RUBBER PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

From 1980, the Board has given equal importance to replanting and new planting and
promoted both alike under common integrated schemes. These are called Rubber
Plantation Development schemes -
In the 10th plan, Rubber Plantation Development Scheme has been modified
incorporating various components in addition to replanting and new planting. The
scheme is implemented throughout India except the north eastern region (For north
eastern region, a separate scheme, ‘Rubber Development in the North East’, has been
approved by the Govt. of India). Following are the major components of the proposed
integrated RPD scheme in the traditional region and the non-traditional region other than
the north eastern region.
• Assistance for replanting by providing a planting grant at the rate of (a) Rs.
20,000 per hectare for growers in the traditional region having an area up to 5
hectares, with financial assistance limited to 2 hectares only, and (b) Rs. 20,000
per hectare for replanting to growers in the non-traditional region having an area
up to 5 hectares and Rs. 16,000 per hectare for the growers having an area
between 5 hectares and 20 hectares.
* Assistance for new planting by providing a planting grant at the rate of (a) Rs.
12,000 per hectare to growers in the traditional region having an area up to 5 hectares
with financial assistance limited to 2 hectares; and (b) Rs. 16,000 per hectare to growers
in the non-traditional region having an area of up to 5 hectars and @ Rs. 12,000 per
hectare for holdings above 5 hectares but not exceeding 20 hectares.
* Reimbursement of cost of advanced planting material in the traditional region at a
declining rate, limited to 500 plants per hectare, ending with Re. 1 per plant during 2004-
05 and continued reimbursement of cost for advanced planting material in the non-
traditional region @ Rs. 8 per plant limited to 500 plants per hectare,with all categories
of growers being eligible to avail of this assistance.
* Measures of Productivity enhancement in small holdings.
* Assistance for bee keeping in rubber plantations as an extra income generation
activity.
* Assistance for farmer group formation and strengthening.
* Support to Model RPSs.
* Quality planting material generation and distribution.
* Farmer’s educational programmes.
* Support for maintenance, harvesting and group processing of mature plantations
already raised under the tribal development programmes.
In non traditional areas other than the northeast, apart from new planting, replanting,
quality planting material generation, and farmers educational programmes, the following
additional components are also included.
a) Assistance for irrigation and boundary protection.
b) Demonstration of scientific agromanagement practices through NRETCs, District
Development Centres, Rubber Research and Training Centre, Demonstration
plantations in farmers’ fields etc.
• c) Integrated village level Rubber Development aimed at rejuvenation/revival of
sick plantations in the small holding sector with financial support from the
concerned state governments.
ADVISORY AND EXTENSION SERVICES
The Rubber Production Department has a well-structured network of field
establishments under it rendering advisory and extension services to growers on all
aspects of rubber cultivation including processing besides playing the role of a facilitator
in organizing the small growers to voluntary organizations with the objective of
devolution of extension functions. The major extension and development functions
discharged through the department are:
* free advisory service to the growers at their door steps,
* financial assistance as a performance incentive for adoption of technology,
* assisting the growers organisations in setting up environment friendly group
processing and Tecnology Transfer Centres.
* ‘on and off’ campus training for small growers as well as workers,
* supply of agro inputs and generation and supply of planting materials,
* periodic impact assessment studies, collection of statistics, etc.
The Rubber Production Department has 4 zonal offices, 39 regional offices, and 166
field stations besides 21 Tappers’ Training Schools, 15 regional nurseries, 4 District
Development Centres and 2 Nucleus Rubber Estate and Training Centres. Extension
officers are posted at all zonal/regional offices and field stations and they frequently visit
estates and holdings for advisory purposes. Growers also can meet these officers at
their offices. The Rubber Research Institute of India and the Department of Processing
and Product Development also render free extension services to estates and holdings
on matters requiring special attention.
Though interpersonal contact is the most effective approach for extension, owing to a
wide ratio between the extension officers and number of growers, the Board has been
promoting a group approach to maintain contact with the grower community and ensure
widest possible reach. During 1960s the Board assisted small growers to form co-
operatives under the Co-operative Society’s Act and from mid ’80s voluntary
organizations of small growers namely the Rubber Producers’ Societies (RPS) were
encouraged to be formed and these now play a significant role in the extension activities.
The RPS plays a vital role for bringing the Board and growers together for effective two
way technical and development communication.
One of the reasons for the effectiveness of the Board’s extension machinery has
been constant rapport with the grower community. The Board launches a campaign
every year on a theme of topical importance. The campaign group meetings are
organized in association with the RPSs and held simultaneously at scores of centers
every day continuously for about a month. The meetings in the field are followed by
demonstrations and distribution of literature and inputs. Such campaigns help to create a
wide spread awareness of the subject matter dealt with and quick extensive adoption of
the innovations sought to be popularized.
Board has also prepared six video films on rubber nursery management, planting &
maintenance, tapping & processing, diseases & control measures, productivity
enhancement and Rubber Producers Societies.
Mass media such as newspapers, radio and television are being extensively made
use of for educating growers on all aspects of rubber cultivation and production. Board’s
own publications are other means for extension communication.
Supply of planting materials
Requirements of planting materials of improved cultivars required by the rubber
plantation industry are met from grower’s own nurseries, nurseries run by the Board and
private commercial nurseries. Seeds meant for raising stock plants for bud grafting are
procured from suitable plantations during the seed fall season.
The Board has approved restricted use of seedlings raised from polyclonal seeds of
approved seed gardens as Category III planting material. This is mainly meant for areas
where establishment, growth and yield performance of budded rubber plants face agro-
climatic limitations such as prolonged dry season, hot weather conditions, high altitudes,
etc.
There is widespread presence of privately owned nurseries in all rubber growing
areas. These meet the bulk of the planting material requirements of small growers.
Buyers should themselves exercise prudence and care in purchasing planting
materials from such nurseries. With the twin objective of promoting quality and
moderating general market price, the Board is producing and distributing planting
materials to a limited extent every year.
Budwood and budded stumps of high yielding clones produced in the Board’s
nurseries are distributed to growers during planting season. The prices of planting
materials are fixed every year on a no loss no profit basis after due cost evaluation.
Small growers receive supplies at concessional rates. If any residual supplies are given
to large growers, those will be at cost price. To encourage multiclone planting, the
Central Nursery is maintaining budwood of clones viz. PB 25/59, 217, 235, 260, 280,
311, PR 255, 261 and RRIM 703.
Supply of covercrop seeds
The Board operates a scheme for procurement and supply of seeds of cover crops
Pueraria phaseoloides and Mucuna bracteata every year for small growers. The seeds
are made available in polythene packets of convenient sizes. Distribution is at cost
prices and through regional offices subject to availability.
Sheeting rollers
To promote quality improvement in production of ribbed smoked sheets by small
growers, a scheme for subsidising cost of hand operated rollers of following standard
specifications is available in NE Region.
(i) Cast iron rollers of size 610 mm x 127/125 mm or 610 mm x 114/110 mm (a set
consisting of separate pairs of smooth and grooved rollers).
(ii) Mild steel rollers of size 610 mm x 122/120 mm or 610 mm x 107/105 mm. (A set
consisting of separate pairs of smooth and grooved rollers).
In NE region, financial assistance @ 25% of the cost of the roller, limited to Rs. 5000/-
per set is given to small growers.
In NE Region, rollers are supplied free of cost to voluntary organisations.
Scheme for Biogas plant in NE region
Individual small growers in NE region who have constructed biogas plants of suitable
size in their own land for treating the effluent generated in their processing sheds and
control environmental problems, will be considered for financial assistance at a rate of
50% of the cost of the construction limited to a maximum of Rs. 5000/- per unit.
Irrigation for rubber in NE region
Individual small growers who have established systems for irrigating young rubber
plants will be eligible for a financial assistance of Rs. 5,000 per ha, subject to a
maximum of Rs. 50,000 per grower.

Boundary Protection in NE region

Small rubber growers who provide fencing for protecting the young plantations during
the year of planting only will be eligible for assistance, the rates of which are as follows:
Category of Scale of assistance Scale of assistance for
holdings for SC/ST (Rs/ha) general category (Rs/ha)
Barbed wire Bamboo Barbed wire Bamboo
 fencing fencing fencing fencing
Upto 1 hectare 4000 2500 1500 1500
1 to 2 hectares 3000 2000 1200 1200
2 to 5 hectares 2200 1750 1000 1000
Upto 1 hectare* 10,000 - - -
• If the fencing is done with concrete poles with seven strands of barbed wire and
two diagonal strands.

DEVELOPMENT IN NON-TRADITIONAL AREAS

Rubber is traditionally grown in India in the hinterlands of the South West coast
comprising the Kerala State and adjoining Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu. This tract
is however, now reaching a level of saturation for rubber cultivation and the scope of
further expansion is very much limited. In the traditional area, progress in production will
have to largely come from productivity improvement achieved through replanting of old
and low yielding areas and better agro-management of mature plantations.
Studies of agro-climatic conditions obtaining in different parts of the country have
been carried out with a view to identifying areas suitable for economic cultivation of
rubber. Non-traditional areas so far identified as almost fully or marginally suitable for
rubber cultivation are hinterlands of coastal Karnataka, Goa, Konkan region of
Maharashtra, hinterlands of coastal Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, certain areas in the
northern parts of West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, lower reaches of hills of Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
None of these areas can be considered as ideally suited for rubber.
North eastern states
Although the north eastern region lies far outside the traditional rubber growing zone,
the agro-climatic conditions obtained there are unique in as much as near tropical
features are experienced in most parts owing to low elevations, exposure to monsoons
and other moderating influences.
Considering the excellent potential for rubber production in the region, the Rubber
Board implemented a Project for Accelerated Development of Rubber Plantation during
the six year period from 1984-85 to 1989-90. The target set for planting under the
Project was 24,000 ha against which 23,155 ha was actually achieved.Development
infrastructure composed of Board’s offices, regional research complex, nurseries,
Nucleus Rubber Estate & Training Centre (NRETC), District Development Centre (DDC)
and Tappers’ Training Schools (TTS) of adequate scales was also established under the
Project. It is facilitating continued development of rubber plantation in the region. The set
up now consists of two zonal offices at Guwahati and Agartala, a research complex with
headquarters in Agartala and three regional research centres in Assam, Meghalaya and
Tripura undertaking research to find solutions for locally encountered problems, nine
regional offices at Guwahati (Assam), Silchar (Assam), Diphu (Assam), Jorhat (Assam),
Tura (Meghalaya), Dimapur (Nagaland), Agartala (Tripura), Udaipur (Tripura) and
Dharmnagar (Tripura), a 100 hectare NRETC near Agartala in Tripura, four District
Development Centres at Mijumdisha (Diphu, Assam), Darrangiri (Goalpara, Assam)
Jenggitchakgre (Tura, Meghalaya) and Tulakona (Agartala, Tripura), one RRTC at
Hahara (Assam), one RDC at Kolasib (Mizoram), three tappers' training schools (2 in
Tripura and 1 in Assam) and 18 field offices.
The NRETC serves the purpose of demonstration of large scale rubber cultivation
and production, training of small growers, plantation executives and skilled labour,
production and distribution of planting materials and extension services. The DDCs
attend to more or less the same functions on a smaller scale at district levels.
Block planting and group planting
Tribal populations are prominent in the NE region. Rubber cultivation which has
already attracted large scale participation of tribals is proving to be an effective means of
weaning away the ‘jhumiyas’ to settled cultivation. Considering this situation, the Rubber
Board in collaboration with the Tribal Welfare Department of the Government of Tripura
is implementing a series of block planting programmes in which large blocks of tribal
areas are planted with rubber initially engaging beneficiaries as wage earners. The
plantation on attaining maturity will be parcelled out and handed over to the beneficiaries
and they will be collectively helped to produce and market the rubber from their
individual holdings.
Where compact blocks of tribal lands are not available, the tribal families in each
hamlet are being helped to raise rubber plantation in their individual land holdings under
the group planting programme. Along with rubber, energy plantations are also being
raised on as much of fringe lands as feasible for ensuring ecology improvements and
availability of fuel wood to the tribal families.
Rubber Plantation Development in the North East
A comprehensive scheme for Rubber Plantation Development in the North East with
a total financial outlay of Rs. 84 crores has been approved by the Govt. of India for the
10th plan period. The Scheme has the following components:
Newplanting and Replanting: For both new planting and replanting, planting
grant is paid @ Rs. 20000/- per ha for holdings upto 5 ha and Rs. 16000 per
ha for holdings above 5 ha and upto 20 ha. Cost of planting materials of
advance growth will be reimbursed @ Rs. 8/- per plant, subject to a maximum
of Rs. 4000/- per ha. An interest subsidy of 3% on loans availed from banks,
participating in the scheme as per the norms fixed by NABARD, will also be
allowed to growers.

Integrated village level rubber development: During the X plan period a

programme is now under implementation for an integrated approach to rubber
based development on a village basis. The main components of the
programme are the following.
1. Revitalization of sick rubber plantations: The component is intended to provide
assistance to small growers in NE Region to revitalize their sick plantations for bringing
these into normal standard of growth and stand per hectare. Assistance is in the form of
grant @ Rs. 10000/- per hectare limited to a maximum of 2 hectares of rubber area
owned by the applicant.
2. Restocking of poor rubber plantations: The component is intended to provide
assistance to small growers for restocking their poor plantations having a stand of plants
below 250 per hectare. Assistance is in the form of grant @ Rs. 14,000/- per hectare
limited to a maximum area of 2 hectares.
3. Additional assistance to beneficiaries under group planting: The component is
aimed at providing additional assistance to all categories under Group planting in NE
Region during 10th plan period. The scale of additional assistance for SC/ST
beneficiaries will be Rs. 20000/- per hectare and Rs. 15000/- per hectare for general
category growers under group planting scheme over and above the subsidy under
Rubber Plantation Development Scheme.
4. Supply of fertilizer's and rainguarding materials at subsidised rates to small
growers: The objective of the component is to provide critical inputs to small growers
that are not generally available in the North Eastern region to enhance the productivity
level of the rubber small holding sector. The component envisages supply of fertilizers
and rainguarding materials at 50% concession rate to general category growers and
75% concession rate to SC/ST growers.
Demonstration of Agro-Management Practices
Rubber being a relatively new crop in the North Eastern region, strong extension
support is required to make the farmers adopt scientific agro-management practices in
their plantations. The main components now under implementation are the following.
1. Setting up of demonstration plots in farmers’ fields for soil and moisture
conservation methods (SMC)
Under the component 2000 demonstration plots will be set up in NE Region during
10th Plan period under the assistance for Demonstration of Agro-Management
Practices.
2. Setting up of demonstration plots in farmers’ field for Controlled Upward Tapping
(CUT)
Under this component, 1000 demonstration plots will be set up in NE region under
Assistance For Demonstration of Agro-Management Practices during 10th Plan period.
Educational Campaign programmes and farmers’ meeting
The Board also conducts meetings to keep the farming community informed about the
latest trends in the industry especially during this era of global competition. The
component now under implementation in NE region for the benefit of Women Self Help
Groups attached to Rubber Producers’ Societies/Rubber Growers’ Societies are training
on tapping, crop processing and apiculture., health and hygiene programmes and
economic activity. Technical support and expenditure within the schedule will be
provided by the Board.
Quality upgradation: Scientific post harvest processing of latex into marketable
forms of rubber is currently one of the thrust areas of the Board’s activities in the
north east. Encouragement is given more for setting up community/group
processing facilities than individual processing units. Effluent treatment in
processing plants is given adequate emphasis and financial assistance is given
to set up biogas plants attached to processing units. The estimated expenditure
for setting up group processing facilities in one RPS will be Rs. 10 lakhs. Of this,
10% of the expenditure will be met by the beneficiary growers by way of
land/labour. Another 40% of the expenditure will be met by the concerned state
governments from their funds for tribal/social welfare programmes. So the
Board’s share of expenditure will be limited to 50% of the cost ie. Rs. 5 lakh per
RPS. This includes assistance for construction of smoke houses, biogas plants,
training facilities, electrification and water connection, purchase of processing
equipment etc. Individuals are financially supported for purchase of rubber
sheeting rollers, construction of smoke house and setting up of biogas plants
attached to their rubber processing sheds, in a limited way.
 Human Resource Development: The scheme of Rubber Development in the
North East has provisions for regular training of tappers in the Board’s training
schools and short duration training in slelected plantations. Study tour of
growers from the NE region to the traditional belt is also arranged at the Board’s
expenses under the scheme.
Eastern India
Surveys and trial plantations carried out in selected localities of Orissa, Madhya
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal have proved that there is considerable
potential for rubber cultivation. Accordingly, necessary development infrastructure has
been set up in the region. This consists of two Regional Offices in Orissa, viz. Baripada
(Mayurbhanj District) and Parlakhemundi (Gajapathi District), a regional research station
each at Kamakhyanagar (Dhenkanal District) and Nagrakatta (Jalapaigura District, West
Bengal) one RDC at Sukma (Bastar District, Chhattisgarh), an Assistant Development
Officer’s Office at Rampachodavaram and regional nursery at Devarapally (East
Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh).
Rubber Board is implementing Block Planting programme in the region for the
rehabilitation of the tribals. Five block plantations have been established at Jadunathpur,
Kendugadi, Syamakunda, Matiagarh and Bisoi and two more are coming up at Astia and
Bholagadia in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa. One block plantation has been established
at Munising in Gajapathy district of Orissa. Block plantations in Andhra Pradesh are
located at Devarappally and Poojaripakla.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
A large rubber plantation had been raised in South Andaman Island even during
1930s. After successfully yielding rubber till 1960s, it ceased to exist as a result of
combination of factors such as mismanagement, excessive exploitation, neglect and
wilful destruction. From 1950s, fresh efforts were mounted for identifying suitable areas
for plantation development. As most of the lands support tropical forests that play an
important role in the ecology of the whole geographical region, clearance of natural
vegetation for any land based development programme is not encouraged any more.

Karnataka, Goa & Maharashtra

Although Karnataka is treated as a non-traditional area for rubber, historically rubber
has been successfully grown in Dakshin Kannada and Kodagu Districts on moderate
scales for the last about half a century.
The RRII has established a regional research station at Dapchari in Thana District of
Konkan Region. Experiments there have proved that even under the inhospitable
climatic conditions in the locality marked by about eight months long dry period when
temperature rises above 40o C and about four months long heavy monsoon period,
rubber can grow and yield well if supported by mulching, shading and limited irrigation.
The RRII also runs a Hevea Breeding Station at Nettana in Dakshin Kannada District.
The extension and development needs of Western India are serviced by the Rubber
Board through regional offices at Mangalore, Kundapura and Ponda (Goa), a field
officer’s office at Khed (Konkan Region) and seven field offices and a tappers’ training
school in Karnataka.
Women and tribal development
 The Rubber Board has been implementing special programmes for the benefit of
tribal people. The most successful of the various schemes has been the economic
rehabilitation programmes for tribals implemented jointly with the state governments. In
Tripura, a block plantation project is being implemented for tribal shifting cultivators in
the land allotted to them, engaging them as wage earners during the immaturity period.
The project, with an integrated approach, aims at an overall development. At the end of
2004-05 an area of 2962 hectares were planted covering around 2603 families. Similar
projects are being implemented in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala. The
plantations have already entered tapping phase and the Board also is providing support
by forming RPSs and assisting them in community processing and marketing with the
required infrastructure.
Rubber being a long gestation crop, taking about seven years to come to yielding, the
tribal families have to be supported during the immature phase. To supplement the
income derived through wages additional income generation activities were provided to
the tribal families involving women by forming Self Help Groups (SHG) in Tripura under
the World Bank Assisted Rubber Project. About 4000 families were assisted through
these activities and the scheme has been very successful. Besides income generation
activities emphasis also was given to education, health, hygiene, savings etc. The Board
is continuing supporting these groups in a limited way. In the traditional region
programmes for women development have been implemented aimed at additional
income generation and improving health and sanitation to women small
growers/spouses of small growers and women workers in plantation sector. These
activities have been aimed at making rubber plantation development more sustainable
by not only increasing the net family income but also by improving the quality of life. Four
SHGs have been supported by creating infrastructure for making rubber wood
handicrafts and the units attached to the RPS are working satisfactorily. These efforts
are aimed at the development of the small holding sector in general and empowerment
of the women and tribals in the rubber plantation sector in particular.
EXPORT PROMOTION MEASURES
Rubber Board is the designated agency for export promotion of natural rubber.
Besides issuing RCMC (registration cum membership certificate) and COO (certificate of
origin), the Board provides assistance to promote export of natural rubber and related
products.
Even though the country had been exporting small quantities of NR during the past
many years, India could not make a headway in the export front owing mainly to the
following reasons:
* Indian rubber industry did not have an export culture in the past.
* Quality and packaging of Indian NR are not up to international standards.
* Lack of information about overseas NR market.
* Inefficiency of the existing export marketing system.
In order to further promote export, the Board is extending the following support
to the exporters:
1. Technical assistance for improving the quality of exportable rubber to international
standards and specifications.
2. Assistance for quality certification and packaging of exportable rubber as per
international standards.
 3. Market information and market identification for different forms of natural rubber in
target countries.
4. Identification of NR importers in other countries and provide on-line information.
5. Sponsor trade delegations to participate in international trade fairs and exhibitions
related with rubber.
6. Provide international publicity in potential NR importing countries about India’s
capability for supplying quality rubbers at competitive rates on a regular basis.
7 .Create awareness among potential exporters about export procedures, formalities
and in and out knowledge on latest developments/changes in export-import policy
matters.
LABOUR WELFARE
The Rubber Act 1947 provides amongst other functions that it shall be the duty of the
Board to secure better working conditions and the provisions and improvement of
amenities and incentives for rubber plantation workers.
In order to achieve this objective, the Board implements the following sub
components.
1. Educational stipend sub component
The sub component is intended for educational assistance in the form of lumpsum
grant and hoste/boarding fee to children of plantation workers of the organised sector
and tappers, for pursuing studies in recognised institutions.
2. Merit award sub component
The component provides for grant of awards to children of tappers/children of workers
in the organised sector plantations who meritoriously pass examinations of recognised
courses.
3. Group insurance-cum-deposit sub component
The objective of the sub component is to encourage workers in the unorganised
sector to develop the habit of saving on a long term basis and to insure them against
accidents. As per the sub component a worker has to contribute a sum of Rs. 50 per
year and the Board in turn will contribute Rs. 100 per worker per year. Out of this Rs.
150 an amount of Rs. 16 will be paid to insurance companies as premium for covering
personal accidents and the remaining Rs. 134 will be deposited in securities. The sub
component is for a period of ten years and on maturity each worker will get an amount of
Rs. 2700 (approximate) in addition to insurance for a capital sum of Rs. 20,000. The sub
component envisages insurance to 12000 workers during 2005-2006. Now the sub
component has been introduced with an increased contribution and premium for a sum
insured Rs. 50,000. As per this, a worker has to contribute Rs 250 per year and the
Board in turn contributes Rs. 150. Of this Rs. 400, an amount of Rs. 36 will be paid as
premium to insurance companies for covering personal accidents and the remaining Rs.
364 will be deposited in securities. Nine such phases are already in operation.
4. Medical attendance sub component
By this sub component, tappers of the unorganised sector undergoing
allopathic/ayurvedic/homoeopathic treatment owing to illness are eligible for
reimbursement of the expenses incurred for treatment. The maximum benefit extended
to a tapper under the scheme is Rs. 2000 per year and expensive treatment for major
diseases like cancer, cardiac problems etc, shall be reimbursed with an additional
amount of Rs. 10,000 during the applicant’s life time. In addition to this, Rs. 1000 per
tapper is granted for undergoing family planning operation.
5. Housing subsidy sub component
This sub component is implemented for assisting tappers in the unorganized sector
and workers in the organized sector for constructing own houses. As per the sub
component, an applicant constructing a house will be entitled to a subsidy of Rs. 7500
after completing construction. Relaxation in rules is given to the applicants under the sub
component in the NE region.
6. Sanitary subsidy Sub component
It provides assistance for constructing latrines by tappers in the unorganised sector.
The assistance is restricted to 75% of the estimated cost of construction or Rs. 3000
whichever is less.
7. Housing and sanitary subsidy subcomponent to SC/ST workers in the
unorganised sector
This sub component implemented with the involvement of the Rubber producer’s
Societies is meant for those belonging to the SC/ST community among tappers, in the
unorganised sector. The financial assistance will be limited to 25% of the cost of
construction or Rs. 14,000 whichever is less for a tapper who constructs both a house
and a latrine.