VEMU INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

PAPER PRESENTATION ON

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND CANCER

BIOLOGY

SUBMITTED BY:
R.GUNASEKAR G.VENU GOPAL
084M1A0410 084M1A0458
III B-TECH III B-TECH
ECE ECE
EMAIL-ID:GUNASEKAR410@GMAIL.COM
ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology is the study of
controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular
scale. It deals with structures of the size of 100
nanometers or smaller in atleast one dimension
and involves developing of materials or devices
within that size.Its application is diverse,ranging
from extensions of conventional device physics
to completely new approaches based upon
molecular self-assembly,from developing new
materials with dimensions on the nanoscale to
investigating whether we can directly control
matter on the atomic scale.
medicine is another area where
researchers are working to develop customised
nanoparticles in the size of molecules that can
deliver drugs directly to the diseased cells in the
body.As cancer is one of the dangerous diseases
scientists are working hard to develop curative
drugs using nanotechnology.The small size of
nanoparticles endows them with properties that
can be very useful in oncology, particularly in
imaging. the small size of nanoparticles (10 to
100 nanometers), allows them to preferentially
accumulate at tumor sites (because tumors lack
an effective lymphatic drainage system).these
nanoparticles do more things for cancer .it is
possible to manufacture multifunctional
nanoparticles that would detect, image, and then
proceed to treat a tumor. A promising new cancer
treatment that may one day replace radiation and
chemotherapy is edging closer to human trials.
there are methods to attach microscopic
nanoparticles to cancer cells and then "cooks"
tumors inside the body with radio waves that
heat only the nanoparticles and the adjacent
cancerous cells.
INTRODUCTION:
Nanotechnology has made big strides in
the last 17 years across the world and it will
never cease to exist as its applications are
enormous.It is no doubt to say that
nanotechnology is the future.its development and
applications involves all areas of sciences like
physics,chemistry,biology and mathematics and
all streams of engineering.
It deals with structures of the size 100
nanometers or smaller in atleast one dimenson
and involves developing of materials or devices
within that size.the small size of nanoparticles
(10 to 100 nanometers), allows them to
preferentially accumulate at tumor sites because
tumors lack an effective lymphatic drainage
system. it is possible to manufacture
multifunctional nanoparticles that would detect,
image, and then proceed to treat a tumor This
question is under vigorous investigation; the
answer to which could shape the future of cancer
treatment. A promising new cancer treatment that
may one day replace radiation and chemotherapy
is edging closer to human trials. Kanzius RF
therapy attaches microscopic nanoparticles to
cancer cells and then "cooks" tumors inside the
body radio waves that heat only the nanoparticles
and the adjacent cancerouscells.
NANO SHELL:
A nanoshell is a type of spherical nanoparticle
consisting of a dielectric core which is covered
by a thin metallic shell (usually gold). These
nanoshells involve a quasiparticle called plasmon
which is a collective excitation or quantum
plasma oscillation where the electrons
simultaneously oscillate with respect to all the
ions.
The simultaneous oscillation can be called
plasmon hybridization where the tunability of the
oscillation is associated with mixture of the inner
and outer shell where they hybridize to give a
lower energy or higher energy. This lower
energy couples strongly to incident light
whereas, the higher energy is an anti-bonding
and weakly combines to incident light. The
hybridization interaction is stronger for thinner
shell layers, hence, the thickness of the shell and
overall particle radius determines which
wavelength of light it couples with. Nanoshells
can be varied across a broad range of the light
spectrum that spans the visible and near infrared
regions. The interaction of light and
nanoparticles affects the placements of charges
which affects the coupling strength. Incident
light polarized parallel to the substrate gives an
s-polarization; hence the charges are further from
the substrate surface which gives a stronger
interaction between the shell and core.
Otherwise, a p-polarization is formed which
gives a more strongly shifted plasmon energy
causing a weaker interaction and coupling.
ONCOLOGY IS CONCERNED WITH:
* The diagnosis of any cancer in a person
* Therapy (e.g., surgery, chemotherapy,
radiotherapy and other modalities)
* Follow-up of cancer patients after successful
treatment
* Palliative care of patients with terminal
malignancies
* Ethical questions surrounding cancer care
* Screening efforts:
o of populations, or
o of the relatives of patients (in types of
cancer that are thought to have a hereditary basis,
such as breast cancer)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANCER AND
TUMOUR:
A tumor or tumour is the name for a swelling or
lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells
(termed neoplastic). Tumor is not synonymous
with cancer. A tumor can be benign, pre-
malignant or malignant, where as cancer is by
definition malignant.
A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of
the malignant properties of a cancer. Thus, by
definition, a benign tumor does not grow in an
unlimited, aggressive manner, does not invade
surrounding tissues, and does not metastasize.
Common examples of benign tumors include
moles and uterine fibroids.
The term "benign" implies a mild and
nonprogressive disease, and indeed, many kinds
of benign tumors are harmless to the health.
However, some neoplasms which are defined as
'benign tumors' because they lack the invasive
properties of a cancer, may still produce negative
health effects. Examples of this include tumors
which produce a "mass effect" (compression of
vital organs such as blood vessels), or
"functional" tumors of endocrine tissues, which
may overproduce certain hormones (examples
include thyroid adenomas, adrenocortical
adenomas, and pituitary adenomas).
Benign tumors typically are encapsulated, which
inhibits their ability to behave in a malignant
manner. Nonetheless, many types of benign
tumors have the potential to become malignant
and some types, such as teratoma, are notorious
for this.
Contents
A precancerous condition (or premalignant
condition) is a disease, syndrome, or finding that,
if left untreated, may lead to cancer.
Examples of pre-malignant conditions include
actinic keratosis, Barrett's esophagus, atrophic
gastritis, and cervical dysplasia.
Malignancy (from the Latin roots mal- = "bad"
and -genus = "born") is the tendency of a medical
condition, especially tumors to become
progressively worse and to potentially result in
death. It is characterized by the properties of
anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis.[1]
Malignant is a corresponding adjectival medical
term used to describe a severe and progressively
worsening disease. The term is most familiar as a
description of cancer. A malignant tumor may be
contrasted with a non-cancerous benign tumor in
that a malignancy is not self-limited in its
growth, is capable of invading into adjacent
tissues, and may be capable of spreading to
distant tissues (metastasizing), while a benign
tumor has none of those properties. Malignant
tumor is synonymous with cancer.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF
CANCER USING NANOTECHNOLOGY:
Sensor test chips containing thousands of
nanowires, able to detect proteins and other
biomarkers left behind by cancer cells, could
enable the detection and diagnosis of cancer in
the early stages from a few drops of a patient's
blood.
The basic point to use drug delivery is based
upon three facts: a) efficient encapsulation of the
drugs, b) successful delivery of said drugs to the
targeted region of the body, and c) successful
release of that drug there.
Researchers at Rice University under Prof.
Jennifer West, have demonstrated the use of 120
nm diameter nanoshells coated with gold to kill
cancer tumors in mice. The nanoshells can be
targeted to bond to cancerous cells by
conjugating antibodies or peptides to the
nanoshell surface. By irradiating the area of the
tumor with an infrared laser, which passes
through flesh without heating it, the gold is
heated sufficiently to cause death to the cancer
cells.
Additionally, John Kanzius has invented a radio
machine which uses a combination of radio
waves and carbon or gold nanoparticles to
destroy cancer cells.
Nanoparticles of cadmium selenide (quantum
dots) glow when exposed to ultraviolet light.
When injected, they seep into cancer tumors. The
surgeon can see the glowing tumor, and use it as
a guide for more accurate tumor removal.
One scientist, University of Michigan’s James
Baker, believes he has discovered a highly
efficient and successful way of delivering
cancer-treatment drugs that is less harmful to the
surrounding body. Baker has developed a
nanotechnology that can locate and then
eliminate cancerous cells. He looks at a molecule
called a dendrimer. This molecule has over one
hundred hooks on it that allow it to attach to cells
in the body for a variety of purposes. Baker then
attaches folic-acid to a few of the hooks (folic-
acid, being a vitamin, is received by cells in the
body). Cancer cells have more vitamin receptors
than normal cells, so Baker's vitamin-laden
dendrimer will be absorbed by the cancer cell. To
the rest of the hooks on the dendrimer, Baker
places anti-cancer drugs that will be absorbed
with the dendrimer into the cancer cell, thereby
delivering the cancer drug to the cancer cell.

In photodynamic therapy, a particle is placed

within the body and is illuminated with light
from the outside. The light gets absorbed by the
particle and if the particle is metal, energy from
the light will heat the particle and surrounding
tissue. Light may also be used to produce high
energy oxygen molecules which will chemically
react with and destroy most organic molecules
that are next to them (like tumors). This therapy
is appealing for many reasons. It does not leave a
“toxic trail” of reactive molecules throughout the
body (chemotherapy) because it is directed
where only the light is shined and the particles
exist. Photodynamic therapy has potential for a
noninvasive procedure for dealing with diseases,
growths, and tumors.

Kanzius RF Therapy is an experimental

cancer treatment that employs a combination of
either gold or carbon nanoparticles and radio
waves to heat and destroy cancer cells without
damaging healthy cells.

The specific absorption rate for radio waves by

living tissue in the proposed wavelengths and
intensity levels is very low. Metals absorb this
energy much more efficiently than tissue through
dielectric heating; Richard Smalley has
suggested that carbon nanotubes could be used to
similar purpose. If nanoparticles were to be
preferentially bound to cancer sites, cancer cells
could be destroyed or induced into apoptosis
while leaving healthy tissue relatively unharmed.
This preferential targeting represents a major
technical challenge. According to a presentation
by Dr. Steven Curley, the types of cancer
potentially treatable using Kanzius RF therapy
include essentially all forms of cancer.
It is an approved treatment for wet macular
degeneration, and is also being investigated for
treatment of psoriasis.
Treatment of internal organs may be achieved
through the use of endoscopes and fiber optic
catheters to deliver light, and intravenously-
administered photosensitizes.
A great deal of research and clinical study is now
underway to determine optimal combinations of
photosensitizers, light sources, and treatment
parameters for a wide variety of different
cancers.

CONCLUSION: REFERENCE:
Cadmium selenide (CdSe) is a solid, www.wikipedia.com
binary compound of cadmium and selenium. www.nature.com
Common names for this compound are cadmium www.pharmainfo.net
(II) selenide cadmium selenide and cadmoselite www.nano.cancer.gov
(a very rare mineral). Text books:
Nanotechnology for cancer therapy
Cadmium selenide is a semiconducting material, Mansoor.Mamiji
but has yet to find many applications in Nanotechnology therapeutic: current
manufacturing. This material is transparent to technologies
infra-red (IR) light, and has seen limited use in and applications
windows for instruments utilizing IR light. Nicholas peppas
Much current research on cadmium selenide has
focused on nanoparticles. Researchers are
concentrating on developing controlled syntheses
of CdSe nanoparticles. In addition to synthesis,
scientists are working to understand the
properties of cadmium selenide, as well as apply
these materials in useful ways.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), matured as a

feasible medical technology in the 1980s at
several institutions throughout the world, is a
third-level[clarification needed] treatment for
cancer involving three key components: a
photosensitizer, light, and tissue oxygen.