Matlab Lecture 2

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2.1 Introduction - Practial Foundation - Matrices

For a practical example of using matrices, we will now
look at and manipulate multidimensional data in the
form of images. Monitor screens and images are
inherently matrices with rows and colums, where each
element (pixel) can be addressed by a particular row
and column index.
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
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Matlab Lecture 2 http://www.aquaphoenix.com/lecture/matlab2/page2.html
In Matlab, we can load a large number of image data

types, including JPG, BMP, GIF. We make use of the
function imread(), which takes as an argument the file
name of the image. The image file should reside in the
Current Directory, and its name must be enclosed in
single quotes, e.g.
.
To display the image we use function

, where cartman is the name of the
variable that the loaded data has been ascribed to.
Figure 2.3
Click image to enlarge, or click here to open
The displayed image is not displayed in its original size,

but either enlarged or shrunken. In order to display the
image in its true size, we use issue the following
commands:
... where 300 is

the width of the image and 193 its height.
Note: You are NOT required to use this for

assignments!To find out the size of the loaded image
data, we use function . Notice that
size() returns 3 values: height, width, and layers
(discussed below).
Figure 2.4
Using the general matrix indexing conventions, we can

extract a portion of the image and display it:
where
[170:193] is a range of rows to extract, and the 2
following colons (:) denote "all columns", and "all
layers", respectively.
Figure 2.5
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Figure 2.6 shows another example of sub-matrix

extraction:
. Here we extract a specific range
of rows AND columns, while still extracting all layers.
Figure 2.6
Multiplying the image matrix by a scalar greater than 1

increases the combination of brightness and contrast of
the image:
Figure 2.7
We can expand
Multiplying the one-line
the image data expression
by a number to make
less itthan
more
1
understandable:
decreases brightness/contrast of the image.
While the point of this series of statements is to merely

multiply the image data by a scalar, the first and third
lines are necessary to format the data in a particular
way. While we will not go into the details of what these
data types are, we note that raw image data cannot be
manipulated by conventional operators, such as
multiplication or addition. We must convert the data
type from uint8 to double, then manipulate the data,
and finally convert it back from double to uint8.
To summarize: Line 1 converts the image data to type

double; Line 2 increases brightness/contrast; Line 3
converts the data back to uint8; and Line 4 displays Figure
Figure 2.8
2.9
Click image
Click image to enlarge, or
to enlarge, or click
click here
here to
to open
open
the image.
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Figure 2.10 shows an example in which a portion of the

image matrix is replaced. In this example, the
replacement sub-matrix comes from the same image
matrix, only that its brightness/contrast is increased:
We have already seen that the left side of this

expression denotes the lower portion of the image. On
the right side we index into the same portion of the
image matrix and multiply the data by a scalar, which
increases the brightness.
Figure 2.10
As shown in Figure 2.4, returned 3

values, one of which denotes layers. These 3 layers are
in fact 3 images of their own, representing red, green,
and blue values for each pixel in the image. The
combination of the 3 generates a full color image. How
colors are mixed is shown in Figure 2.12.
Note: The following discussion regarding colormap and

colorbar is meant to explain some general concept
behind images and colors. You are NOT required to
reproduce this in you homework assignments!
Figure 2.11
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Figure 2.12
We can extract each of these layers by using their

respective indices ( Red = 1, Green = 2, Blue = 3, also
called RGB). The image cartman needs to be reloaded
first because it has been altered in a previous step:
To view the
red intensity image and a corresponding intensity color
bar, we issue:
The first colon denotes all rows, the
second colon all columns, and the third index denotes
the color Red.
The default colorbar has a scale of 1 to 64, where 1 is a

low intensity and 64 is a high intensity.
Figure 2.13
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Not only is it difficult to use this rainbow-colored scale,

but it is also incomplete, because color intensity for
full-color images ranges not from 0 to 63, but 0 to 255.
We thus modify the color scale and re-display the
image:
The resulting image

shows the intensity of red color in the original image
data.
Figure 2.14
Figure 2.15 shows the image's green intensity values.
Figure 2.15
Figure 2.16 shows the image's blue intensity values.
Figure 2.16
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We can also transpose the individual layers of the

image, such as the red layer, as shown in Figure 2.17.
While it may appear that the transpose operation
rotated the image 90 degrees, it also flipped the image
at the same time. You may wish to think about how this
happened.
Figure 2.17
Finally, we can also display the intensity values in a 3D

graph. While we will discuss meshing in a later lecture,
it may be interesting to look at a 3D intensity plot of an
image even now:
In this example,
we are examining layer 3 = blue. Before meshing the
image, we convert it to data type double.
Figure 2.18
The 3D mesh can be rotated interactively using the

rotate button.
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Figure 2.19
8 of 8 3/16/2011 2:46 PM

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Matlab Lecture 2 http://www.aquaphoenix.com/lecture/matlab2/page2.

>> Lectures >> Matlab 2

2.1 Introduction - Practial Foundation - Matrices

In Matlab, we can load a large number of image data

To display the image we use function

The displayed image is not displayed in its original size,

... where 300 is

Note: You are NOT required to use this for

Using the general matrix indexing conventions, we can

Figure 2.6 shows another example of sub-matrix

Multiplying the image matrix by a scalar greater than 1

While the point of this series of statements is to merely

To summarize: Line 1 converts the image data to type

Figure 2.10 shows an example in which a portion of the

We have already seen that the left side of this

As shown in Figure 2.4, returned 3

Note: The following discussion regarding colormap and

We can extract each of these layers by using their

The default colorbar has a scale of 1 to 64, where 1 is a

Not only is it difficult to use this rainbow-colored scale,

The resulting image

Figure 2.15 shows the image's green intensity values.

Figure 2.16 shows the image's blue intensity values.

We can also transpose the individual layers of the

Finally, we can also display the intensity values in a 3D

The 3D mesh can be rotated interactively using the

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