㅁ
ex) 업무 (duties), pronounced (엄무)
• ㅍㄴ becomes ㅁㄴ
ex) 엎는 (flipping, participle form), pronounced (엄는)

ex) 덮는 (covering, participle form), pronounced (덤는)
• ㅍㅁ becomes ㅁㅁ
ex) not common
Some combinations involve aspiration:

• ㄱㅎ becomes ㅋ
ex) 북한 (North Korea), pronounced (부칸)

ex) 익숙한 (familiar), pronounced (익쑤칸)
ex) 착한 (good-natured), pronounced (차칸)
ex) 악한 (evil), pronounced (아칸)
• ㅎㄱ becomes ㅋ
• ㅎㄷ becomes ㅌ
• ㄷㅎ becomes ㅌ
• ㅂㅎ becomes ㅍ
• ㅎㅂ becomes ㅍ
• ㅈㅎ becomes ㅊ
• ㅎㅈ becomes ㅊ
• ㅎㅅ becomes ㅆ
• ㄱ ㅅ becomes ㅆ
Some combinations involve palatalization:
• ㄷ이 becomes 지
• ㅌ이 becomes 치
Some involve complex assimilation/alterations:
• ㄱㄹ becomes ㅇㄴ
• ㄴㄹ becomes ㄹㄹ, or sometimes ㄴㄴ
• ㅁㄹ becomes ㅁㄴ
• ㅇㄹ becomes ㅇㄴ
• ㅂㄹ becomes ㅁㄴ
받침 followed by ㅇ: replace ㅇ with 받침 (use second 받침 if there are two). Otherwise, 받침 followed by
consonant:
• ㄱ, ㅋ: like ㄱ
• ㄴ: like ㄴ
• ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅎ: like ㄷ
• ㄹ: like /l/
• ㅁ: like ㅁ
• ㅂ, ㅍ: like ㅂ
• ㅇ: like /ng/
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Korean/Mini-tutorial Lesson
만남과 인사 (man-nam-gwa in-sa) - Greetings
유용한 표현 (Yoo-yong-hahn Pyo-hyun) Useful Expressions

• 네(neh) = Yes
• 아니오(anio)= No
• 죄송하지만(joeh-song hajiman) = I am sorry, but...
• 감사합니다 (gamsa hamnida) = Thank you
• 천만에요 (chon-mahn-eh-yo) = You are welcome
• 실례합니다 (sillye hamnida) = Excuse me
• 안녕하세요 (ahn-nyong haseyo) = Hello / Hi / How are you?
• 안녕히 가세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee gaseyo) = Good bye (when the other party is leaving)
• 안녕히 계세요 (ahn-nyoung-hee geseyo) = Good bye (when you are leaving)
• 영어를 할 줄 아십니까? (young-o-rul hahl-jool ahsimnika?) = Can you speak English?
• 여기 영어를 할 줄 아는 분 계십니까? (yo-gi yong-o-rul hahl-jool anun-boon gyeh-simnika?) = Does anyone
here speaks English?
• 저는 한국어를 조금밖에 못합니다 (juh-neun hangook-o-rul jogum-bakke mot-hamnida) = I speak Korean only
a little.
• 성함이 어떻게 되시지요? (sung-ham-ee ottokeh dweh-sijiyo?) = What is your name?
• 제 이름은 지영입니다 (jeh irum-eun Zee-Young imnida) = My name is Zee-Young
• 잘 있습니다 (jal it-seumnida) = I am well.
• 만나뵙게 되어서 반갑습니다 (mana bwep-ge dweh-o-so bahn-gahp-seumnida) = Nice to meet you.
• 뭐라고 그러셨지요? (morago gruh-shut-jiyo?) What did you say, please?
• 조금 천천히 말씀해 주세요 (jo-geum chun-chun-hee mal-sseum-hae juseyo) = Please speak a little slowly.
• 충분히 이해하고 있습니다 (choong-boon-hee ee-hae-hago it-seum-nida) = I understand you/him/her/it well
enough.
mahn-sa-seo in-sa-hahl-te dae-wha

• Young-Sook: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! yong-o-rul hahl-jool a-se-yo?
• jom-won: jwe-song-hahm-nida. yong-o-rul hahl-jool mo-rum-nida.
• Young-Sook: jo-do han-koo-go-rul jo-gum-ba-ke motam-nida.
• jom-won: gwen-chan-soum-nida. i-hae-hahm-nida.
• Hanna: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo!
• Chan-Yong: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo! je-chin-goo Kim, Chul-Soo-si-wa in-sa-ha-sin-jeogi in-na-yo?
• Hanna: up-soum-nida. cho-eum mahn-na-bwem-neun-geot ga-soum-nida.
• Chan-Yong: 출수씨, 이부니이영호씨 임니다. Chul-Soo-si, i-booni Lee, Young-Ho-si im-nida.
• Hanna: mahn-na-bwep-ge dwe-o-so bahn-gap-soum-nida.
호텔에서(Hotel-e-so) At the Hotel
연습(yon-soup) Exercises
• 욕실이 있는 더블룸을 원합니다.(yok-siri in-neun double-roomul won-hahm-nida.) = Double-room with a
bathroom, please.
• 침대 두개를 원합니다.(chim-dae doo-gae-rul won-hahm-nida.) = Two beds, please.
• 욕실이 어디에 있지요?(yok-siri o-di-e i-chi-yo?) = Where is bathroom?
• 예약을 했습니다.(ye-ya-gul hae-seum-nida.) =
• 지난주에 예약을 했습니다.(ji-nan-joo-e ye-yagul hae-seum-nida.) =
• 예약이 안되어 있네요?(ye-yagi an-dwe-o in-nayo?) =
• 숙박료가 어떻게 됩니까?(sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?) =
• 하루에 얼마입니까?(ha-roo-e ol-ma-im-nika?) =
• 팁이 포함된 가격인가요?(tibi poham-dwen ga-gyo-gin-ga-yo?) =
• 체크인 시간이 언제입니까?(check-in si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?) =
• 체크아웃 시간이 언제입니까?(check-out si-ga-ni on-je-im-nika?) =
• 신용카드를 받습니까?(sin-yong card-rul ba-soum-nika?) = Do you accept credit card?
• 여행자 수표로 지불하고 싶습니다.(yo-hang-ja soo-pyo-ro ji-bool-ha-go sip-soum-nida.) = I want to pay by
traveler's check.
• 방키를 주세요.(bahng key-rul joo-se-yo.) = Give me a key, please.
• 제 옷하고 제 남편 신사복을 다려주세요.(je o-ta-go je nam-pyon sin-sa-bo-gul da-rio-joo-se-yo.) =
• 내일 아침 여덟시에 깨워주시겠습니까?(nae-il a-chim yo-dol-si-e ke-wo-joo-si-get-soum-nika?) =
hotel-e-so dae-wha
• Mee-Young: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? single-roomee in-na-yo?
• front ji-gwon: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo? myo-chil dong-an mo-moo-ru-sil
• ye-jong-im-nika?
• Mee-Young: ee-joo-yo.
• front ji-gwon: neh, a-joo jo-eun single room-i i-soum-nida.
• Mee-Young: sook-bang-nyo-ga o-teo-ke dwep-nika?
• front ji-gwon: sook-bang-ryo-neun ha-roo-e pal-man-won-im-nida.
• Mee-Young: jo-seum-nida.
• Park, Won-Chul: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. je-i-reum-eun Park, Won-Chul im-nida. je roomee ye-yak dwen-go-su-ro
al-go i-seum-nida.
• front ji-gwon: on-je ye-yagul ha-shut-na-yo?
• Park, Won-Chul: je-ga o-je jon-wha-ro hae-neun-de-yo.
• front ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-se-yo. yo-gi it-goon-nyo. yok-siri dal-lin double room.
• Park, Won-Chul: ma-seum-nida. sibil-ye-jong-im-nida.
eun-haing om-moo
yon-soup
• doh-nul yo-gi-so ba-kool-soo in-na-yo?
• baek-bool-mahn ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.
• hwan-yoori o-teo-ke dwem-nika?
• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul ba-koo-go sip-soum-nida.
• yo-gi yokwoni i-soum-nida.
• kook-je woon-jon-myon-ho-jeung-ul gat-ko it-seum-nida.
• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-ga dul-o it-neun ji-gabul boon-sil-hait-seum-nida.
• yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul sa-go sip-seum-nida.
• eun-haing yong-up-si-gani o-teo-ke dwe-nayo?
• ja-dong-hyon-geum-ji-kup-ki-ga o-di in-nayo?
• do-wa-joo-shu-so gahm-sa-hahm-nida.
• i-je gwen-chan-seum-nida.
eun-haing-eso dae-wha
• Jung, Chul-Soo: ahn-nyong-ha-seyo. mee-kook dollar-rul won-hwa-ro ba-koo-go sip-seum-nida.
• en-haing ji-gwon: ah, gu-ro-seyo. eol-mana ba-koo-si-get-seum-nika?
• Jung, Chul-Soo: baek-o-sip-boo-rul ba-koo-ro-go hahm-ni-da. o-neul hwan-nyu-ri o-teo-ke dwe-na-yo?
• eun-haing ji-gwon: eel-boo-re chon-ee-bae-geon im-nida.
• Jang, Soo-Mee: ahn-nyong-ha-se-yo. jom do-wa-joo-seyo?
• eun-haing ji-gwon: neh, moo-seun eerin-gayo?
• Jang, Soo-Mee: yo-haing-ja soo-pyo-rul boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.
• eun-haing ji-gwon: do-nan dang-han-geot gaht-seum-nika?
• Jang, Soo-Mee: ah-nee-yo, o-neul ah-chi-me shopping-ha-da-ga boon-sil-haet-seo-yo.
ticket goo-ip
yon-seup
• sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ye-ya-gul hwa-gin-hago sip-seum-nida.
• je ticket-e dae-ha-yo moo-ro-bo-go sip-seum-nida.
• je sa-baek-goo-sibi-bon hang-gong-pyon ticket-eul gat-go in-nayo?
• je jwa-seogi bae-jong-dwe-eot-nayo?
• Pusan-uro ga-neun ticket-eul sa-go sip-seum-nida.
• ticket-ee ol-ma-in-gayo?
• Pusan ga-neun da-eum gi-cha-ga myot-si-e it-seum-nika?
• myot-si-e do-chak-ha-nayo?
• sam-bon gate-i o-neu cho-gin-gayo?
• sin-go-hal poom-mogi a-moo-geo-to up-seum-nida.
• sin-go-hal poom-mogi se-ge-ba-ke up-seum-nida.
• ji-kaing-in-gayo?
• je si-ga-ne do-cha-ka-get-seum-nika?
• on-je chak-ryuk-ha-nayo?
• do-cha-gi ji-yon-dwe-ot-nayo?
tieket goo-ip hal-tae dae-hwa

• Song, Young-Hee: Pusan-uro ga-neun da-eum hahng-gong-pyon ticke-seul sago sip-seum-nida.
• ji-gwon: economy so-gul wo-na-sip-nika, first class-rul wo-na-sip-nika?
• Song, Young-Hee: economy-ro he-joo-seyo. chang-moon chok jwa-seo-gul joo-si-get-seum-nika?
• ji-gwon: jwe-song-hahm-nida. chang-moon cho-gun na-ma-in-nun go-si up-go geu dae-sin bok-do-cho-gul
deu-ril-soo it-seum-nida.
• Song, Young-Hee: gahm-sa-ham-nida.
• Park, In-Sook: Pusan ga-neun ticke-seul doo-jang sago sip-seum-nida.
• ji-gwon: il-ban-seo-geul wo-na-sim-nika, chim-dae-kah-nul wo-na-sim-nika?
• Park, In-Sook: chim-dae-kah-nul joo-sip-si-yo.
• ji-gwon: gi-cha-neun ee-yo-ge-seo chong-kak da-seo-si-e chool-bal-hahm-nida.
gil, si-gan moo-ro bo-gi
yon-seup
• tok-baro ga-sip-si-yo.
• ee-gi-rul ta-ra-so chook ga-sip-si-yo.
• do-si-rul tok-ba-ro tong-gwa-he-so kye-sok ga-sip-si-yo.
• si-nae-ro du-ro-ga-sip-si-yo.
• wen-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.
• o-run-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.
• eun-heng gon-neo-pyo-nim-nida.
• eun-heng yo-pim-nida.
• ban-de cho-ge it-seum-nida.
• mol-ji ahn-seum-nida.
• hahn block-mahn ga-si-myon dwem-nida.
• baro mo-toong-i-ye it-seum-nida.
• geo-eui-da wa-seum-nida.
• pyo-si-rul ta-ra-ga-sip-si-yo.
• ee-gi-reun il-bang-tong-heng-im-nida.
• ji-gum myo-si-im-nika?
• chong-o in-de-yo.
• cha-jong in-de-yo.
• se-byok doo-si-in-de-yo.
• o-hoo se-si-in-de-yo.
• doo-si sam-sip-boo-nip-nida.
• yo-dul-si sa-sip-o-boo-nim-nida.
gi-ri-na si-ga-nul moo-ro-bol-te dae-hwa

• Cho, Byong-Tae: sil-lye-hahm-nida. gi-rul ee-rut-neun-de-yo.
• yo-in: o-di ga-sim-nika?
• Cho, Byong-Tae: gang-nam-yo-gul chat-go it-seum-nida.
• yo-in: sa-gori-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sip-si-yo.
• Tae-Soo: ji-gum myot-si-im-nika?
• Hanna: chong-o-im-nida.
• Tae-Soo: chong-mal-yo? jo-neun yol-han-si sam-sip-boo-nin-jool a-rat-so-yo.
• Hanna: dang-sin si-gye-ga neut-gun-nyo.
• Bora: young-hwa-ga mot-si-e si-jak-ha-na-yo?
• Chang-Young: yo-dul-si sam-sip-boon-chu-me-yo.
• Bora: neu-jo-so-neun ahn-dwe-nika il-gop-si sa-sip-o-boo-ne to-nap-sida.
• Chang-Young: il-gop-si sam-sip-boo-ne to-na-neun-gosi deo jo-eul-geot gat-goo-nyo.
sik-dang
yon-seup
• menu-rul bo-yo-joo-si-ge-so-yo?
• o-neul special-ee moo-eo-sim-nika?
• o-teon geo-seul gwon-ha-sim-nika?
• ee-eum-si-gul jo-ah-ha-ji ahn-seum-nida.
• ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tcham-nida.
• ee-eum-si-gun neo-moo tu-gop-seum-nida.
• steak-eul mediumuro he-joo-sip-si-yo.
• steak-eul well-done-euro he-joo-sip-si-yo.
• ee-eum-si-gun je-ga joo-moon-han-go-si a-nim-nida.
• a-ga-see! yo-bo-se-yo!
• po-do-joo menu-rul jom joo-si-ge-so-yo?
• jok-po-do-joo hahn-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.
• baek-po-do-joo ban-byong-mahn joo-sip-si-yo.
• ji-bang maek-joo-rul han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.
• ma-ti-ni han-jan joo-sip-si-yo.
• gye-san-seo joo-se-yo.
• yo-gi-e ti-bi po-ham-dwe-ot-seum-nika?
• sin-yong card-ro ji-bool-ha-ge-seum-nida.
sik-dang-e-seo dae-hwa
• waitress: do-wa-deu-ril-ka-yo?
• Kang son-saing-nim: yo-gi "bi-bim-bap"-i-ra-go in-neun-de i-ge moo-seun eum-si-gim-nika?
• waitress: na-mool-ha-go ba-bool mae-woon go-choo-jang-e bibin go-sim-nida.
• Kang son-saing-nim: jo-a-yo. i-go-su-ro ha-ge-so-yo.
• waitress: ma-sil-go-seun moo-eo-suro ha-si-ge-so-yo?
• Kang son-saing-nim: naeng-soo-ro joo-se-yo.
• Chun son-saing-nim: mwol gwon-ha-sim-nika?
• waitress: o-neul jo-nyok special-eun hong-ha-bim-nida. ba-da-e-so ba-ro o-neul ja-ba-on-go-sim-nida.
• Chun son-saing-nim: geun-sa-han-geot ga-tun-de-yo. o-teo-ke yo-ri-ha-na-yo?
• waitress: baek-po-do-joo-e dam-gun geot-do it-go twi-gin-geot-do it-seum-nida.
• Chun son-saing-nim: twi-gin-geo-suro ha-ge-seum-nida. lemo-nul jan-tuk poo-ryo-joo-se-yo.
• Kim, Soo-Kyong: sil-lye-ha-get-seum-nida.
• nam-ja: neh, mal-seum-ha-se-yo.
• Kim, Soo-Kyong: ee-gun-cho-e gwen-chanun sik-dang-i it-su-myun ha-na ga-ru-cho joo-si-get-seum-nika?
• nam-ja: gul-se-yo, woo-rae-ogi gun-cho-e it-seum-nida.
• Kim, Soo-Kyong: o-teo-ke ga-ji-yo?
• nam-ja: ee-gil-lo chook ga-si-da-ga sin-ho-deumg-e-seo o-reun-cho-gu-ro ga-sin da-eum doo-block-mahn
goro-ga-si-myon dwem-nida. ga-si-da o-reun-cho-ge it-seum-nida.
숫자(soot-ja) Numerical Letters

• 영(young) = 0
• 하나(hana) = 1
• 둘(dool) = 2
• 셋(set) = 3
• 넷(net) = 4
• 다섯(da-seot) = 5
• 여섯(yo-seot) = 6
• 일곱(il-gop) = 7
• 여덟(yo-dol) = 8
• 아홉(a-hop) = 9
• 열(yol) = 10
• 열하나(yol hana) = 11
• 열둘(yol dool) = 12
• 열셋(yol set) = 13
• 열넷(yol net) = 14
• 열다섯(yol da-seot) = 15
• 열여섯(yol yo-seot) = 16
• 열일곱(yol il-gop) = 17
• 열여덟(yol yo-dol) = 18
• 열아홉(yol a-hop) = 19
• 스물(smool) = 20
• 스물하나(smool hana) = 21
• 스물둘(smool dool) = 22
• 서른(so-reun) = 30
• 마흔(ma-heun) = 40
• 쉰(shwin) = 50
• 예순(ye-soon) = 60
• 일흔(ee-reun) = 70
• 여든(yo-deun) = 80
• 아흔(a-heun) = 90
• 백(baek) = 100
달(dahl) Month Names

• 일월(il-wol) = January
• 이월(ee-wol) = February
• 삼월(sam-wol) = March
• 사월(sa-wol) = April
• 오월(o-wol) = May
• 유월(you-wol) = June
• 칠월(chil-wol) = July
• 팔월(pal-wol) = August
• 구월(goo-wol) = September
• 시월(si-wol) = October
• 십일월(si-bil-wol) = November
• 십이월(si-bi-wol) = December
요일(yo-il) Week-day names

• 월요일(wol-yo-il) = Monday
• 화요일(hwa-yo-il) = Tuesday
• 수요일(soo-yo-il) = Wednesday
• 목요일(mo-gyo-il) = Thursday
• 금요일(geu-myo-il) = Friday
• 토요일(to-yo-il) = Saturday
• 일요일(il-yo-il) = Sunday
계절(gye-jol) Season Names

• 봄(bohm) = Spring
• 여름(yo-reum) = Summer
• 가을(ga-eul) = Fall
• 겨울(gyo-eul) = Winter
Korean/Getting started on Hanjas

For beginning Korean language students, learning the hanja is not necessary. However, because so many Korean
words come from Chinese roots, knowing hanja will be quite helpful in mastering enough vocabulary to become
fluent in Korean.
What are Hanja and why do we use them?

Hanja are Chinese characters that have been borrowed into the Korean language. Like many languages, many
Korean words are composed of roots, many of which are from the Chinese language. In the quest of mastering a
foreign language, learning the roots of the words is one approach for learning vocabulary.
Just how many Hanja do I need to know?

There's no exact number that you need to know. Since many people learn Korean without learning the characters, it
is possible to know the language without learning any characters. Around 2000 characters is a good number for
learning how to read and recognize words. The 1800 standardized Hanja set will cover the majority of the roots for
the Sino-Korean words.
Below is 1 example of how Hanja can be used to remember words.
*船 -- 선. Boat
*漁 -- 어. Fish
*夫 -- 부. Husband/father
*船 -- 선. Boat
In Korean a fisherman is 어부, and fishing boat is 어선. The corresponding characters are 漁夫 and 漁船.
Before we list the standard 1800 character set, you need to learn the 214 radicals that make up the characters. See
List_of_Kangxi_radicals [1] for the list of radicals. You need to write them on flashcards and commit them to
memory. If you know the radicals, it will be easier to remember the characters and to look up unknown words in a
dictionary when necessary.
List of Hanja
*가
歌 -- song
家 -- house, can also be pronounced as 고
價 -- price
加 -- add
可 -- right, can also be pronounced as 극
街 -- street
假 -- pretend, can also be pronounced as 하 or 격
暇 -- leisure 佳 -- beautiful
架 -- shelf
*각
各 -- each
角 -- horn
刻 -- carve
覺 -- awake, can also be pronounced as 교
脚 -- leg
閣 -- pavillion
却 -- reject
*간
間 -- gap
干 -- shield, can also be pronounced as 건
看 -- see
簡 -- letter
幹 -- trunk, can also be pronounced as 관
懇 -- sincerity
刊 -- publish
肝 -- liver
姦 -- adultery
*갈
渴 -- thirsty, can also be pronounced as 걸 or 할
*감
感 -- feel
減 -- decrease
監 -- look
甘 -- sweet
敢 -- daringly
鑑 -- mirror
*갑
甲 -- armor, can also be pronounced as 압
*강
江 -- river
强 -- strong
康 -- peaceful
講 -- exercise, also pronounced as 구
降 -- surrender, also pronounced as 항
綱 -- head rope
剛 -- firm
鋼 -- steel
*개
開 -- open
改 -- change
個 -- piece
介 -- between
槪 -- generally
蓋 -- cover, also pronounced as 합
慨 -- lament
皆 -- all
*객
客 -- guest
*갱
更 -- again, also pronounced as 경
*거
References
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ List_of_Kangxi_radicals
Korean/Grammar Introduction
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Grammar: Sentence word order • Verbs • Nouns • Particles • Personal pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns • Adjectives • Determiners •
Conjunctions • Comparatives & superlatives • Forming questions • Forming commands • Forming dates & times
The Korean grammar series is being moved into the Conversation series.
Korean/Personal pronouns
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Korean pronouns pose some difficulty to speakers of English due to their complexity. The Korean language makes
extensive use of speech levels and honorifics in its grammar, and Korean pronouns also change depending on the
social distinction between the speaker and the person or persons spoken to.
In general, Korean speakers avoid using second person singular pronoun, especially when using honorific forms.
This is done in several ways:
• Omit the subject if it can be implied by the context. Most English sentences need subjects, but not Korean
sentences do not.
• Use the appropriate title. For example, talking to a teacher or certain other professionals (e.g. a manager), one
may use 선생님 (seonsaengnim, "teacher").
• Use kinship terms, even to address someone who is not family:
• 언니 (eonni, "older sister"), used by females to address a slightly elder female
• 누나 (nuna, "older sister"), used by males to address a slightly elder female
• 오빠 (oppa, "older brother"), used by females to address a slightly elder male
• 형 (hyeong, "older brother"), used by males to address a slightly elder male
• 아줌마 (ajumma, "middle aged woman")
• 아저씨 (ajeoshi, "middle aged man")
• 할머니 (halmeoni, "grandmother")
• 할아버지 (harabeoji, "grandfather")
Korean/Personal pronouns 57
• Use the plural 여러분 (yeoreobun, "ladies and gentlemen") where applicable.
• If talking to someone younger than the speaker, one may use the person's name.
Pronouns
singular plural
polite plain polite plain
first person 저 (jeo) 나 (na) 저희 (jeoheui) 우리 (uri)
second person 당신 (dangshin) 너 (neo) 당신들 (dangshindeul) 너희들 (neoheuideul)
third person 그 (geu) 그들 (geudeul)
third person feminine 그녀 (geunyeo) 그녀들 (geunyeodeul)
The first and second person pronouns have both an informal and a polite (humble/honorific) form. The polite form is
used when speaking to someone older or of high social status. 당신 (the plain second person singular pronoun)
literally means "friend", but is only used as a form of address and is more polite than 친구 (chingu), the usual word
for "friend". 당신 is also sometimes used as the Korean equivalent of "dear" as a form of address. Also, whereas uses
of other humble forms are straightforward, 당신 must be used only in specific social contexts, such as between two
married couples. In that way it can be used in an ironic sense when used between strangers.
Of the third person pronouns, the feminine forms sound awkward and are mostly used when translating texts from
other languages. 그 was originally used for both genders and still is in conversation.
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Korean/Demonstrative pronouns
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Demonstrative object pronouns

Korean has three demonstrative pronouns for objects:
• 이것 (this, ee-guht) is used when the object is nearby the speaker.
• 그것 (that, geu-guht) is used when the object is near the listener. It is also used when the speaker already
mentioned the object.
• 저것 (that [over there], juh-guht) is used when the object is far from the speaker and the listener.
Examples:
• 이것은 이상하다: This is strange.
• 그것은 이상하다: That is strange.
• 저것은 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.
When 은 (the topic marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:
• 이건: contraction of 이것은
• 그건: contraction of 그것은
• 저건: contraction of 저것은
Examples:
• 이건 이상하다: This is strange.
• 그건 이상하다: That is strange.
• 저건 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.
When 이 (the subject marker) follows those pronouns, they are often contracted as follows:
• 이게: contraction of 이것이
• 그게: contraction of 그것이
• 저게: contraction of 저것이
Examples:
• 이게 이상하다: This is strange.
• 그게 이상하다: That is strange.
• 저게 이상하다: That [over there] is strange.
Demonstrative personal pronouns

Korean has three demonstrative pronouns for people.
• 이분 is used when the person is nearby the speaker.
• 그분 is used when the person is near the listener.
• 저분 is used when the person is far from the speaker and the listener.
Examples:
• 이분 이누구입니까?: Who is this person?
• 그분 이누구입니까?: Who is that person?
• 저분 이누구입니까?: Who is that person [over there]?
Demonstrative determiners
Also 이, 저, and 그 can be used in front of nouns:
• 이 식사가 맛있어요.
This dish is delicious.
• 그 연필을 이용해요?
Are you using that pencil?
• 저 식당에 갑시다.
Lets go to that restaurant.
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Korean/Adjectives 60
Korean/Adjectives
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Adjectives come in two forms in Korean. In their main form, they are inflected like verbs (i.e. with honorifics, tense,
and speech levels) and come at the end of their sentence or clause.
• 붉다: "(to be) red"
• 푸르다: "(to be) blue"
• 크다: "(to be) big"
• 작다: "(to be) small"
Adjectives also have an "attributive" form that ends in ㄴ (often 은). Grammatically, adjectives in this form are
관형사 ("determiners"), which always come before the noun they modify.
• 붉은: "red"
• 푸른: "blue"
• 큰: "big"
• 작은: "small"
Some abstract Korean nouns translate as adjectives:
• 녹색: "(the color) green"
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Korean/Verbs 61
Korean/Verbs
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Introduction
Most Korean dictionaries list verbs (동사) in a form that ends in 다(da):
• 사다: to buy • 싫어하다: to dislike/hate • 자다: to sleep

• 전화하다: to call • 알다: to know • 보다: to see/watch
• 만들다: to make/create • 배우다: to learn • 가르치다: to teach
• 오다: to come • 좋아하다: to like • 치다: to hit
• 하다: to do • 사랑하다: to love • 생각하다: to think
• 마시다: to drink • 듣다: to listen/hear • 원하다: to want
• 먹다: to eat • 움직이다: to move (around) • 일어나다: to wake up
• 가다: to go • 놀다: to play • 쓰다: to write
• 주다: to give • 읽다: to read • 걷다: to walk
• 갖다: to have • 말하다: to speak • 잠자다: to sleep
Verb stems
Similar to English verbs, Korean verbs change their endings and take auxiliary words to fit the tense (when an action
occurs) and mood (statements vs. commands vs. questions) of the situation. However, Korean verbs also change
form to express honorifics and speech levels in order to reflect the social relationships between the speaker, the
subject, and the audience. The speech level listed in most books (including dictionaries) is called 해라체. It is formal
but of low to neutral politeness. The 해라체 speech level is sometimes used by close friends, relatives of similar age,
and young people. As shown above, the indicative forms of verbs in the 해라체 speech level end in 다. The part of
the word preceding 다 is called the "verb stem".
Exercise
Identify the verb stem of the following verbs:
Honorifics
Korean grammar expresses the relationship between the speaker, the subject, and the listener by using honorifics and
speech levels in conjugation and word choice. Honorifics express the speaker's relationship and politeness or social
humility toward the subject of the sentence and speech levels to express that with the audience. When talking about
someone statutorily superior, a speaker or writer must indicate the subject's apparent superiority by using special
honorific affixes. Generally, someone is considered superior in status if he or she is an older relative, a stranger of
roughly equal or greater age, an employer, a teacher, a customer, or the like. Someone is looked upon as equal or
inferior in status if he or she is a younger stranger, a student, an employee or the like.
Korean/Verbs 62
Note: If the subject is considered inferior to the listener, the honorific should not be used, as the misuse of honorifics
or the use of inappropriate speech levels is likely to be considered insulting, but also possibly hilariously
disrespectful.
A few Korean verbs have special honorific equivalents, but most can be converted into an honorific form by adding
an honorific affix after the stem and before the ending. If the verb stem ends in a vowel, add 시, but if it ends in a
consonant, add 으시. Thus, the honorific form of 가다 ("to go") is 가시다 and the honorific form of 걷다 ("to
walk") is 걸으시다.
Exercise
Write the honorific form of the following verbs:
Formal polite speech level

Since the 해라체 speech level is not polite enough for many of the initial encounters you might have speaking
Korean, we will first learn a polite speech level instead. 합쇼체 is the formal, polite speech level in Korean. It is
used commonly between strangers, among male co-workers, by TV announcers, and to customers.
To create statements (that is, to use the indicative mood of verbs) in the 합쇼체 form, take the verb stem and add the
honorific affix 시 or 으시 if applicable. Then add ㅂ니다 if the result ends in a vowel or 습니다 if it ends in a
consonant. E.g.:
Verb Stem Subject Add polite ending Complete 합쇼체 form
Verb Stems ending in vowels
가다 가 (Non-honorific) 가 ㅂ니다 갑니다
가다 가 (Honorific) 시 가시 ㅂ니다 가십니다
Verb Stems ending in consonants
읽다 읽 (Non-honorific) 읽 습니다 읽습니다
읽다 읽 (Honorific) 으시 읽으시 ㅂ니다 읽으십니다
Exercise
In this exercise, you are talking with a stranger about various subjects. Determine correct 합쇼체 form for the
following verbs based on the given subject:
Informal polite speech level

When people of similar age or social standing converse, they often use the informal polite speech level, called
해요체. 해요체 is appropriately polite for most of the situations you will typically encounter, so it is the next form
to learn.
To create the 해요체 form of Korean verbs, do the following:
1. Take the stem.
2. Add the honorific 시 or 으시 if applicable.
3. If the last letter is ㅂ, change it to 우.
4. If the result ends in a vowel followed by 르, insert an extra ㄹ, making the end ㄹ르.
5. If the last vowel is now ㅡ, change it to ㅏ if the next-to-last vowel is ㅗ or ㅏ. Otherwise, change ㅡ to ㅓ.
6. If the last vowel is now ㅗ or ㅏ, add ㅏ요. Otherwise, add ㅓ요.
Korean spelling rules make the above rules seem just a bit more complicated in practice:
Korean/Verbs 63
• If the result ends in ㅏㅏ요, that collapses to ㅏ요.

• If the result ends in ㅗㅏ요, that collapses to ㅘ요.
• If the result ends in ㅜㅓ요, that collapses to ㅝ요.
• If the result ends in 시ㅓ요, that collapses to 세요.
• If the result ends in ㅣㅓ요, that collapses to ㅕ요.
The usual spelling rules also apply, so an ㅏ without an initial consonant is written as 아 and an ㅓ without an initial
consonant is written as 어.
Verb Stem Subject Rules 3-6 above Complete 해요체 form
가다: 가 (Non-honorific) 가ㅏ요 가요
가다: 가 (Honorific) 시 가시ㅓ요 가세요
오다: 오 (Non-honorific) 오ㅏ요 와요
[1] 어렵 (Non-honorific) 어려우ㅓ요 어려워요

어렵다
[1] 덥 (Non-honorific) 더우ㅓ요 더워요

덥다:
하다: 하 (Honorific) 시 하시ㅓ요 하세요
가르치다 가르치 (Non-honorific) 가르치ㅓ요 가르쳐요
읽다: 읽 (Honorific) 으시 읽으시ㅓ요 읽으세요
읽다: 읽 (Non-honorific) 읽ㅓ요 읽어요
모르다 모르 (Non-honorific) 몰라ㅏ요 몰라요
쓰다 쓰 (Non-honorific) 써ㅓ요 써요
Exercise
In this exercise, you are talking with a friend about various subjects. Determine correct 해요체 form for the
following verbs in both honorific and non-honorific forms:
Casual speech level

When close friends and relatives talk with each other, they may use a very casual speech level called 해체. Be
careful not to use this 해체 with someone with whom you are not very close, as it can be considered offensive.
Since you already know the 해요체 form, creating the casual 해체 form of Korean verbs is easy, just take the 요 off
of the end of the 해요체 form:
Verb 해요체 form 해체 form
가다: 가요 가
오다: 와요 와
덥다: 더워요 더워
모르다 몰라요 몰라
Korean/Verbs 64
Exercise
In this exercise, you are talking with a close friend. Determine correct 해체 form for the following verbs:
Tense
Korean verbs can be conjugated into several different tenses to indicate the time when an event occurs.
Past tense
The past tense of a Korean verb is formed as follows:
1. Take the verb stem.
2. Add the honorific suffix (시 or 으시) if applicable.
3. Add the one of the following:
• If the word now ends in 하, add 였. Note: 하였 often is contracted as 했.
• Otherwise, if the preceding vowel of the verb stem is ㅏ or ㅗ, add 았.
• Otherwise, add 었.
4. Add the ending for the appropriate speech level.
Future tense
The future tense of a Korean verb is formed as follows:
1. Take the verb stem.
2. Add the honorific suffix (시 or 으시) if applicable.
3. Add the suffix 겠.
4. Add the ending for the appropriate speech level.
Other tenses
Korean also has a remote past tense, used to indicate that an event occurred long ago, a past future tense, and a
(rarely-used) remote past future tense. To form the remote past tense, first form the past tense, then add an extra 었
before the ending for the appropriate speech level.
Copula and existence verb

이다 and 있다: Two Korean words conjugate similar to verbs and are often translated as verbs but are not
considered verbs in Korean grammar: 이다 (the copula, often translated as "to be") and 있다 (the existence particle,
often translated as "to exist").
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Korean/Verbs 65
Reference
[1] This term is adjective because this word indicates status. but it can be used in "해요체" form.
Korean/Conjunctions
Introduction
In language, a conjunction is a way to combine 2 or more phrases into one sentence. This chapter will cover the basic
conjunctions such as 'and', 'or', and 'but'.
~지만 (but)
• 김치는 맵지만 맛있어요. Kimchi is spicy but delicious.
• 한국어는 어렵지만 재미있어요. The Korean language is difficult but interesting.
와/과 (and)
This is used for combining 2 nouns. If the end of the first noun has no consonant, use '와'. If the noun has a
consonant, use '과'.
• 김치와 단무지는 맛있어요. Kimchi and yellow radishes are delicious.
• 나는 텔레비전과 영화를 보아요. I watch TV and movies.
(이)나 (or)
This is for choosing between 2 nouns, pronouns, or adverbs.
• 맥주나 막걸리를 마셔요. I drink beer or makkoli.
• 지하철이나 버스를 타요. I ride the subway or the bus.
~고 (and)
This form is for combining 2 or more verb sentences
• 날마다 나는 한국말을 공부하고 운동해요. Every day I study Korean and exercise.
• 그 남자가 부산에 갔고 미술관을 방문했어요. That man went to Busan and visited the museum.
~거나 (or)
This form is used for choosing between 2 or more actions.
• 더우면 나는 수영하거나 PC방에 가요. If it's hot, I swim or go to the PC room.
• 나는 주말에 운동하거나 공부해요. On the weekend, I exercise or study.
Korean/Particles 66
Korean/Particles
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English often uses prepositions to show the relationship of a noun to the rest of the sentence. Examples are "to
home", "across the river", "on the street", etc. Like English prepositions, Korean particles are short words that
describe spacial relationships between objects and designate things like the subject and direct object. Unlike English
prepositions, though, Korean particles come after the words they modify (hence their alternative name:
"postpositions").
Consider the following sentence:
• Korean: '도서관이 시장 옆에 있어요.'
• Literally: 'library market next to is.'
• English: 'The library is next to the market.'
In Korean, the phrase 옆에 ('next to') is placed after 시장 ('the market').
Below is a basic list of postpositions and words to describe spatial relationships.
• 에게 ("to [a person]")
• 에서 ("from" or "at")
• 을/를 (direct object)
• 근처 nearby
• 멀다 be far from here
• 가깝다 be near/close
• 위 above/on
• 아래 below
• 앞 in front of
• 뒤 behind
• 옆 beside/by/next to
• 안 inside
Here are some examples of how to use these postpositions.
• 새가 지붕 위에 있어요. There's a bird on the roof.
• 어머니는 주방 안에 있어요. Mother is in the kitchen.
Postpositions dealing with time
• 동안 - for
• 는 동안 - while
Example sentences
• 30분동안 잤어요. I slept for 30 minutes.
• 나는 말하는 동안 영화를 봤어요. I talked while watching a movie.
Korean/Particles 67
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Korean/Comparatives and superlatives

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Introduction
This chapter talks about how to do comparisons in the Korean language and express superlatives. For those
unfamiliar with the grammar terms, a superlative term basically expresses whether something is the best, the biggest,
the tallest, etc.
Superlatives
To express a superlative in Korean, a speaker can use either 가장 or 제일 followed by the verb. One example is
telling someone what your favorite movie is. Thus, to say that your favorite movie is the Matrix, you can say 나는
Matrix를 제일 좋아해요. This would literally translate to 'I like Matrix the most.'
Comparatives
To do a comparison in Korean, a speaker can use '보다 (더)' followed by a verb. Here are some examples.
• 나는 차보다 커피를 즐겨요. I like coffee better than tea.
• 나는 수학을 역사보다 좋아해요. I like math better than history.
If there are 2 objects being compared, the object that that is being compared against is placed right before the 보다.
So in the examples above, the Korean word for tea, 차, is placed right before the 보다 and the Korean word for
history, 역사, is put right before the 보다.
Korean/Comparatives and superlatives 68
Degree of adjectives
To form varying degrees of adjectives, prefix an adjective with the adverbs 매우 or 아주:
• 비싸다: (to be) expensive
• 매우 비싸다: (to be) very expensive
• 아주 비싸다: (to be) extremely expensive
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Korean/Questions
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Forming questions
To form questions in high form (존댓말), simply add the ending 습니까? if the verb stem ends in a consonant or
ㅂ니까? if it ends in a vowel.
• Example: 당신은 어디로 가고 있습니까? (Where are you going?)
When forming questions in middle and low form, the questions are implied by a rising final tone, much like in
English. The ending for middle form is 요? For low form, just leave off any ending and use just the raw verb stem.
• Example(middle): 당신은 언제 미국에 왔어요? (When did you come to America?)
• Example(low): 넌 어디 갔다왔어? (Where have you been?)
Interrogative pronouns
무엇
The interrogative pronoun 무엇 means "what". In speech, it is often contracted to 뭐:
• 이게 뭐예요?
What is this?
• 뭐라고 했어요?
What did [you] say?
• 뭐하니?
What are [you] doing?
Korean/Questions 69
The pronoun 누구 means "who". It contracts before 가 to make 누가.

The pronoun 어디 means "where".
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Korean/Commands
How to make command form (명령형 [命令形])of verbs
First, we must specify if we are speaking to someone who is older or higher in position than us, or to someone who is
younger or lower in position. With children, we may use the less polite (verb stem + 라) form. This form is also used
when someone is angry or when giving military commands.
음식을 먹으세요!
Eat your meal!
When you are asking someone politely to do something for you, use (verb stem + 어/아 주다) form:
보여 주세요!
Please show me.
주다 literally means "to give," but does not translate directly.
When we want to talk modestly about ourselves we use the (verb stem + 드리다) form instead. "드리다" also means
"to give," but is an honorific verb.
책을 보여 드렸어요
I have shown the book.
Korean/Dates and times 70
Korean/Dates and times

In Korean, time is expressed like "Now is...". So one would say "지금은 여섯시 입니다" to express "It is six
o'clock." The "지금은" means "now is," the "여섯시" means "six o'clock," and the "입니다" means roughly "it
is/be."
Dialogue
지금 몇 시에요?
What is the time now?
지금 7시에요.
It's 7'o clock right now.
지금 2시 30분입니다.
It's 2:30 right now.
지금 4시 반입니다.
It's 4:30 right now.
Vocabulary
• 지금 (只今), 현재 (現在): now, at present
• 몇: how many
• 시 (時): hour
• 분 (分): minute
• 반 (半): half [an hour]
Korean/Lesson I1 71
Korean/Lesson I1
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Conversation
1급: Beginner — 1. Greetings • 2. Forming sentences • 3. Connective forms and negation • 4. Colors • 5. Recreation / In a taxi • 6. Family • 7.
Around the house • 8. Using the telephone • 9. School • 10. Shopping • 11. Onomatopoeia
2단계: High beginner • 3: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced
Grammar
Korean Conversation, Level I, Lesson 1: Greetings

Welcome to the first conversation lesson for learning Korean. By now you should be familiar with hangeul (the
Korean writing system) and how to form syllables. If you are not yet familiar with hangeul, see Korean/Alphabet. It
is highly recommended that you know these basics before you embark on learning how to make sentences and
commencing dialogue.
In this first section, we will introduce basic Korean sentence structure, basic vocabulary, and greetings in Korean.
Note that the following dialogue uses the formal, very polite -습니다/습니까 verb endings, which are appropriate
for introduction into the Korean language, however, is seldom used within everyday conversation in Korea, save for
several set phrases, such as thank you, excuse me, etc.
시작할까요?
(Shall we start?)
Dialogue
The simple dialogue below is between Korean native 찬호 and Joseph (조세프) from America. Joseph is interested
in Korean culture and language, and was able to meet 찬호 through a program in his school. Here, they meet for the
first time:
찬호: 안녕하십니까, 조세프 씨?
조세프: 예. 안녕하십니까, 찬호 씨?
찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다.
조세프: 저도요. 저는 집에 갑니다.
찬호: 예. 안녕히 가십시오.
조세프: 안녕히 계십시오.
Korean/Lesson I1 72
Overview
The conversation began with 찬호 asking this:
찬호: 안녕하십니까, 조세프 씨?
Here, we learn our first bit of Korean. "안녕하십니까?" is a common formal greeting in Korean. It literally means
"Are you at peace?". "씨" is a title which means "Mr". Joseph replied like this:
조세프: 예. 안녕하십니까, 찬호 씨?
"예" means "yes". Then Joseph asked 찬호 the same question. Typically, the response to "안녕하십니까?" is "예",
but it is not necessary to respond that way, as we learn from 찬호's response:
찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다.
"만나서 반갑습니다" means "Nice to meet you." This can also be shortened to "반갑습니다", but since 찬호 and
Joseph have first met, it is best to be as polite as possible. "만나서" means "because we've met".
조세프: 저도요. 저는 집에 갑니다.
Here, we learn some important things about making a Korean sentence. "저" means "I," and "저도요" means "Me
too". Then Joseph says: "저는 집에 갑니다." This means "I go home." We'll dissect this sentence more in just a
moment. First, let us finish analyzing the conversation:
찬호: 예.안녕히 가십시오.
조세프: 안녕히 계십시오.
Look carefully at how each says "Good bye" to each other. 찬호 says "안녕히 가십시오" while Joseph says
"안녕히 계십시오" Why do their replies differ from each other? Well, Joseph is leaving, while it is assumed that
찬호 is staying. So, 찬호 tells Joseph to "Go in peace" (like spock!) and Joseph tells 찬호 to "Stay in peace." It may
sound funny, but that's how it works in Korea. Remember these two carefully and try not to mix them up!
Grammar: "I go home."

The short sentence 저는 집에 갑니다 ("I go home.") reveals a great deal of usable grammar:
저 는 집 에 갑니다 .
I (topic) house (location) go .
Let's discuss 는, 에, and 갑니다. As mentioned above, 저 means "I". In Korean, "는" marks the primary topic of a
sentence. Joseph is talking primarily about himself, so he says "저는". Note that if the primary topic ends in a
consonant, "는" changes to "은" so it's easier to pronounce. So, if Joseph wanted to talk primarily about his house
(집) instead of himself, he would say "집은".
"에" is in a similar class of elements (called "particles"), but it marks the location, such as "to school (학교에), to the
bathroom (화장실에)," and so forth. However, if Joseph wanted to say "to me", he would say "저에게", not "저에."
The difference is that "에" means "to that thing or place" and "에게" (the dative particle) means "to that person."
This is an important distinction to remember, but even if you make a mistake, a Korean will probably still
understand.
Finally, we see the verb, "갑니다." Now, if you were to look up "go" in a Korean dictionary, it would probably say
"가다." This is the verb's unconjugated dictionary or "base" form. "가" is the actual root of the verb, or "Verb Stem"
(VS). When we put the verb into a Korean sentence, it must be conjugated. The standard, polite statement
conjugation in Korean is {VS + ㅂ/습니다}. What does this mean? This means we take the verb stem (가) and add
"ㅂ니다" if the stem ends in a vowel and "습니다" if the verb stem ends in a consonant. In this case, "가" ends in a
vowel, so we slip the ㅂ under it (갑) and add "니다" = "갑니다". If the verb was "먹다 (to eat)" then we would add
"습니다" because the verbstem ends in a consonant (먹). Thus, we have "먹습니다." A special thing to remember
about this is, when conjugated, the verb is actually pronounced "감니다" like there's a ㅁ on the bottom. This is
Korean/Lesson I1 73
because of a special pronunciation rule called "nasalization" which we won't discuss here, but keep it in mind.
In order to make a question, the form is {VS + ㅂ/습니까}. An astute student would see something like that in
"안녕하십니까", which is actually a question. So, if 찬호 wanted to ask "Do you go (are you going)?" he would ask
"갑니까?" (Remember pronunciation: "감니까"). Armed with this information, we can now make a statement or a
question with almost any verb.
Review
Vocabulary: 어휘
• 안녕하십니까? - a formal greeting
• (만나서) 반갑습니다 - "Nice to meet you."
• 안녕히 가십시오 - "Good bye" (to someone who is leaving)
• 안녕히 계십시오 - "Good bye" (to someone who is staying)
• 예 - "yes"
• 아뇨 - "no"
• 저 - "I"
• 집 - "house"
• 학교 - "school"
• 가다 - "to go"
• 먹다 - "to eat"
Grammar: 문법
• VS + ㅂ니까 - Question, use when VS ends in vowel (e.g.: 가 -> 갑니까)
• VS + 습니까 - Question, use when VS ends in consonant (e.g.: 먹 -> 먹습니까)
• VS + ㅂ니다 - Statement, when VS ends in vowel (e.g.: 가 -> 갑니다)
• VS + 습니다 - Statement, when VS ends in consonant (e.g.: 먹 -> 먹습니다)
• N + 은/는 - Topic particle
• N + 에 - Location particle (to that thing/place)
• N + 에게 - Dative particle (to that person)
Practice: 연습
Conjugate the following verbs into statement form (VS + ㅂ/습니다) and question form (VS + ㅂ/습니까?). Click
"▼" to check your answers:
Determine whether the topic marker should be "은" or "는":
Determine whether the particle should be "에" or "에게":
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Korean/Lesson I2 74
Korean/Lesson I2
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Grammar
Introduction
An important part of being able to understand and speak Korean is that one must have a firm understanding of the
grammar used to make coherent sentences. During these first few lessons we shall focus on building a useable
grammar base. In this lesson, we will learn some more useful particles, Present progressive, future tense, and the
requesting form. We will also learn some new grammar, but it will not be the main focus of this lesson.
Conversation
Here we find Joseph meeting 찬호 again.
Dialogue
찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!
조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?
찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.
조세프: 선생님을 만날겁니까?
찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조세프는 오늘 숙제를 할겁니까?
조세프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.
찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.
조세프: 안녕히 가십시요.
Conversation review
찬호 begins with another greeting:
찬호: 앗! 오래간만 입니다, 조세프!
"오래간만 입니다" can be translated as: "Long time, no see" in English. At first, it's a hard expression to pronounce,
but a little bit of practice should untie your tongue.
조세프: 네, 안녕하십니까, 찬호?
찬호: 네. 저는 지금 학교로 가고 있습니다.
네. 저는 지금 학교 로 가 고 있습니다
Yes. I (topic) now school (to/towards) go (verb stem) (present progressive)
New vocabulary, new particle, new verb tense. 지금 means “now”. In a later lesson, we will learn many words such
as "later, tomorrow, yesterday, just a second ago, etc". In the next part, 찬호 uses a new particle with a similar
Korean/Lesson I2 75
meaning to what we learned before: "N + (으)로". This particle means "to", "toward", or "in the direction of". It can
be interchanged with "에" relatively safely, but "로" with its additional usages, is a little more versatile. If the noun
ends in a consonant then it becomes "으로" (집으로). Simple.
Finally, we have a new verb tense: the present progressive tense. It can also be made into a statement or question by
adding the "VS + ㅂ/습니다" or "VS + ㅂ/습니까" forms. The strange thing about this verb tense is that the
standard "VS + ㅂ/습니다" can mean the same thing! Remember in lesson 1, Joseph said "집에 갑니다". This could
have also been said "집에 가고있습니다" or even "집으로 가고 있습니다." It is your choice. Some combinations
sound more natural to others, but a beginning student doesn't have to be concerned with that. You will eventually get
the feel of what sounds right.
조새프: 선생님을 만나겠습니까?
This might sound funny, but one of the most important things to learn in Korean is not found in this sentence. Where
is the subject? Is it 선생님 (“teacher”)? No, there is no subject. In Korean, if the subject of the next sentence is
understood, it can be omitted. This is often found in colloquial English:
English speaker A: "I'm a little busy."
English speaker B: "Oh, studying today?"
However, in Korean, you can omit the subject more freely than English, and sometimes other elements can also be
omitted, resulting in very short sentences. Well, if 선생님 ("teacher") isn't the subject, what is it? It's the direct
object!
선생님 을
teacher (direct object)
The particle 을 is used to designate the direct object of the sentence, i.e. the thing or person upon which the action is
happening. In most textbooks, this is usually denoted as "을/를" because "을" comes after words ending in a
consonant, and "를" comes after words in a vowel. This particle is omitable, but for the beginner, it's best left in so
nothing gets confused.
Now, based on what we have learned so far, one might guess that the verb stem of the verb in this sentence is
"만나겠다", which is a perfectly logical guess, but wrong. The actual verb stem is "만나다" which means "to meet"
(as you might have gleaned from the previous paragraph). The "겠습니다" or, more correctly "겠다" is the future
tense form. For this form, it is unimportant whether the verb stem ends in a consonant or vowel. Simply add "겠" and
then finish off with "습니다" to speak politely. Easy as 파이, no?
찬호: 아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?
아니요, 공부하겠습니다. 조새프는 오늘 숙제를 하겠습니까?
No, (I) will study. Joseph (topic) today homework (direct object) will do?
This sentence may sound a little strange, but it is nonetheless correct. 공부하다 means "to study", 오늘 means
"today" and 숙제 means "homework." 하다 will be explained in more detail later, but for now, it means "to do"
when by itself. Notice the 를 on 숙제? What is he doing? his homework!
조새프: 네, 저는 집에서 하겠습니다.
네, 저는 집 에서 하겠습니다.
Yes, I (topic) home (at) will do.
Finally, we have another particle, 에서, which is translated "from" or "at". In this case, it functions as "at". Notice
"Yes, I will do it at home."
찬호: 그래요. 안녕히 가십시요.
Korean/Lesson I2 76
조새프: 안녕히 가십시요.

그래요 is a polite way of saying "okay." It also means "Yes that's right."
Korean sentence order

Korean sentences have a different word order from English. Whereas an English sentence typically has a
Subject-Verb-Object word order, a Korean sentence typically has a Subject-Object-Verb word order. For sentences
with only a subject and a verb, Korean and English word order is essentially identical:
Korean: 철수는 먹는다.
subject verb
English: Cholsu eats.
subject verb
If a sentence includes an object, the English and Korean order differs:

English: I am reading a book. English: I(subject) am reading(verb) a book(object)
Korean: 저는 책을 읽고 있습니다. Korean: 저는(subject) 책을(object) 읽고 있습니다(verb).
Korean: 철수는 사과를 먹는다.
subject object verb
English: Cholsu eats the apple.
subject verb object
Predicates
A more complete understanding of Korean sentence order requires an understanding of Korean predicates
(서술부어). As in English, complete Korean sentences must have a predicate that contains a conjugated Korean
word (용언). Also as in English, Korean verbs (동사) are conjugated and so can be sentence predicates. However,
with regard to forming sentences, Korean differs from English in two important ways:
1. Korean sentences do not require subjects (주어), just predicates. (That is, a Korean sentence with only a predicate
is grammatically complete.)
2. Korean adjectives (형용사) can be conjugated and used as sentence predicates.
Korean sentences that include subjects, indirect objects, direct objects, and complements often arrange them in this
order:
Korean: Subject (주어) indirect object (간접 목적어) direct object (직접 목적어) complement (보어) predicate (서술부어)
철수는 나에게 사과를 준다.
English: Cholsu gives me the apple.
Subject predicate indirect object direct object complement
Above is the usual word order in Korean, which is the order most easily understood by native speakers of Korean.
However, excluding the predicate (the verb), the placement of other words is not entirely relevant to the meaning of
the sentence. The following arrangements have the same meaning as the above example:
Korean/Lesson I2 77
Korean: 나에게 사과를 철수는 준다.
indirect object direct object subject verb
to me the apple Cholsu gives
Korean: 철수는 사과를 나에게 준다.
subject direct object indirect object verb
Cholsu the apple to me gives
Review
Vocabulary: 어휘
• 오래간만 입니다 - Long time, no see!
• 선생님 - Teacher
• 숙제 - Homework
• 만나다 - To meet
• 공부하다 - To study
• 하다 - To do
• 지금 - Now
• 오늘 - Today
Grammar: 문법
• VS + 겠다 - Future Tense
• VS + 고 있다 - Present Progressive
• N + (으)로 - Toward
• N + 을/를 - Direct Object Marker
• N + 에서 - From, At, Location of Action
Practice: 연습
Conjugate the following verbs with the future and present progressive tenses in polite form:
Add 에서, (으)로, and 을/를 particles to each noun:
When you are ready, continue on to Korean/Lesson I3.
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Korean/Lesson I3
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Grammar
"And" and "And?" "Or" or "Or"?

One thing that varies in korean is that there is a difference between an “and” for a verb and an “and” for a noun. In
this lesson, we will learn these ands, ors, and buts. It just so happens that today 찬호 is introducing his friends to
Joseph, so this is a perfect opportunity to use these forms! (Don't feel overwhelmed, there's only 3 ways to say each!)
찬호: 오늘 저는 조세프에게 친구들을 소개하겠습니다.
조세프: 오케이! 기대합니다!
찬호: 저 친구들은 "연희"와 "가영"입니다.
저세프: 만나서 반갑습니다!
연희와 가영: 반갑습니다.
연희: 조세프는 미국에서 왔고 한국말을 공부하고 있습니까?
조세프: 네,그래요.
가영: 와우! 고생 많네요! 한식을 좋아합니까?
조세프: 양식이나 한식 둘 다 좋아합니다. 하지만, 한국에서 양식을 먹지 않습니다.
가영: 그렇군요... 학교에 걸어갑니까? 아니면 버스를 탑니까?
찬호: 집에서 버스를 타지 못합니다. 걸어가거나 뛰어갑니다. 하하하!
The above example has several new forms in it because of the differentiation between noun "and/or" & verb
"and/or". We'll look at the examples and pick out new vocabulary, and then discuss new grammar separately.
찬호: 오늘 저는 조세프에게 친구들을 소개하겠습니다.
조세프: 오케이! 기대합니다!
소개하다 means "to introduce." It's used really often when talking about friends and people you know, but it can
also be used to refer to something like "introducing information." Following that, 기대하다 means "to await
expectedly or excitedly." This can also be said 기대되다, which sometimes sounds more natural.
찬호: 저 친구들은 "연희"와 "가영"입니다.
Here we meet the noun connective particle 와 (“and”) and its alternative 과, used after vowels. More information can
be learned about this in the following section, but it's use is fairly straight forward.
찬호: 만나서 반갑습니다!
연희와 가영: 반갑습니다.
Nothing new here.
연희: 조세프는 미국에서 왔고 한국말을 공부하고 있습니까?
조세프: 네, 그래요.
Korean/Lesson I3 79
오다 means “to come” (the form you see, "왔-" in this sentence is past tense.) but the connective verb suffix -고
(“and”) is connected to it (왔고). 에서 in this case means “from”. (So keep track! You now know it means “from” or
“at”.) Finally, Joseph responds with 그래요 (“that’s right”).
가영: 와! 고생 많네요!
한식을 좋아합니까?
조세프: 양식이나 한식 둘 다 좋아합니다. 하지만, 한국에서는 양식을 먹지 않습니다.
가영 uses a phrase that is often heard in Korea: "고생 많다." This means "you have lots of struggles," but is used
sort of like "must be difficult," a sort of compliment for the listener who might be going through hard times. The
ending on this is "VS+군요" Which is a sort of exclamatory form. This will also be discussed in the next section.
"한식" means "Korean food," a sort of contraction of "한국 음식," and "양식" is "Western food." Can you guess the
contraction for this one?
Joseph links the two with "N+(이)나" which is "or" for nouns. The verb form is "VS+거나" (discussed later, of
course). "둘 다" means "both" Afterwards, Joseph uses the stand alone word "하지만," meaning "however" or "but."
The verb form of this is "VS+지만." It's simplicity doesn't merit any further discussion.
가영: 그렇군요...
학교에 걸어갑니까? 아니면 버스를 탑니까?
찬호: 집에서 버스를 타지 못합니다. 걸어가거나 뛰어갑니다. 하하하!
<<Lesson 2]] | '''Lesson 3''' | [[Korean/Lesson_I4|Lesson 4>>
Korean/Lesson I4
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Grammar
Colors
As well as having two sets of numbers, Korean also uses two sets of colors, one being the native Korean set, the
other being derived from Chinese characters hanja 한자 (漢字).
Native Korean set

Various like dozens of Korean words represent similar colors but express the different impression of colors. The
following Korean words about color are the most neutral and normal words.
Korean colors may be followed by native word, bit 빛 or bitkkal 빛깔, or followed by saek 색 (色) which is derived
from Chinese characters. Each word means color.
Korean/Lesson I4 80
Name Adjective Translation Notes
ppalgang 빨강 ppalgan 빨간 red
parang 파랑 paran 파란 blue
borasaek 보라색 purple
chorok(pulbit) 초록(풀빛) pureun 푸른 green The adjectives for blue may be used with green. Pulbit 풀빛 means grass-light.
norang 노랑 noran 노란 yellow
hayang 하양 hayan 하얀, hin 흰 white
geomjeong 검정 geomeun 검은 black
• ppal gan ib sool 빨간 입술 red lips

• pa ran ha neul 파란 하늘 blue sky
• pu reun cho won 푸른 초원 green grassland
• no ran byeong a ri 노란 병아리 yellow chick
• hin nun(hin noon) 흰 눈 white snow
• geom eun nun dong ja 검은 눈동자 black pupil
Chinese character set
jeok, hong 적 (赤), 홍 (紅) red
cheong 청 (靑) blue
nok 녹 (綠) green
hwang 황 (黃) yellow
ju hwang 주황 (硃黃) orange
nam 남 (藍) navy
ja ju 자주 (紫硃) purple
hwe 회 (灰) gray
baek 백 (白) white
heuk 흑 (黑) black
• baek in 백인 (白人) white person

• heuk in 흑인 (黑人) black person
• heuk baek pilleum 흑백필름 (黑白 film) black & white film
• jeok saek s(h)in ho 적색신호 (赤色信號) red light signal
• cheong ba ji 청바지(靑바지) blue jeans
<<Lesson 3]] | '''Lesson 4''' | [[Korean/Lesson I5|Lesson 5>>
Korean/Lesson I5 81
Korean/Lesson I5
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Conversation
Grammar
Vocabulary
• Taxi 택시
• Hour 시간
• Minute 분
• Won (Korean currency) 원
• Around, About ~ 정도
Conversation
Joie: 강남역까지 가고 싶습니다. / I want to go to Kang-nam station
Taxi driver: 네 강남역까지 가겠습니다. / Yes I will drive to Kang-nam station
Joie: (거리가) 얼마나 걸립니까? / How long does it take?
Taxi driver: 20분 정도 걸립니다. / It takes around 20 minutes
Joie: 얼마입니까? / How much is it?
Taxi driver: 5000원 입니다. / It is 5000 wons
Joie: 감사합니다. / Thank you
• How far is it there? (거리가) 얼마나 멉니까?
• How long does it take? (거리가) 얼마나 걸립니까?
• Turn left 왼쪽으로 돌으십시오.
• Turn right 오른쪽으로 돌으십시오.
• Go straight 직진 하십시오.
Korean/Lesson I6 82
Korean/Lesson I6
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• 할아버지 Grandfather
• 할아버님 Grandfather (formal)
• 할머니 Grandmother
• 할머님 Grandmother (formal)
• 외할아버지 Grandfather (on Mother's side)
• 외할아버님 Grandfather (on Mother's side) (formal)
• 외할머니 Grandmother (on Mother's side)
• 외할머님 Grandmother (on Mother's side) (formal)
• 아버지 Father (formal)
• 아버님 Father (very formal)
• 아빠 Father (informal)
• 어머니 Mother (formal)
• 어머님 Mother (very formal)
• 엄마 Mother (informal)
• 형 Elder brother (of a male)
• 누나 Elder sister (of a male)
• 오빠 Elder brother (of a female)
• 언니 Elder sister (of a female)
• 남동생 Younger brother
• 여동생 Younger sister
• 동생 Younger sibling
• 성함 Name (formal)
• 이름 Name (Informal)
Note: -님 words such as 아버님, 어머님 are very formal.
Addressing Parents-in-Law:
As in English-speaking relationships, how one addresses one's Father-in-law and Mother-in-law varies greatly on
how friendly the relationship is, as well as the customs and dialect of the geographic region, etc. Before marriage, it
is common for one to call his/her girlfriend/boyfriend's parents 아버지 or 아버지님 and 어머니 or 어머님.
After marriage, the wife may address her new parents-in-law in the same way, however, a husband would call his
mother-in-law 장모님, and his father-in-law 장인어른. Note that after marriage, how one speaks to one's
parents-in-law becomes more formal, adding the honorific -님 suffix.
Korean/Lesson I6 83
Conversation
Kim: 안녕하세요.
John: 안녕하세요.
Kim: 성함이 어떻게 되세요?
John: John이에요. 저는 선생님에요. 그쪽은 성함이 어떻게 되시나요?
Kim: 김이에요.
John: 만나서 반갑습니다.
Kim: 미국 사람이세요?
John: 네, 미국에서 왔어요.
Kim: 가족은 몇 분이세요?
John: 다섯 명 있어요. 형과 여동생이 있어요. 형은 의사예요. 여동생은 대학생이에요. 김씨는 형제분이
계시나요?
Kim: 없어요. 저희 다시 봐요.
John: 안녕히 가세요.
Translation
Kim: Hello.
John: Hello.
Kim: What's your name.
John: I'm John. I'm a teacher. What's your name?
Kim: I'm Kim.
John: Nice to meet you.
Kim: Are you American?
John: Yes, I came from America.
Kim: How many people are in your family?
John: There are 5 people. I have an older brother and a younger sister. My brother is a doctor. My sister is a
University student. Do you have siblings?
Kim: I don't. Let's meet again.
John: Good Bye.
Korean/Lesson I7 84
Korean/Lesson I7
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Conversation
Grammar
Vocabulary
• house 집
• home 가정
• apartment 아파트
• bathroom 화장실(化粧室) or 욕실
• kitchen 부엌 or 주방
• bedroom 침실(寢室) or 방
• living room 거실(居室)
• garden 정원(庭園)
• garage 차고(車庫)*
• table 탁자
• dining table 식탁
• chair 의자
• toilet 변지
• sink 싱크대
• window 창문
• door 문
Korean/Lesson I8 85
Korean/Lesson I8
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Conversation
Grammar
Using the Telephone

• 여보세요? Yeoboseyo? Hello? (used only in the context of a telephone call)
• 안녕하십니까? Anyeong hashimnikka? Hello? (literally "Are you at peace?"), used in more formal (i.e. working
relationships) situations.
• 전 계십니까? John gyesimnikka? Is John there?
• 누구십니까? Nugusipnikka? Who's calling?
Korean/Lesson I9
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Grammar
• Kindergarten 유치원 (yu chi won)

• Elementary school 초등학교 (cho deng hak gyo)
• Middle school 중 학 교 (jung hak gyo)
• High school 고등학교 (go deng hak gyo)
• University 대 학교 (dae hak gyo)
• Graduate School 대 학원 (dae hak won)
• After-school institute, providing instruction on a particular subject 학원 (hak won)
• Major 전 공 (jeon gong)
• Minor 부 전 공 (bu jeon gong)
• Study 공 부 (gong bu)
• Dorm 기 숙 사 (gi suk sa)
• School 학 교 (hak gyo)
• College 대 학 (dae hak)
• Philosophy 철 학 (cheol hak)
Korean/Lesson I10 86
Korean/Lesson I10
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Grammar
Korean/Lesson II1
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Conversation — 1단계: Beginner •
2급: High beginner — 1. Sports • 2. Jobs • 3. Downtown • 4. Public transportation • 5. At the hotel • 6. At the library • 7. At the farm • 8. Medical
care • 9. The Weather • 10. At the movies
3: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced
Grammar
Vocabulary
• 축구 soccer
• 농구 basketball
• 배구 volleyball
• 야구 baseball
• 테니스(정구) tennis
• 수영 swimming
• 골프 golf
• 스키 skiing
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Grammar
Korean/Lesson II2
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• 경찰관 police officer
• 소방수 fire fighter
• 선생 teacher
• 학생 student
• 미술가 artist
• 의사 doctor
• 간호사 nurse
• 이발사 barber
• 회사원 office worker
• 운동 선수 athlete
• 과학자 scientist
• 가수 singer
• 군인 soldier
• 조종사 pilot
• 기사 engineer
• 수리공 mechanic
• 음악가 musician
Korean/Lesson II3
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• Movie theater 극장(劇場)
• DVD room DVD 방
• PC room PC 방
• small restaurant 식당
Conversation
• PC방이 어디에 있어요? Where is the PC room?
• 영화가 언제 시작해요? When does the movie start?
Korean/Lesson II4
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Grammar
• Bus 버스 (beoseu)
• Taxi 택시 (taek shi)
• Train 기차 (gi cha)[This is just train in general. KTX is the new bullet train in Korea and they will know what
you are talking about if you ask for the location of KTX, but remember that KTX is more expensive. You can also
ride the 새마을 for about $10 less or the 무궁화 for half the cost of KTX, but neither are as fast nor as well kept.]
• Subway 지하철 (ji ha cheol)
• Car 차 (Cha)[also the word for tea]
• Station 역 (yeok)[as in subway/train station. For example, Seoul station is 서울역]
• Subway line or route 선 (seon). [For example, if you took the yellow subway route, or the 분당선, there is a stop
at 야탑 where there is an awesome public park and bungee jumping.]
Korean/Lesson II5
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Grammar
호텔 (ho-tel), Hotel 예약 (ye-yak) reserve, make a reservation
Dialogue
여기 위키 호텔인가요? 방 있어요?
Korean/Lesson II6
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• 도서관(圖書館): library
• 잡지 : magazine
• 책 : book
Korean/Lesson II7
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• sheep 양
• field 밭
• cow 소
• rice paddy 논
• farmer 농부
Korean/Lesson II8
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• hospital 병원
• ambulance 구급차(救急車)
• doctor 의사
• nurse 간호사
• fever 신열(身熱)
• flu 인플루엔자
• catch a cold 감기 걸리다
• illness 병
Korean/Lesson II9
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• 비 rain
• 눈 snow
• 맑다 sunny
• 흐리다 cloudy
Korean/Lesson II10
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Grammar
Vocabulary
• 영화 film, movie
• 극장 theater
• 멀티플렉스 Multiplex
• 화면 screen
Korean/Lesson III1
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Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner •
3급: Low intermediate — 1. The human body • 2. Religion • 3. Nature • 4. The universe • 5. Reading a book • 6:어느 정도로 나를 사랑해? • 7.
Using computers • 8. At the restaurant • 9 • 10
4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced • 6단계: Advanced
Grammar
• 머리 head, hair
• 머리카락 hair
• 뇌 brain
• 눈 eye
• 눈썹 eyebrow
• 코 nose
• 볼 cheek
• 입 mouth
• 이 teeth
• 턱 jaw, chin
• 목 neck
• 어깨 shoulder
• 팔 arms
• 손 hand(s)
• 손가락 finger(s)
• 손톱 fingernail
• 배 stomach, belly
• 다리 leg(s)
• 무릎 knee
• 발 foot
• 발가락 toe(s)
• 뼈 bone
• 살 flesh
• 귀 ear
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Korean/Lesson III2
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Grammar
Introduction
This section covers the terms related to religion and encourage the student to speak about his/her religious beliefs
using the Korean language. When learning about religion in the Korean language, there are some important factors to
consider. First of all, there are 7 different speech levels in the Korean language accompanied by a set of honorific
forms for each speech level. In the Korean Bible, the translators use the Hasoseoche(하소서체) form for many of the
verses. For daily speech, the reader should use one of the lower speech forms instead.
The second thing that the reader needs to do is be prepared to learn the hanja for many of the words used in the
religious texts. If the reader learns a few hanja every week, that reader will be able to be able to learn the vocabulary
more quickly. The hanja are used in the mixed script Korean Bible, 백팔대참회문, as well as some other Korean
religious texts.
Vocabulary
종교 - Religion
하느님 - God
여호와 - Jehovah (God's name)
하늘 - Heaven
악마 - The Devil(사탄-satan)
지옥 - Hell
성신/성령 - Holy spirit/Holy Ghost
영적인 - spiritual
교회 - Church
성경(聖經) - The Bible
절 - Buddhist Temple
무교 - no religion
불교 - Buddhism
불경 - Buddhist Bible
부처님 - Buddha
교파 - sect
영원히 - eternally
낙원 - paradise
화신 - reincarnation
부활 - resurrection
예수 그리스도 - Jesus Christ
사도 - apostle
기도하다 - to pray
응답 - an answer(spiritual)
믿다 - to believe
이해하다 - to understand
오해 - misunderstanding
헷갈리다 - to be confused(혼란스럽다 too)
경전 - scriptures
성전(聖殿) - Temple
인자(人子) - Son of Man
구원(救援) - salvation
표적(表迹) - miracle
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Korean/Lesson III3
Vocabulary
• 바다 sea
• 산 mountain, hill
• 강 river, creek
Korean/Lesson III4
Vocabulary
• the Universe 우주
• astronaut 우주인
• star 별
• constellation 별자리
• sun 태양
• solar system 태양계
• Mercury 수성
• Venus 금성
• Earth 지구
• Mars 화성
• Jupiter 목성
• Saturn 토성
• Uranus 천왕성
• Neptune 해왕성
• Pluto 명왕성
• Comet 혜성
Korean/Lesson III5
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Vocabulary
• 책 book
• 읽기 reading
• 서점 bookstore
• 잡지 magazine
• 신문 newspaper
Korean/Lesson III6
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제6과: 어느 정도로 나를 사랑해?

• 대화
A:영희야 너 철수 얼마만큼 사랑해?
B:하늘만큼 땅만큼
A:그렇게 많이?
B:그럼 넌 부모님을 얼만큼 사랑하는 데?
A:그거야 헤아릴 수 없지
• 어휘
만큼 : as much as
하늘 : sky
땅 : earth, ground
부모 : parent
헤아리다 : consider: weigh(=재다;measure)

• 유용 표현
하늘만큼 땅만큼 : very very much
<<Lesson 5]] | '''Lesson 6''' | [[Korean/Lesson III7|Lesson 7>>
Korean/Lesson III7
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Grammar
제7과: 컴퓨터 사용하기

• 컴퓨터 computer
• 랩탑 컴퓨터 / 노트북컴퓨터 laptop computer/notebook computer
• 모니터 monitor
• 마우스 mouse
• 소프트웨어 software
• 온라인 online
• 인터넷 internet
• 홈피 homepage (slang for 홈페이지)
<<Lesson 6 | Lesson 7
Korean/Lesson III8
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Grammar
제 8과 : At the restaurant
단어: Vocabulary
• 식사 meal
• 음식 food
• 아침 breakfast
• 점심 lunch
• 저녁 dinner
• 간식 snack
• 반찬 side dishes
• 밥 rice
• 국/국수 soup
• 김치 kimchi
• 고기 meat
• 단무지 pickled radish
• 된장 doenjang, soybean paste, miso
• 찌개 jjigae, pot stew
• 돌솥 stone pot, in which jjigae and other hot meals are served
• 김밥 kim bab, Korean seaweed and rice, filled with cooked ingredients, sushi-style rolls
• 만두 mandu, Korean dumplings filled with kimchi or meat, usually steamed or fried
• 떡 Korean style rice cake
• 떡볶이 rice cakes served in a red pepper sauce
• 돈까스 Korean style pork cutlet, breaded and fried
• 비빔밥 famous Korean dish of rice and a mixture of vegetables, usually served cold
• 라면 ramen
• 참치 tuna
• 스파게티 spaghetti
• 계란 egg
• 물고기 fish
• 야채 vegetables
• 과일 fruit
• 닭고기 or 치킨
• 피자 pizza
• 페페로니 pepperoni
• 치스 cheese
• 불고기 Korean-style grilled meat, usually beef

• 콩 bean, usually red bean
• 고추 Korean red pepper
• 고추장 red pepper paste
• 영파 vegetables
• 오이 cucumber
• 토마토 tomato
• 옥수수 corn
• 당근 carrot
• 간자 or 포테이토 potato
• 소박 pumpkin/squash
• 무 radish
• 케이크 cake
• 아이스 크림 ice cream
• 물 water
• 우유 milk
• 오랜지 주스 orange juice
• 탄산음료 soft drinks
• 와인 wine
• 맥주 beer
• 소주 soju, Korean clear, mild liquor
• 막걸리 Korean rice wine
• 주방장 head cook
• 요리사 cook
• 커피 coffee
• 음료 beverage
• 빵 bread
• 소금 salt
• 설탕 sugar
• 간장 soy sauce
• 마늘 garlic
• 생강 ginger
• 마요네즈 mayonnaise
• 땅콩 nuts
• 식초 vinegar
• 기름 oil
• 나이프 knife
• 포크 fork
• 국그릇 soup bowl
• 밥그릇 rice bowl
• 젓가락 chopsticks
• 숟가락 spoon
• 식탁 dining table
• 접시 place
• 유리 컵 drinking glass
• 컵 cup
• 물주전자 water pitcher/jug
단위: Phrases
• 밥 한 공기 a bowl of rice
• 커피 한 잔 a cup of coffee
문장: Sentences
• 어서오세요! Welcome!
• 주문하시겠습니까? May I take your order?
• ...주세요. I would like...
• ...넣어 주세요. I would like it with...
• ...넣지 마세요. or 넣지 말아주세요. I don't want any...
• 계산서 주세요. I would like the bill, please.
• 물은 셀프 Taking water is self-service.
• 얼마입니까? How much is this/are these?
• 오늘의 추천 메뉴 Today's recommended menu
• 감사합니다. Thank you.
• 맛있었어요. That was good/delicious.
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Grammar
Korean/Lesson VI1
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Conversation — 1단계: Beginner • 2단계: High beginner • 3: Low intermediate • 4단계: High intermediate • 5단계: Low advanced •
6급: Advanced — 제1과: 마침 제 친구가 전화했기에 망정이지 그렇지 않았으면 비행기를 놓칠 뻔했어요. • 제2과 : 이태원이 어디 있는지
말씀해 주실 수 있습니까? • 제3과 • 제4과 • 제5과 • 제6과 • 제7과 • 제8과 • 제9과 • 제10과
Grammar
제1과: 마침 제 친구가 전화했기에 망정이지 그렇지 않았으면 비행기를 놓칠 뻔했어요.
대화
민수: 어머니? 저 민수에요. 저 방금 베를린에 도착했어요.
어머니: 그래? 힘들었겠구나.
민수: 아니요, 괜찮아요.
어머니: 그나저나, 너 비행기 놓칠 뻔 했다면서?
민수: 네 늦잠을 잤거든요. 마침 제 친구가 전화했기에 망정이지 그렇지 않았으면 비행기를 놓칠 뻔했어요.
문법
1.-기에 망정이지
• 때마침 구조대가 저를 찾아냈기에 망정이지 하마터면 죽을 뻔했어요.
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Grammar
Korean/Lesson VI2
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Grammar
제 2과 : 이태원이 어디에 있는지 말씀해 주실 수 있습니까?
대화
John : 실례합니다. 이태원이 어디에 있는지 말씀해 주실 수 있습니까?

민호 : 6호선 이태원 역에 내리시면 됩니다.
John : 이 역에서 6호선으로 갈아타려면 어떤 역에 하차해야 합니까?
민호 : 공덕 역에서 내리시면 됩니다.
John : 감사합니다.
어휘
• 실례합니다. Excuse me.

• 갈아타다/환승 Transfer
• 공덕 Gongduk (local name)
• 이태원 Itaewon (local name)
문법
어디인 지 말씀해 주실 수 있습니까? Could you tell me where ~

• Could you tell me where I can take a bath? 제가 어디에서 목욕할 수 있는 지 말씀해 주실 수 있습니까?
[1]
[panel edit ]
Other languages...
Grammar
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 105
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Korean_consonants.jpg Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_consonants.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Estoy Aquí, Gpvos,
아흔
Image:Korean_vowels.jpg Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_vowels.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:아흔
Image:ㅂ (bieup) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅂ_(bieup)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅏ (a) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅏ_(a)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㄴ stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㄴ_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Iamgravity, User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅇ (ieung) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅇ_(ieung)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅁ (mieum) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅁ_(mieum)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅣ (i) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅣ_(i)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors:
User:Rodasmith
Image:ㄹ (rieul) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㄹ_(rieul)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㄱ (giyeok) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㄱ_(giyeok)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Kjoonlee
Image:ㅗ (o) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅗ_(o)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㄷ (digeut) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㄷ_(digeut)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅅ (siot) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅅ_(siot)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:一 (eu) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:一_(eu)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅜ (u) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅜ_(u)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅓ (eo) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅓ_(eo)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅔ (e) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅔ_(e)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅐ (ae) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅐ_(ae)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅎ (hieut) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅎ_(hieut)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅈ (jieut) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅈ_(jieut)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅋ (kieuk) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅋ_(kieuk)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅑ (ya) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅑ_(ya)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:ㅌ (tieut) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅌ_(tieut)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅍ (pieup) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅍ_(pieup)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅊ (chieut) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅊ_(chieut)_stroke_order.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Rodasmith
Image:ㅕ (yeo) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅕ_(yeo)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:ㅛ (yo) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅛ_(yo)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:ㅠ (yu) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅠ_(yu)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:ㅖ (ye) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅖ_(ye)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:ㅒ (yae) stroke order.png Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:ㅒ_(yae)_stroke_order.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:
User:Ulanwp
Image:Giuk_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giuk_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Niun_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Niun_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Kjoonlee
Image:Digut_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Digut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Riul_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Riul_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Mium_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mium_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Biup_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Biup_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Siut_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Siut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Iung_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iung_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Jigut_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jigut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Chiut_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chiut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Kiuk_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kiuk_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Tiut stroke order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tiut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Kjoonlee
Image:Piup_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Piup_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Hiut_stroke_order.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hiut_stroke_order.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity, Kjoonlee
Image:Korean_vowel_strokes.gif Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korean_vowel_strokes.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Hangul2compundtable.jpg Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hangul2compundtable.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
Image:Hangul3compundtable.jpg Source: http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hangul3compundtable.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Iamgravity
License 106
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Korean Wikibooks

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Learn Korean - wikibooks

20110407 - composed by febi

III This is a Category III Language.

Reading and writing

1단계 (LEVEL I): Beginner 2단계 (LEVEL II): High beginner

-고, -거나, -지만 대중교통

파랑, 빨강, 노랑 호텔에서

3단계 (LEVEL III): Low 4단계 (LEVEL IV): High intermediate

5단계 (LEVEL V): Low advanced 6단계 (LEVEL VI): Advanced

About this Book

About the Authors

Aspirated Letter (jamo)

Tense Letter (jamo)

6 Korean regular vowels: diphthongs in red

ㅂ (bieup) stroke order

Sound sample of ㅂ (bieup) (help·info)

ㅏ (a) stroke order

Sound sample of ㅏ (a) (help·info)

The letter ㅏ (a) represents the vowel a as in father.

Pronunciation: [p] [a] [pa]

ㄴ (nieun) stroke order

Sound sample of ㄴ (nieun) (help·info)

Now, the next important letter to learn is ㄴ (nieun):

The letter ㄴ (nieun) represents the n sound.

Pronunciation: [n] [a] [na]

Initial consonant placeholder

ㅇ (ieung) stroke order

In initial position, ㅇ (ieung) is silent.

Pronunciation: (silent) [a] [a]

Syllables with a final consonant

Learn Korean (Introduction)

Consonants learned in Lesson 1:

Vowels learned in Lesson 1:

The consonant ㅁ (mieum)

ㅁ (mieum) stroke order

Sound sample of ㅁ (mieum) (help·info)

The first new consonant to learn is ㅁ (mieum):

Pronunciation: [m] [a] [ma]

The vowel ㅣ (i)

ㅣ (i) stroke order

Sound sample of ㅣ (i) (help·info)

The first new vowel to learn is ㅣ (i):

Pronunciation: [m] [i] [mi]

The consonant ㄹ (rieul)

ㄹ (rieul) stroke order

Sound sample of ㄹ (rieul) (help·info)

The next consonant, ㄹ (rieul), has two different sounds:

Pronunciation: [ɾ] or [l]

Pronunciation: [ɾ] [a] [ɾa]

The consonant ㄱ (giyeok)

ㄱ (giyeok) stroke order

Sound sample of ㄱ (giyeok) (help·info)

Finally, the consonant ㄱ (giyeok) will unlock lots of words to you:

Pronunciation: [k] [i] [ki]

Consonants learned so far:

Vowels learned so far:

Learn Korean (Introduction)

Consonants learned so far:

Vowels learned so far:

The vowel ㅗ (o)

ㅗ (o) stroke order

Sound sample of ㅗ (o) (help·info)

The first new letter is the vowel ㅗ (o):

Final ㅇ (ieung) stroke order