Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air

and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the
2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), global surface temperature increased by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during
the 20th century.[2][A] Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the
20th century has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which
result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation.[3][4]

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that the global
surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st
century.[2] The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing
sensitivity to greenhouse gas concentrations and the use of differing estimates of future
greenhouse gas emissions. An increase in global temperature will cause sea levels to rise
and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation, probably including expansion of
subtropical deserts.[5] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be
associated with continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects
include more frequent and intense extreme weather events, species extinctions, and
changes in agricultural yields. Warming and related changes will vary from region to
region around the globe, though the nature of these regional changes is uncertain.[6] As a
result of contemporary increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, the oceans have become
more acidic, a result that is predicted to continue.[7][8]

The scientific consensus is that anthropogenic global warming is occurring.[9][10][11][B]

Nevertheless, skepticism amongst the wider public remains. The Kyoto Protocol is aimed
at stabilizing greenhouse gas concentration to prevent a "dangerous anthropogenic
interference".[12] As of November 2009, 187 states had signed and ratified the protocol.[13]
Proposed responses to global warming include mitigation to reduce emissions, adaptation
to the effects of global warming, and geoengineering to remove greenhouse gases from
the atmosphere.

Temperature changes

Evidence for warming of the climate system includes observed increases in global
average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising
global average sea level.[14][15][16][17] The most common measure of global warming is the
trend in globally averaged temperature near the Earth's surface. Expressed as a linear
trend, this temperature rose by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005. The rate of
warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole
(0.13 ± 0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07 °C ± 0.02 °C per decade). The urban heat island
effect is estimated to account for about 0.002 °C of warming per decade since 1900.[18]
Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22
and 0.4 °F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements.
Temperature is believed to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand years
before 1850, with regionally varying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period and
the Little Ice Age.[19]
Estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the National
Climatic Data Center show that 2005 was the planet's warmest year since reliable,
widespread instrumental measurements became available in the late 19th century,
exceeding the previous record set in 1998 by a few hundredths of a degree.[20][21]
Estimates prepared by the World Meteorological Organization and the Climatic Research
Unit show 2005 as the second warmest year, behind 1998.[22][23] Temperatures in 1998
were unusually warm because the strongest El Niño in the past century occurred during
that year.[24] Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay long
term trends and can temporarily mask them. The relative stability in temperature from
2002 to 2009 is consistent with such an episode.[25][26]

Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased
about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against 0.13 °C per
decade).[27] Ocean temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of
the larger effective heat capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by
evaporation.[28] The Northern Hemisphere warms faster than the Southern Hemisphere
because it has more land and because it has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice
cover subject to ice-albedo feedback. Although more greenhouse gases are emitted in the
Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not contribute to the difference in warming
because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to mix between hemispheres.[29]

The thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that
climate can take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate commitment
studies indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further
warming of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur.[30]

Greenhouse gases

Main articles: Greenhouse effect, Radiative forcing, and Carbon dioxide in Earth's
atmosphere

Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and
earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2).
This graph is known as the "Keeling Curve" and it shows the long-term increase of
atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from 1958-2008. Monthly CO2
measurements display seasonal oscillations in an upward trend; each year's maximum
occurs during the Northern Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during its growing
season as plants remove some atmospheric CO2.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared
radiation by gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It
was proposed by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by
Svante Arrhenius in 1896.[32]

Naturally occurring greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C

(59 °F).[33][C] The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70
percent of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26 percent;
methane (CH4), which causes 4–9 percent; and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7 percent.[34]
[35][36]
Clouds also affect the radiation balance, but they are composed of liquid water or
ice and so have different effects on radiation from water vapor.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane,
tropospheric ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane
have increased by 36% and 148% respectively since 1750.[37] These levels are much
higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data
has been extracted from ice cores.[38][39][40][41] Less direct geological evidence indicates that
CO2 values higher than this were last seen about 20 million years ago.[42] Fossil fuel
burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from human activity
over the past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use,
particularly deforestation.[43]

Over the last three decades of the 20th century, GDP per capita and population growth
were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.[44] CO2 emissions are
continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.[45][46]:71 Emissions
scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have been
projected that depend upon uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural
developments.[47] In most scenarios, emissions continue to rise over the century, while in
a few, emissions are reduced.[48][49] These emission scenarios, combined with carbon cycle
modelling, have been used to produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of
greenhouse gases will change in the future. Using the six IPCC SRES "marker"
scenarios, models suggest that by the year 2100, the atmospheric concentration of CO2
could range between 541 and 970 ppm.[50] This is an increase of 90-250% above the
concentration in the year 1750. Fossil fuel reserves are sufficient to reach these levels and
continue emissions past 2100 if coal, oil sands or methane clathrates are extensively
exploited.[51]

The popular media and the public often confuse global warming with the "ozone hole",
i.e., the destruction of stratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons.[52][53] Although there
are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduced
stratospheric ozone has had a slight cooling influence on surface temperatures, while
increased tropospheric ozone has had a somewhat larger warming effect.[54]

Aerosols and soot

Global dimming, a gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the
Earth's surface, has partially counteracted global warming from 1960 to the present.[55]
The main cause of this dimming is aerosols produced by volcanoes and pollutants. These
aerosols exert a cooling effect by increasing the reflection of incoming sunlight. The
effects of the products of fossil fuel combustion—CO2 and aerosols—have largely offset
one another in recent decades, so that net warming has been due to the increase in non-
CO2 greenhouse gases such as methane.[56] Radiative forcing due to aerosols is temporally
limited due to wet deposition which causes aerosols to have an atmospheric lifetime of
one week. Carbon dioxide has a lifetime of a century or more, and as such, changes in
aerosol concentrations will only delay climate changes due to carbon dioxide.[57]

In addition to their direct effect by scattering and absorbing solar radiation, aerosols have
indirect effects on the radiation budget.[58] Sulfate aerosols act as cloud condensation
nuclei and thus lead to clouds that have more and smaller cloud droplets. These clouds
reflect solar radiation more efficiently than clouds with fewer and larger droplets.[59] This
effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces growth of raindrops
and makes the cloud more reflective to incoming sunlight.[60] Indirect effects are most
noticeable in marine stratiform clouds, and have very little radiative effect on convective
clouds. Aerosols, particularly their indirect effects, represent the largest uncertainty in
radiative forcing.[61]

Soot may cool or warm the surface, depending on whether it is airborne or deposited.
Atmospheric soot aerosols directly absorb solar radiation, which heats the atmosphere
and cools the surface. In isolated areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as
much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by
atmospheric brown clouds.[62] When deposited, especially on glaciers or on ice in arctic
regions, the lower surface albedo can also directly heat the surface.[63] The influences of
aerosols, including black carbon, are most pronounced in the tropics and sub-tropics,
particularly in Asia, while the effects of greenhouse gases are dominant in the
extratropics and southern hemisphere.[

Cause:
Global Warming is an International Issue
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GLOBAL WARMING AWARENESS

Global Warming Skeptics - Skeptics of global warming think that global warming is not an
ecological trouble.
Global Warming Facts - 8 Facts about Global Warming
Causes of Global Warming - The Green house gases are the main culprits of the global warming.
The green house gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are playing hazards in
the present times.
Green House Gasses are the ingredients of the atmosphere that add to the greenhouse effect.
Al Gore Global Warming Initiative - Gore has written a book that archives his advice that Earth
is dashing toward an immensely warmer future.

The average facade temperature of the globe has augmented more than 1 degree
Fahrenheit since 1900 and the speed of warming has been almost three folds the
century long average since 1970. This increase in earth’s average temperature is
called Global warming. More or less all specialists studying the climate record of the
earth have the same opinion now that human actions, mainly the discharge of green
house gases from smokestacks, vehicles, and burning forests, are perhaps the leading
power driving the fashion.
The gases append to the planet's normal greenhouse effect, permitting sunlight in, but
stopping some of the ensuing heat from radiating back to space. Based on the study on
past climate shifts, notes of current situations, and computer simulations, many
climate scientists say that lacking of big curbs in greenhouse gas discharges, the 21st
century might see temperatures rise of about 3 to 8 degrees, climate patterns
piercingly shift, ice sheets contract and seas rise several feet. With the probable
exemption of one more world war, a huge asteroid, or a fatal plague, global warming
may be the only most danger to our planet earth.

Global Warming Causes

As said, the major cause of global warming is the emission of green house gases like
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc into
the atmosphere. The major source of carbon
dioxide is the power plants. These power plants
emit large amounts of carbon dioxide produced
from burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of
electricity generation. About twenty percent of
carbon dioxide emitted in the atmosphere comes
from burning of gasoline in the engines of the
vehicles. This is true for most of the developed countries. Buildings, both commercial
and residential represent a larger source of global warming pollution than cars and
trucks.

Building of these structures require a lot of fuel to be burnt which emits a large
amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Methane is more than 20 times as
 effectual as CO2 at entrapping heat in the atmosphere.
Methane is obtained from resources such as rice paddies,
bovine flatulence, bacteria in bogs and fossil fuel
manufacture. When fields are flooded, anaerobic situation
build up and the organic matter in the soil decays,
releasing methane to the atmosphere. The main sources of
nitrous oxide include nylon and nitric acid production, cars
with catalytic converters, the use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of
organic matter. Another cause of global warming is deforestation that is caused by
cutting and burning of forests for the purpose of residence and industrialization.

Global Warming is Inspiring Scientists to Fight for Awareness

Scientists all over the world are making predictions about the ill effects of Global
warming and connecting some of the events that have taken place in the pat few
decades as an alarm of global warming. The effect of global warming is increasing the
average temperature of the earth. A rise in earth’s temperatures can in turn root to
other alterations in the ecology, including an increasing sea level and modifying the
quantity and pattern of rainfall. These modifications may boost the occurrence and
concentration of severe climate events, such as floods, famines, heat waves, tornados,
and twisters. Other consequences may comprise of higher or lower agricultural
outputs, glacier melting, lesser summer stream flows, genus extinctions and rise in the
ranges of disease vectors. As an effect of global warming species like golden toad,
harlequin frog of Costa Rica has already become extinct. There are number of species
that have a threat of disappearing soon as an effect of global warming. As an effect of
global warming various new diseases have emerged lately. These diseases are
occurring frequently due to the increase in earths average temperature since the
bacteria can survive better in elevated temperatures and even multiplies faster when
the conditions are favorable. The global warming is extending the distribution of
mosquitoes due to the increase in humidity levels and their frequent growth in warmer
atmosphere. Various diseases due to ebola, hanta and machupo virus are expected due
to warmer climates. The marine life is also very sensitive to the increase in
 temperatures. The effect of global warming will
definitely be seen on some species in the water. A
survey was made in which the marine life reacted
significantly to the changes in water temperatures. It is
expected that many species will die off or become
extinct due to the increase in the temperatures of the water, whereas various other
species, which prefer warmer waters, will increase tremendously. Perhaps the most
disturbing changes are expected in the coral reefs that are expected to die off as an
effect of global warming. The global warming is expected to cause irreversible
changes in the ecosystem and the behavior of animals.

A group of scientists have recently reported on the surprisingly speedy rise in the
discharge of carbon and methane release from frozen tundra in Siberia, now starting
to melt because of human cause increases in earth’s temperature. The scientists tell
us that the tundra is in danger of melting holds an amount of extra global warming
pollution that is equivalent to the net amount that is previously in the earth's
atmosphere. Likewise, earlier one more team of scientists reported that the in a single
year Greenland witnessed 32 glacial earthquakes between 4.6 and 5.1 on the Richter
scale. This is a disturbing sign and points that a huge destabilization that may now be
in progress deep within the second biggest accretion of ice on the planet. This ice
would be enough to raise sea level 20 feet worldwide if it broke up and slipped into
the sea. Each day passing brings yet new proof that we are now in front of a global
emergency, a climate emergency that needs instant action to piercingly decrease
carbon dioxide emissions worldwide in order to turn down the earth's rising
temperatures and avoid any catastrophe.

It is not easy to attach any particular events to global warming, but studies prove the
fact that human activities are increasing the earth’s temperature. Even though most
predictions focus on the epoch up to 2100, even if no further greenhouse gases were
discharged after this date, global warming and sea level would be likely to go on to
rise for more than a millennium, since carbon dioxide has a long average atmospheric
life span.
You Can Help Fight Global Warming

Many efforts are being made by various nations

to cut down the rate of global warming. One
such effort is the Kyoto agreement that has been
made between various nations to reduce the
emissions of various green house gases. Also
many non profit organizations are working for
the cause. Al Gore was one of the foremost U.S. politicians to heave an alarm about
the hazards of global warming. He has produced a significantly acclaimed documentary
movie called "An Inconvenient Truth," and written a book that archives his advice that
Earth is dashing toward an immensely warmer future. Al Gore, the former vice
president of United States has given various speeches to raise an awareness of global
warming. He has warned people about the ill effects of Global warming and its
remedies.

But an interesting side of the global warming episode is that there are people who do
not consider global warming as something that is creating a problem. Skeptics of
global warming think that global warming is not an ecological trouble. According to
the global warming skeptics, the recent enhancement in the earth's average
temperature is no reason for alarm. According to them earth's coastlines and polar ice
caps are not at a risk of vanishing. Global warming skeptics consider that the weather
models used to establish global warming and to forecast its impacts are distorted.
According to the models, if calculations are made the last few decades must have
been much worse as compared to actually happened to be. Most of the global warming
skeptics believe that the global warming is not actually occurring. They stress on the
fact the climatic conditions vary because of volcanism, the obliquity cycle, changes in
solar output, and internal variability. Also the warming can be due to the variation in
cloud cover, which in turn is responsible for the temperatures on the earth. The
variations are also a result of cosmic ray flux that is modulated by the solar magnetic
cycles.
Disadvantages of Global Warming

• Ocean circulation disrupted, disrupting and having unknown

effects on world climate.
• Higher sea level leading to flooding of low-lying lands and deaths
and disease from flood and evacuation.
• Deserts get drier leaving to increased desertification.
• Changes to agricultural production that can lead to food
shortages.
• Water shortages in already water-scarce areas.
• Starvation, malnutrition, and increased deaths due to food and
crop shortages.
• More extreme weather and an increased frequency of severe and
catastrophic storms.
• Increased disease in humans and animals.
• Increased deaths from heat waves.
• Extinction of additional species of animals and plants.
• Loss of animal and plant habitats.
• Increased emigration of those from poorer or low-lying countries
to wealthier or higher countries seeking better (or non-deadly)
conditions.
• Additional use of energy resources for cooling needs.
• Increased air pollution.
• Increased allergy and asthma rates due to earlier blooming of
plants.
• Melt of permafrost leads to destruction of structures, landslides,
and avalanches.
• Permanent loss of glaciers and ice sheets.
• Cultural or heritage sites destroyed faster due to increased
extremes.
• Increased acidity of rainfall.
• Earlier drying of forests leading to increased forest fires in size
and intensity.
• Increased cost of insurance as insurers pay out more claims
resulting from increasingly large disasters.
• Aggressiveness will increase, leading to an increase in the
murder rate

Advantages of Global Warming

• Arctic, Antarctic, Siberia, and other frozen regions of earth may

experience more plant growth and milder climates.
• The next ice age may be prevented from occurring.
 • Northwest Passage through Canada's formerly-icy north opens
up to sea transportation.
• Less need for energy consumption to warm cold places.
• Fewer deaths or injuries due to cold weather.
• Longer growing seasons could mean increased agricultural
production in some local areas.
• Mountains increase in height due to melting glaciers, becoming
higher as they rebound against the missing weight of the ice.
• Boundary disputes between countries over low-lying islands will
disappear

ABSTRACT:
Global warming is shared conclusion of a vast number of climate models that predict that
the imbalance in the carbon cycle created by the human energy economy over the last
century will cause a small net global warming. There is no single specific prediction,
though the vast majority of models predict a small net warming. The warming is itself not
the outcome to be feared, but the secondary impacts created by the change in climate.
Some of those impacts are positive, but most are negative. The imbalance betweern
"positive" and "negative" can also be explained by the simple fact that adapting to change
is itself expensive. Furthermore, there is a lot of uncertainty in exactly what can be
expected, and this uncertainty creates risk. So, while a given specific outcome may have
only a 20% chance of happening, responsible businesses and societies should factor some
of the cost associated with that outcome into their activities in order to manage the risk
created by such a possibility.

OR

Abstract. Global warming is predicted to alter the ocean's biological

productivity. But how will we recognise the impacts of climate change
on ocean productivity? The most comprehensive information available
on the global distribution of ocean productivity comes from satellite
ocean colour data. Now that over ten years of SeaWiFS data have
accumulated, can we begin to detect and attribute global warming
trends in productivity? Here we compare recent trends in SeaWiFS
data to longer-term records from three biogeochemical models (GFDL,
IPSL and NCAR). We find that detection of real trends in the satellite
data is confounded by the relatively short time series and large
interannual and decadal variability in productivity. Thus, recent
observed changes in chlorophyll, primary production and the size of
the oligotrophic gyres cannot be unequivocally attributed to the impact
of global warming. Instead, our analyses suggest that a time series of
~40 yr length is needed to distinguish a global warming trend from
natural variability. Analysis of modelled chlorophyll and primary
production from 2001–2100 suggests that, on average, the global
warming trend will not be unambiguously separable from decadal
variability until ~2055. Because the magnitude of natural variability in
chlorophyll and primary production is larger than, or similar to, the
global warming trend, a consistent, decades-long data record must be
established if the impact of climate change on ocean productivity is to
be definitively detected.

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