Name_________________________________

ENVIRONMENTAL PATHOLOGY – STUDY QUESTIONS

Robbins and Cotran, pp. 400-427.
Due: April 21, 2011

MATCH the following:

(A) Insecticides
(B) Herbicides
(C) Fungicides
(D) Rodenticides
(E) Fumigants

___ D____1. warfarin and strychnine

___ A____2. organochlorides, organophosphates, carbamates
___ B____3. 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T
___ E____4. carbon disulfide
___ C____5. captan, maneb, benomyl

MATCH the following toxic agents with their pathologic effects:

(A) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(B) nicotine
(C) phenol
(D) carbon monoxide
(E) formaldehyde

___C____6. toxicity to cilia and irritation

___A____7. carcinogenesis
___B____8. ganglionic stimulation
___E____9. tumor promotion and irritation
___D____10. impaired oxygen transport and utilization

(A) organochlorides
(B) organomercurials
(C) methanol
(D) ethylene glycol (antifreeze)
(E) cyanide

___E____11. blocking of cytochrome oxidase activity

___C__ _12. respiratory depression, metabolic acidosis, blindness
___A____13. Endocrine disruption
___B____14. tremor, gingivitis, bizarre behavior
___D____15. CNS depression, metabolic acidosis, acute tubular necrosis

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MATCH the following:

(A) acetaldehyde
(B) aflatoxin
(C) asbestos
(D) organophosphates
(E) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

___D____16. nerve gas which penetrates the skin

___A____17. may cross placental barrier and cause brain damage
___C____18. lung cancer, mesothelioma
___B____19. potent carcinogen from fungal contamination of grains
___E____20. scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps

MATCH the following abuse drug or reagent with its effect or pathologic reactions:

(A) ethanol
(B) cocaine
(C) heroin
(D) LSD
(E) marijuana

___A____21. the most widely used CNS depressant

___C____22. intravenous users are susceptible to serious infections
___D____23. psychic effects, visual illusions, and altered perception for up to 12 hours
___E____24. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol produces a state of relaxation and heightened
sensation
___B_____25. Produces a rapid “high” of short duration with euphoria, increased energy
and stimulation
___B____26. “crack”
___E____27. Chronic use may induce lung damage similar to that produced by tobacco
Smoking

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MATCH the following pathologies or symptoms with the causative agent:

(A) hepatic toxicity

(B) tinnitus and dizziness
(C) headache, insomnia, euphoria, diarrhea
(D) allergic reactions, nausea, photosensitivity
(E) high degree of association with lung cancer

___B___ 28. salicylates

___A____29. acetaminophen
___C____30. ginseng
___D____31. St. John’s wort
___E____32 . radon

MATCH the following metals with the exposure symptoms:

(A) lead
(B) cadmium
(C) nickel
(D) cobalt and tungsten carbide
(E) chromium

___A __33. peripheral neuropathy, characteristic anemia, renal toxicity

___E____34. hexavalent form is readily absorbed across cell membranes and reduced to
the trivalent form
___C____35. contact dermatitis
___A____36. incorporated into human skeletal bone
___D____37. asthma and interstitial lung fibrosis (hard metal disease)
___B ___38. long-term storage bound to metallothionein

(A) sedative-hypnotic (CNS depressant, “downer”)

(B) psychomotor stimulant (CNS stimulant, “upper”)
(C) Opioid Narcotic
(D) Cannabinoid-Hallucinogen
(E) acetaminophen

___A____39. ethanol
___D____40. marijuana
___B____41. cocaine
___C____42. morphine
___B____43. amphetamines
___A____44. barbiturates
___D____45. mescaline
___E____46. N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) is antidote

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 (A) vinyl chloride
(B) benzene
(C) radon gas
(D) ultraviolet radiation
(E) lead

____E __47. peripheral neuropathies

____A __48. liver angiosarcoma
____C __49. lung cancer
____B __50. bone marrow toxicity and acute leukemia
____D __51. cataracts
____C __52. may be inhaled into lungs where decay products emit alpha radiation
____E __53. common contaminant of old paint (houses, bridges, etc.)

MATCH the following:

(A) ergot alkaloids
(B) cycasin
(C) snake venom
(D) saxitoxin
(E) tetrodotoxin

___E____54. Source is Puffer fish and toxin may produce neurotoxicity and shock.
___A____55. Source is Claviceps fungi and toxin may produce gangrene, convulsions,
abortion.
___C____56. Cardiotoxin and/or neurotoxin
___B____57. Source is cycad flour and toxin may be associated with Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
___D____58. Produced by dinoflagellates and may produce neurotoxicity and
paralysis.

MATCH the following:

(A) UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm)

(B) UVB (290 nm – 320 nm) and UVC (200-290 nm)
(C) UVC
(D) Chiefly UVA
(E) Chiefly UVB

____D ___59. accounts for 95% of UV radiation to reach the surface of the Earth.
____B ___60. accounts for greater than 75% of the skin cancer risk
____C____61. almost completely absorbed by ozone in the Earth’s stratosphere
____A____62. absorbed or blocked by sunblockers and sunscreens
____E____63. absorbed by window glass

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 (A) roentgen
(B) sievert
(C) gray (Gy)
(D) rem
(E) LET
(F) Curie (Ci)

___B____64. this unit replaces the unit “rem”

___C____65. unit expressing energy absorbed by target tissue per unit mass
___E____66. energy loss per unit of distance traveled (electron volts per um)
___A____67. unit of charge (x-rays or gamma rays) that ionizes a specific volume of air
___D____68. radiation dose that produces a biologic effect equivalent to 1 rad of x-rays
or gamma rays
___F____69. 3.7 X 1010 disintegrations per second of a spontaneously disintegrating
radionuclide
(A) abrasion
(B) laceration
(C) incision
(D) contusion
(E) gunshot wound

____E____70. stippling is absent in close range wound

____A____71. scrape
____D____72. blunt force injury
____B____73. irregular tear in the skin due to overstretching
____C____74. clean margins usually with no bridging strands of tissue

(A) first-degree burn

(B) second-degree burn
(C) third-degree burn
(D) fourth-degree burn

____D____75. burn involving the epidermis, dermis, and possibly the subcutaneous
tissue.
____A____76. burn involving the epidermis only.
____B____77. burn involving the epidermis and superficial dermis (appendages
spared).
_ __C____78. burn involving the epidermis and entire dermis.
____B____79. partial-thickness burn.
____C____80. full-thickness burn.

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 (A) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
(B) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
(C) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(D) Consumer Products Safety Commission
(E) Department of Homeland Security

____B____81. Regulates drugs, medical devices, food additives, and cosmetics.

____D____82. Regulated many products sold for use in homes, schools, or recreation.
____C____83. Mandates that employers (including hospitals and physicians) provide
safe working conditions for employees.
____A____84. Regulated exposure to pesticides, toxic chemicals, water and air
pollutants, and hazardous wastes

(A) Heat cramps

(B) Heat exhaustion
(C) Heat stroke
(D) hypothermia

____A____85. May result from loss of electrolytes due to sweating.

____B____86. Thermoregulatory mechanisms fail, sweating ceases, and core
temperature rises, and serious systemic effects or even death may occur.
____C____87. Probably the most common heat syndrome which may result from failure
of the cardiovascular system to compensate for hypovolemia.
____D____88. Loss of consciousness, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation

CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER :

__D__89. The BEST acceptable antidote for acetaminophen toxicity is:

(A) Acetylcholine
(B) Aspirin
(C) Narcan
(D) N-acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
(E) Vitamin B complex

__E__90. Common adverse effects of smoking include all EXCEPT:

(A) Cancers
(B) Heart disease
(C) Chronic respiratory disease
(D) Atherosclerosis
(E) Liver cirrhosis

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__C__91. A 63-year-old mining supervisor develops Mee’s lines on his fingernails and
reports that he is feeling terrible and has no energy. Analysis of hair samples
are positive for the offending metal which most likely is:
(A) Iron
(B) Beryllium
(C) Arsenic
(D) Lead
(E) Cadmium

__B__92. One form of this metal is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract,
readily crosses the blood brain barrier, and accumulates in the central nervous
system and red blood cells. It is the probable cause of the “Mad Hatter
Syndrome.” The metal is:
(A) Lead
(B) Mercury
(C) Nickel
(D) Cadmium
(E) Chromium

__A__93. The herbicide Paraquat is best known for WHICH of the following toxicities?
(A) Acute lung injury or fibrosis
(B) Hepatic carcinoma
(C) Reproductive toxicity
(D) Hemolytic anemia
(E) Allergic dermatitis

__E__94. The agents Atrazine, Maleic hydrazide, and “Round-up” are best
categorized as:
(A) Organophosphate insecticides
(B) Rodenticides
(C) Fungicides
(D) Fumigants
(E) Herbicides

__A__95. DDT, Malathione, Nicotine, and Carbaryl (Sevin) are examples of:
(A) Insecticides
(B) Rodenticides
(C) Fungicides
(D) Herbicides
(E) Fumigants

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__C__96. Intake of this chemical in humans appears to be highly associated with bone
marrow toxicity, aplastic anemia, and acute leukemia.
(A) Nitrogen dioxide
(B) Asbestos fibers
(C) Benzene
(D) Formaldehyde
(E) Cadmium

__C__97. Abuse of this former anesthetic agent may induce coma lasting up to 10 days:
(A) marijuana
(B) Cocaine
(C) Phencyclidine (PCP)
(D) Heroin
(E) MDMA (“ecstasy”)

__D__98. Acute methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning is treated by the administration of:
(A) a short-acting barbiturate
(B) epinephrine
(C) antacids
(D) fomepizole or ethanol
(E) an opioid narcotic such as morphine

__C___99. Adverse effects of oral contraceptives would LEAST LIKELY include:

(A) venous thrombosis
(B) pulmonary embolism
(C) liver tumors such as benign hepatic adenomas
(D) cardiovascular disease
(E) increased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers

___D_100. Pregnant women are cautioned against eating large quantities of tuna,
swordfish, shark, and similar fish which may contain fetotoxic levels of this
metal.

(A) lead
(B) chromium
(C) arsenic
(D) mercury
(E) nickel