Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Annexure-I
TERM PAPER
1
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-II
DOA: 1/02/2011
DOS: 15/04/2011
11009100
K6003
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
I HAVE GREAT SENSE OF HAPPINESS AND PRIDE IN
WRITING THIS TERM PAPER. I HAVE WITNESSED THE
UNTIRING EFFORTS MADE BY MY MANUFACTURING
TEACHER MR. NITIN K MISHRA SIR. I WOULD LIKE TO
THANK MY FATHER IN GIVING ME IDEAS FOR
MAKING THIS TERM PAPER. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK
THE AUTHOR OF THE BOOKS WHICH I USED FOR
REFERENCE. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE HOST AND
CREATOR OF THE WEB SITES FROM WHICH I GOT THE
INFORMATION ABOUT THE TERM PAPER
ASHISH DAHIYA
B.TECH (ECE+MBA)
RK6003B45
11009100
TABLE OF CONTENTS:-
3
S.No Contents Page no
1) Abstract 5
8) Conclusion 14
9) References 15
Abstract
Introduction
Fourier Series- Expresses approximation of functions in the
form of their Sines and Cosines. Most of the single valued
5
functions which occur in applied mathematics can be expressed in
form of series and such a series is called Fourier series.
(Eq.1)
Discontinuous Function-
6
A function that has a break, hole, or jump in the graphical representation.
Where,
Some simple examples of Fourier series are those of square, triangular and sawtooth
waveforms:
8
Square waveform
Triangular waveform
Sawtooth waveform
9
Functions having points of
discontinuity
Let,
F(x)=¥(x) a < x < c
=§(x) c < x < a + 2π
i.e. c is the point of discontinuity then Eulers
formulae become,
We now use the formula above to give a Fourier series expansion of a very simple function.
Consider a sawtooth wave
It can be proved that the Fourier series converges to ƒ(x) at every point x where ƒ is
differentiable, and therefore:
11
Example-2 :Fourier's motivation
One notices that the Fourier series expansion of our function in example 1 looks much less
simple than the formula ƒ(x) = x, and so it is not immediately apparent why one would need this
Fourier series. While there are many applications, we cite Fourier's motivation of solving the heat
equation. For example, consider a metal plate in the shape of a square whose side measures π
meters, with coordinates (x, y) ∈ [0, π] × [0, π]. If there is no heat source within the plate, and if
three of the four sides are held at 0 degrees Celsius, while the fourth side, given by y = π, is
maintained at the temperature gradient T(x, π) = x degrees Celsius, for x in (0, π), then one can
show that the stationary heat distribution (or the heat distribution after a long period of time has
elapsed) is given by
Here, sin h is the hyperbolic sine function. This solution of the heat equation is obtained by
multiplying each term of Eq.1 by sinh(ny)/sinh(nπ). While our example function f(x) seems to
have a needlessly complicated Fourier series, the heat distribution T(x, y) is nontrivial. The
function T cannot be written as a closed-form expression. This method of solving the heat
problem was made possible by Fourier's work.
We can also define the Fourier series for functions of two variables x and y in the square
[−π, π]×[−π, π]:
12
Aside from being useful for solving partial differential equations such as the heat equation, one
notable application of Fourier series on the square is in image compression. In particular, the
jpeg image compression standard uses the two-dimensional discrete cosine transform, which is a
Fourier transform using the cosine basis functions.
13
• Plancherel's theorem. If are coefficients and then
there is a unique function such that for every n.
• The first convolution theorem states that if ƒ and g are in L1([−π, π]), then
, where ƒ ∗ g denotes the 2π-periodic convolution of ƒ and
g. (The factor 2π is not necessary for 1-periodic functions.)
Conclusion
From the above two examples we must conclude the necessary conditions
are as follows-
14
REFERENCES
• O'Meara, T. (2000), Introduction to Engineering Mathematics , Berlin, New
York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66564-9
• Conway, John Horton; Fung, Francis Y. C. (1997), The Sensual (FOURIER
SERIES) , Carus
• Mathematical Monographs, The Mathematical Association of America
• Bayer-Fluckinger, E.; Lewis, D.; and Ranicki, A. (Eds.). Quadratic Forms
• Buell, D. A. Binary Forms: Classical Theory and Modern Computations.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
• Conway, J. H. and Fung, F. Y. The Sensual (Quadratic) Form. Washington,
DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., 1997
15