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MICROORGANISMS
Microorganisms are living things, they are also known
as microbes.
1. The following are some types of microorganisms.
Microscope
Magnifying glass
Harmful and useful microorganisms
1. Many microorganisms are very harmful but some are useful to
human. Useful
microorganisms are used in the following processes.
2. Pathogens
Microorganisms that caused diseases are called
pathogens. Some of the diseases
caused by pathogens are as shown below:
3. Some ways to prevent diseases. Keeping ourselves
and surrounding clean can prevent many disease
caused by microorganism. .
SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES
SURVIVAL OF THE SPECIES
Ways different animals ensure the survival of their
species
Some animals looks after their eggs and young.
Examples of such animals are:
Different plants have different ways to ensure the
survival of their species
1. Plants have to disperse their seeds far away to
avoid competition.
2. Plants depend on four agents to disperse their
seeds. These agents are :
(a) Explosive mechanism
Example :
Example :
Food webs
1. An organism may be a part of more than one
food chain.
ENERGY
1. Forms of Energy
Uses of energy:
1. Energy is used to:
Sources of electricity
Safety precautions
We must not:
LIGHT
SOURCES OF LIGHT
Light travels in a straight line
1. Light travels in a straight path.
- Use a thermometer
- Place the bulb of the thermometer into the water.
- The bulb of the thermometer should not touch the base of the
beaker.
- Your eye must be at the same level as the mercury when
taking the reading.
(b) Liquid
- A liquid
(i) does not have a fixed shape
(ii) has a fixed volume
(iii) has mass
- A liquid takes the shape of the container it
is in.
- A liquid flows from a higher place to a
lower place.
- A liquid occupies space.
(c) Gas
- A gas
(i) does not have a fixed shape
(ii) does not have a fixed volume
(iii) has mass
Water cycle
The formation of clouds and rain
(Water cycle)
(a) The heat from the sun warms up seas, rivers and lakes.
(f) Rainwater falls on seas, rivers and lakes. Rain also falls
into the soil. The rain that
falls into the soil flows to the seas, rivers and lakes.
Alkaline Substance
1. Alkaline substances taste bitter and feel 'soapy'
to touch.
2. It changes red litmus paper to blue.
3. If the alkaline substance is tested with a blue
litmus paper, no colour change will be seen.
4. A strong alkali is corrosive and can burn the
skin.
5. The picture shows a few alkaline substances.
Neutral Substance
1. A neutral substance does not have an acidic or
alkaline property.
CONSTELLATION
Understanding the constellation
1. A constellation is a group of stars in the sky that appears to
form a certain pattern.
2. These stars look brighter and more obivious than the other
stars.
(a) Orion
(b) Scorpion
2
STRENGTH AND STABILITY
A temple
Example :
(c) KL Tower
3. Least Stable
(a) When the tray is tilted, P falls first, followed
by Q then R.
(b) P is the least stable. R is the most stable.
(c) R is the most stable because its centre of
gravity is the lowest.
4. Materials Used