Motor Vehicle Emission Control Role of ARAI

Program in India
♦ Nodal agency :
by - Automotive Industry Standard
Shri. B.Bhanot
B.Bhanot Committee (AISC)
Director - Member Secretary – Standing
Committee on Implementation of
The Automotive Research Emission Legislations.
Association Of India, - High level committees representation -
Pune, India
for policy decision.
- Technical support to Ministry – Govt.
of India.

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Role of ARAI Role of ARAI

n First ISO-9001 R&D and Testing & n R&D and Certification :

Evaluation Institute in India.
♦ Nodal agency :
- Certification
- Regulations
- Formulation of Standards
- Implementation of R&D Programmes at
National level
- Central Motor Vehicle Rule (CMVR)
Technical Committee
Progress Through Research
♦ Research & Development of engines,
vehicles and its aggregates.
♦ Certification
♦ Formulation of Standards
♦ Consultancy
♦ Specific assignments in R&D and
certification
- Evolution of Inspection & Maintenance
Programme for India.
- Development of Emission factors.
continued ...
Progress Through Research

1
 Role of ARAI Motor Vehicle Emission Control
Programmes in India
u Specific assignments in R&D and
certification ♦ In-use vehicles emission control.
- Gasoline vehicle particulate - I&M programme
measurement.
- On road checks
- Life cycle prediction.
- Retrofittment – CNG / LPG
- Noise and Vibration.
♦ Framing the specifications of fuel
- Gasoline / Diesel Engine design and
quality in line with emission
development.
legislation.
- Alternate fuels – CNG, LPG, Methanol,
Electric Vehicle etc. ♦ Traffic Management.
- Study of Adulteration of fuel.

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Motor Vehicle Emission Control Landmarks of Emission

Programmes in India Regulations in India
n 1984 : Introduction of idling CO and free
♦ Formulation of Standards for new and acceleration smoke in State of
in-use vehicles. Maharashtra.
n 1989 : Applicability covering whole nation.
♦ Ensure appropriate emission control
n 1991 : Exhaust mass emission norms for
technologies through vehicle design –
gasoline vehicles below 3.5 ton GVW
type approval.
- only CO & HC.
♦ Compliance at production level quality – Full load and free acceleration smoke
Conformity of Production (COP) regulations for diesel vehicles.
n 1992 : Exhaust mass emission norms for
diesel vehicles / engines above
3.5 ton GVW
Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

2
 Landmarks of Emission Reduction of Emission Legislation :
A Comparison - Passenger Cars - Gasoline
Regulations in India
n 1995 : Honorable Supreme Court mandated Emission % Redn. Limit Value
fitment of catalytic converter for Level in % w.r.t Prev. (g/km)
w.r.t. 1991 Year
gasoline passenger cars in
Year CO HC+ CO HC+ CO HC+
Metropolitan cities. NOx NOx NOx
n 1996 : - Stringent norms for gasoline (CO, 1991 100 100 100 100 16.5 2.1 *
HC+NOx) and diesel vehicles. 1996 53 143 47 - 43 8.68 3.0
- No crankcase emission for gasoline 1998 26 71 50 50 4.34 1.50
2000 16 46 37 35 2.72 0.97
vehicles.
Euro II 13 24 19 48 2.2 0.5
- Evaporative emission to be below 2003** 14 17 -5 30 2.3 0.35
2 g/test for gasoline vehicles. 2006** 6 9 57 49 1.0 0.18
- Cold start emission test for diesel - For 1020 ≤ Rm < 1250 & For cc ≤ 1400 ; * Only for HC
vehicles below 3.5 ton GVW. ** Under discussion

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Landmarks of Emission Reduction of Emission Legislation :

A Comparison - Passenger Cars - Diesel
Regulations in India
n 1998: Cold start emission test for gasoline Emission Level in % Redn. w.r.t Prev.
vehicles below 3.5 ton GVW. % w.r.t. 1991 Year
HC+ HC+
n 1999: Preponement of India 2000 (Equivalent to Year CO PM CO PM
NOx NOx
Euro-I) norms for passenger cars in
100 100 100 100
National Capital Region (Delhi) 1991 -- --
(16.5) (2.1)* (16.5) (2.1)*
n 2000: - Bharat Stage II (Equivalent to Euro-II)
35 105 65 - 5
norms for gasoline vehicles 1996 -- --
(5.7) (2.2) (5.7) (2.2)
introduced in National Capital
Region (Delhi) 16 46 100 84 56 100
2000
(2.72) (0.97) (0.14) (2.72) (0.97) (0.14)
- Particulate limit values introduced for
- For 1020 ≤ Rm < 1250 ; * Only for HC
diesel vehicles. (contd..)
Values in brackets are Limit Values in g/km

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

3
 Reduction of Emission Legislation : Reduction of Emission Legislation :
A Comparison - Passenger Cars - Diesel A Comparison - 3 W Petrol
Emission % Redn. Limit
Emission Level in % Redn. w.r.t Prev.
Level in % w.r.t Prev. Values
% w.r.t. 1991 Year w.r.t. 1991 Year (g/km)
HC+ HC+ Year C O HC+ C O HC+ C O HC+
Year CO PM CO PM
NOx NOx NOx NOx NOx
Euro 6 33 57 63 27 43 1991 100 100 100 100 30 12 *
II (1.00) (0.70) (0.08) (1.00) (0.70) (0.08)
1996 23 45 78 55 6.75 5.4
4 27 36 36 46 38
2003** 2000 13 17 41 63 4.0 2.0
(0.64) (0.56) (0.05) (0.64) (0.56) (0.05)
2004** 8 19 44 -13 2.25 2.25
3 14 18 22 25 50
2006** 2006** 6 16 16 16 1.88 1.88
(0.50) (0.30) (0.025) (0.50) (0.30) (0.025)
- For 1020 ≤ Rm < 1250, values in brackets are Limit Values in g/km - For Ref. Mass 350 kg ; * Only for HC
** Under discussion ** Under discussion

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Reduction of Emission Legislation : Reduction of Emission Legislation :

A Comparison - 2 Wheeler A Comparison - 3 Wheeler - Diesel

Emission % Redn. Limit Emission Level in % % R e d n . w.r.t Prev.

w.r.t. 1991 Year
Level in % w.r.t Prev. Values
HC+ HC+
w.r.t. 1991 Year (g/km) Year CO
NOx
PM CO
NOx
PM
Year CO HC+ CO HC+ CO HC+ 100 100
1991 --- 100 100 ---
NOx NOx NOx (30) (12*)

1991 100 100 100 100 14.25 8.5 * 17 17

1996 --- 83 83 ---
(5.0) (2.0)
1996 32 42 68 58 4.5 3.6 9 8 100
2000 46 52 100
(2.72) (0.97) (0.14)
2000 14 24 56 44 2.0 2.0
3 7 71
2004** 63 12 29
2004** 11 18 25 25 1.5 1.5 (1.0) (0.85) (0.1)
2 6 36
2006** 9 15 17 17 1.25 1.25 2006**
(0.64) (0.70) (0.05)
36 18 50

- For Ref. Mass 170 kg ; * Only for HC Values in brackets are Limit Values in g/km ; * Only for HC
** Under discussion ** Under discussion

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

4
 Reduction of Emission Legislation : Fuel Specifications : Gasoline
A Comparison - Commercial Vehicles- Diesel

Emission Level in % % Reduction w.r.t Parameters Existing

w.r.t. 1991 Previous Year Research
95 min.
Year CO HC NOx PM CO HC NOx PM Octane Number
Motor Octane
85 min.
100 100 100 100 100 100 Number
1992 -- --
(14) (3.5) (18.0) (14) (3.5) (18.0) Density 748 – 768
RVP 0.56 – 0.64 bar
1996
80 69 80 -- 20 31 20 -- 45% vol.
(11.2) (2.4) (14.4) (11.2) (2.4) (14.4) Aromatics
(incl. Max 5% vol. Benzene)
32 31 44 100 60 54 44 100 Sulphur 0.04% Max.
2000
(4.5) (1.1) (8.0) (0.36) (4.5) (1.1) (8.0) (0.36) Lead 0.005 g/litre
Phosphorus 0.0013 g/ litre
Values in brakets are Limit Values in g/kWh Next revision expected in 2003 - under discussion

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Reduction of Emission Legislation : Fuel Specifications : Diesel

A Comparison - Commercial Vehicles- Diesel
Parameters Existing

Emission Level in % w.r.t. % Reduction w.r.t Cetane Number 49 min., 53 max.

1991 Previous Year
Sulphur % max 0.25%
Year CO HC NOx PM CO HC NOx PM
Distillation, 90% max. 3400 C
29 31 39 42 11 0 13 58
2002**
(4.0) (1.1) (7.0) (0.15) (4.0) (1.1) (7.0) (0.15) Density 835-845
0
20 22 28 28 30 30 28 33 Viscosity at 40 C 3.5 mm2/s
2004**
(2.8) (0.77) (5.04) (0.10) (2.8) (0.77) (5.04) (0.10)
Next revision expected in 2003 - under discussion
Availability of diesel with 0.05% sulphur
In NCT from 01st April, 2000
Values in brakets are Limit Values in g/kWh
In mumbai from 01st January, 2001
** Under discussion
In Calcutta & Chennai from 01st July, 2001

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

5
 Measures taken by
Focus Issues
Government of India
n Stringent emission norms for 2/3 wheelers.
♦ Large population of 2-wheelers
n Durability requirements for anti pollution
especially in Metro cities
devices.
♦ 60% 2-stroke vehicles.
n Alternate fuel – CNG, LPG, Methanol.
♦ Three wheeled diesel and gasoline
n Premixed oil for 2-stroke engines at fuelling
vehicles in urban area.
station.
♦ Phasing out of old vehicles.
n Audit of Inspection & Maintenance Centres.
♦ Adulteration of Fuel.
n Approval of Inspection & Maintenance
♦ Traffic congestion.
equipments.
( continued … )
( continued … )
Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Measures taken by
Focus Issues
Government of India
(Contd.,)
n Efforts to create awareness of I&M by
♦ Overloading. launching service programmes.
♦ Limitations in present Inspection & n Harmonisation of emission regulations
Maintenance system. with EEC.
♦ Inadequate service infrastructure. n Programme for construction of Express
Highways.
♦ Driving habits and lack of training.
n Traffic Management.
♦ Inadequate mass transportation system.
n Ambient air quality monitoring
programmes.
n Fuel quality improvement.

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

6
Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles
2 Stroke - Two Wheelers 4 Stroke - 2 Wheelers

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles

2 Stroke - 2 Wheelers 4 Stroke - Two Wheelers

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

7
Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles
2 & 4 Stroke 3 Wheelers (Petrol) Passenger Cars (Petrol)

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles

3 Wheelers (Diesel) Passenger Cars (Petrol)

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

8
Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles
Passenger Car (Diesel) CV Engines (above 85 kW)

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles

Passenger Cars (Diesel) CV Engines (above 85 kW)

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

9
Emission level of Indian Vehicles Emission level of Indian Vehicles
CV Engines ( below 85 kW ) Agricultural Tractor

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Emission level of Indian Vehicles Summary

CV Engines ( below 85 kW )
n 2& 3-wheeler emission is the crux of the
problem in developing countries in Asia.
n Development of Inspection & Maintenance
(I&M) programmes highlighting the
methodology in terms of procedure,
equipments is the necessity.
n India will have the pleasure to co-ordinate
the activities in framing the test procedure
and regulations for 2&3-wheelers in Asia.
(continued … )

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

10
 Summary Summary

n Lack of proper Repair & Service Industry is
a bottleneck for emission reduction.
n Strict measures and the enforcement of
rules is of prime concern especially in
developing countries.
n Harmonisation of emission regulations and
procedure for 2&3-wheelers.
n A common programme for “Ambient Air
Quality / I&M Programmes” are to be
launched.
n A specific study / project can be
undertaken through consortium approach
on diesel catalysts and particulate filters
with high sulfur content (500 ppm to 2500
ppm).

(continued … )

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

Summary
THANK YOU
For your kind Attention

n Formulation of durability standards for

anti-pollution devices for 2&3- wheelers.
n Retrofittment of 2,3 & 4-wheelers with CNG
& LPG.
n Blend of 5%, 10% ethanol with gasoline.
n A common study can be undertaken on
“Fuel Quality and its effects for 2& 3 -
wheelers”.
(continued … )

Progress Through Research Progress Through Research

11