Intro To Ggplot2

Visualisation with R
and ggplot2
Hadley Wickham
Assistant Professor / Dobelman Family Junior Chair
Department of Statistics / Rice University
April 2011
Friday, April 15, 2011
1. Important info
2. Diving in: scatterplots & aesthetics
3. Facetting
4. Geoms
5. Histograms and barcharts

HE LLO
my name is
Hadley
http://had.co.nz/
courses/11-thatcamp

Diving in

Learning a new
language is hard!
Scatterplot basics
install.packages("ggplot2")
library(ggplot2)
?mpg
head(mpg)
str(mpg)
summary(mpg)
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg)

Scatterplot basics
install.packages("ggplot2")
library(ggplot2)
?mpg
head(mpg)
str(mpg)
Always explicitly
summary(mpg) specify the data

●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●●
30 ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●● ●
hwy
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
20 ● ● ●●
● ● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●
15 ● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●
2 3 4 5 6 7
displ
Additional variables
Can display additional variables with

aesthetics (like shape, colour, size) or
facetting (small multiples displaying
different subsets)

●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ● class
● ●
● ●●
● 2seater
30 ● ● ● ● compact
● ● ● ● ●● ●
● midsize
hwy
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● minivan
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● pickup
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● subcompact
● ● ● ● ● ● suv
● ●
20 ● ● ●●
● ● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●
15 ● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●
2 3 4 5 6 7
qplot(displ, hwy, colour
displ = class, data = mpg)
●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ● class
● ●
● ●●
● 2seater
30 ● ● ● ● compact
● ● ● ● ●● ●
● midsize
hwy
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● minivan
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● pickup
●● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● subcompact
● ● ● ● ● ● suv
● ●
20 ● ● ●●
● ● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●● Legend chosen and
displayed automatically.
●● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ●
15 ● ●● ●●● ● ●
● ●
2 3 4 5 6 7
qplot(displ, hwy, colour
displ = class, data = mpg)
Your turn
Experiment with colour, size, and shape
aesthetics.
What’s the difference between discrete or
continuous variables?
What happens when you combine
multiple aesthetics?

Discrete Continuous
Rainbow of Gradient from

Colour
colours red to blue
Linear mapping
Discrete size
Size between radius
steps
and value
Different shape
Shape Doesn’t work
for each

Facetting

Faceting
Small multiples displaying different

subsets of the data.
Useful for exploring conditional
relationships. Useful for large data.

Your turn
qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg) +
facet_grid(. ~ cyl)
facet_grid(drv ~ .)
facet_grid(drv ~ cyl)
facet_wrap(~ class)

Summary
facet_grid(): 2d grid, rows ~ cols, . for

no split
facet_wrap(): 1d ribbon wrapped into 2d

Aside: workflow
Keep a copy of the slides open so that

you can copy and paste the code.

Geoms

What’s the ● ●
40 problem with ●
this plot? ● ●
●
35 ●
●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
30 ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
hwy
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
20 ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ●
15 ●
●
10 15 20 25 30 35
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg)
cty
● ●
40
●
●
●
●●
35
●
● ●
● ● ●
●
● ●●
● ● ●
●
●
30 ●
●
●
●●
● ●●●●
● ●●
●
● ● ●●●● ● ●
● ●● ●
hwy
●● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
●
●
● ●●● ● ●
● ●● ● ● ●
●●●● ● ●● ●
● ●
●● ●
●●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
● ●● ●●●
● ●
25 ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ●● ●●
●●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●●● ●
● ●
●
● ● ●●
●
● ●
●
●
●● ●
●
20 ● ●● ● ●●
●
● ●●●●●●● ●● ●
● ●
●
●
●●● ●● ● ●
● ● ●● ●
●●● ●●● ●
● ●● ●●●
●● ●
● ●
●
●● ●●●
● ● ●●● ●
●
●
15 ●
●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●●
●●
10 15 20 25 30 35
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg,
cty geom = "jitter")
● ●
40
●
●
●
●●
35
●
● ●
● ● ●
●
● ●●
● ● ●
●
●
30 ●
●
●
●●
● ●●●●
● ●●
●
● ● ●●●● ● ●
● ●● ●
hwy
●● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
●
●
● ●●● ● ●
● ●● ● ● ●
●●●● ● ●● ●
● ●
●● ●
●●●
●
●
●
● ●
●
● ●● ●●●
● ●
25 ● ●● ● ● ● ●
● ●● ●●
●●
● ●
● ●
● ●
●●● ●
● ●
●
● ● ●●
●
● ●
●
●
●● ●
●
20 ● ●● ● ●●
●
● ●●●●●●● ●● ●
● ●
●
●
●●● ●● ● ●
● ● ●● ●
●●● ●●● ●
● ●● ●●●
●● ●
● ●
●
●● ●●●
● ● ●●● ●
●
●
15 ●
●
●●●
● ●
●
●
●
●●
geom controls
●●
“type” of plot
10 15 20 25 30 35
qplot(cty, hwy, data = mpg,
cty geom = "jitter")
● ●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
30 ● ●
● ● ●
hwy
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
20 ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
15 ● ●
●
● ●
2seater compact midsize minivan pickup subcompact suv

qplot(class, hwy, data = mpg)
class
How could ● ●
we improve
●
40
this plot? ●
●
35 ●
●
Brainstorm ●
●
●
●
●
●
30
for 1 minute.
● ●
● ● ●
hwy
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
20 ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
15 ● ●
●
● ●
2seater compact midsize minivan pickup subcompact suv

qplot(class, hwy, data = mpg)
class
● ●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
30 ● ●
● ● ●
hwy
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
20 ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
15 ● ●
●
● ●
pickup suv minivan 2seater midsize subcompact compact

reorder(class, hwy)
● ●
40
●
●
35 ●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●
30 ● ●
● ● ●
hwy
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●
20 ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ●
15 ● ●
Incredibly useful
●
technique!
● ●

qplot(reorder(class, hwy), hwy,
reorder(class, hwy) data = mpg)
● ●
40
●
●
● ●
35
●
●
●
● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
30 ● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●
●● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●● ●
hwy
● ● ●● ●●
● ● ● ●● ● ●
● ● ●●● ● ●
● ●● ●● ● ●
● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
● ●●
●
● ● ● ● ●●
● ● ●
25 ● ● ● ● ●●
●●
●
●●
● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●
●● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
● ●● ●
●
●
● ●
20 ●
● ●
● ● ●● ● ●
● ●● ●
●● ● ● ●●
●
● ●
● ●
● ●● ● ●●●
● ● ●●●●●
● ●●
● ● ● ●● ● ● ●
●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●
●● ● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
15 ● ● ● ●● ● ●
●
●
● ● ● ● ●

qplot(reorder(class, hwy),reorder(class,
hwy, data hwy) = mpg, geom = "jitter")
● ●
40
35 ●
30
hwy
●
●
25 ●
●
●
●
20
15
● ●

qplot(reorder(class, hwy), hwy, data hwy)
reorder(class, = mpg, geom = "boxplot")
●
● ●
●
● ●
40
● ●
● ●
35 ● ● ●
●
●
●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
● ●● ●
30 ● ● ●●●
●●
●●
● ● ●●● ● ●●
● ● ● ● ●● ● ●●
● ● ● ●
hwy
●
● ●
● ● ● ●● ●●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●●
● ● ● ●●● ● ●●
● ● ●● ●
●● ● ● ●
●
● ● ●
● ● ● ●● ●
●
25 ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●
● ● ●
● ● ●
●
●
20 ● ● ● ●● ●● ●
● ● ●
●
● ●● ● ● ●
●●●● ● ●
●
● ● ● ● ●
●
● ●
● ● ● ●
● ●●● ● ●● ●●● ● ●
●● ●●● ●● ●
● ●● ●
● ● ● ● ●
● ●
● ●● ●
● ● ●
15 ● ● ● ● ●● ●
●
●
● ●
● ● ●
●
●
qplot(reorder(class,
pickup suv
hwy), 2seater
minivan
hwy, data midsize
= subcompact
mpg, compact
geom = c("jitter", "boxplot"))
reorder(class, hwy)
Your turn
Read the help for reorder. Redraw the

previous plots with class ordered by
median hwy.
How would you put the jittered points on
top of the boxplots?

Aside: coding strategy
At the end of each interactive session, you

want a summary of everything you did. Two
options:
1. Save everything you did with savehistory()
then remove the unimportant bits.
2. Build up the important bits as you go.
(this is how I work)

Diamonds

Diamonds data
~54,000 round diamonds from
http://www.diamondse.info/
Carat, colour, clarity, cut
Total depth, table, depth,
width, height
Price

x
table width
depth = z / diameter
table = table width / x * 100

Histogram &
bar charts

Histograms and
barcharts
Used to display the distribution of a

variable
Categorical variable → bar chart
Continuous variable → histogram

Always
experiment with
the bin width!
Examples
# With only one variable, qplot guesses that
# you want a bar chart or histogram
qplot(cut, data = diamonds)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds)

qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 1)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.1)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.01)
resolution(diamonds$carat)
last_plot() + xlim(0, 3)

Examples
# With only one variable, qplot guesses that
# you want a bar chart or histogram
qplot(cut, data = diamonds)
qplot(carat, data = diamonds)

qplot(carat, data = diamonds, binwidth = 1)
Common
qplot(carat, ggplot2
data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.1)
technique:
qplot(carat, adding
data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.01)
together plot
resolution(diamonds$carat)
components
last_plot() + xlim(0, 3)

qplot(table, data = diamonds, binwidth = 1)
# To zoom in on a plot region use xlim() and ylim()

qplot(table, data = diamonds, binwidth = 1) +
xlim(50, 70)
qplot(table, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.1) +
xlim(50, 70)
qplot(table, data = diamonds, binwidth = 0.1) +
xlim(50, 70) + ylim(0, 50)
# Note that this type of zooming discards data

outside of the plot regions
# See coord_cartesian() for an alternative

Additional variables
As with scatterplots can use aesthetics

or faceting. Using aesthetics creates
pretty, but ineffective, plots.
The following examples show the
difference, when investigation the
relationship between cut and depth.

4000
3000
count
2000
1000
56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70
qplot(depth, data = diamonds,
depth binwidth = 0.2)
4000
3000
cut
Fair
Good
count
2000 Very Good

Premium
Ideal
1000
qplot(depth,
56 data
58 =60 diamonds,
62 64 binwidth
66 68 = 0.2,
70
fill = cut) + xlim(55,depth
70)
4000
3000
cut
Fair
Good
count
2000 Very Good

Premium
Ideal
1000
Fill is the aesthetic

0
for fill colour
qplot(depth,
56 data
58 =60 diamonds,
62 64 binwidth
66 68 = 0.2,
70
fill = cut) + xlim(55,depth
70)
Fair Good Very Good
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
count
Premium Ideal
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
qplot(depth, data
56 58 60 62 64 66= 68diamonds,
70 56 58 60 binwidth
62 64 66 68 =
70 0.2)
56 58 +
60 62 64 66 68 70
xlim(55, 70) + facet_wrap(~depth cut)

Your turn
Explore the distribution of price.

How does it vary with colour, or cut, and
clarity?
Practice zooming in on regions of interest.

Where
next?
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United
States License. To view a copy of this license,
visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/
3.0/us/ or send a letter to Creative Commons,
171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco,
California, 94105, USA.

Intro To Ggplot2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intro To Ggplot2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Visualisation with R

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg)

Friday, April 15, 2011

qplot(displ, hwy, data = mpg)

Friday, April 15, 2011

Can display additional variables with

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Rainbow of Gradient from

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Small multiples displaying different

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

facet_grid(): 2d grid, rows ~ cols, . for

Friday, April 15, 2011

Keep a copy of the slides open so that

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

2seater compact midsize minivan pickup subcompact suv

2seater compact midsize minivan pickup subcompact suv

pickup suv minivan 2seater midsize subcompact compact

pickup suv minivan 2seater midsize subcompact compact

pickup suv minivan 2seater midsize subcompact compact

pickup suv minivan 2seater midsize subcompact compact

Read the help for reorder. Redraw the

Friday, April 15, 2011

At the end of each interactive session, you

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

Used to display the distribution of a

Friday, April 15, 2011

qplot(carat, data = diamonds)

Friday, April 15, 2011

qplot(carat, data = diamonds)

Friday, April 15, 2011

# To zoom in on a plot region use xlim() and ylim()

# Note that this type of zooming discards data

Friday, April 15, 2011

As with scatterplots can use aesthetics

Friday, April 15, 2011

2000 Very Good

2000 Very Good

Fill is the aesthetic

xlim(55, 70) + facet_wrap(~depth cut)

Explore the distribution of price.

Friday, April 15, 2011

Friday, April 15, 2011

You might also like