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WALLS
FUNCTION
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
BUTTRESS
CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS
PARTS
STEM
or
Wall Slab
BACKFILL
FRONT
TOE HEEL
KEY
EARTH PRESSURES
γy
EARTH PRESSURES
• PRESSURE AT REST
• ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
• PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
PRESSURE AT REST
RIGID
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
H
H/3
H
H/3
1 − sin φ
Cah =
1 + sin φ
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
δ=0
1 + sin φ
C ph = = 1/Cah
1 − sin φ
STABILITY
• OVERTURNING
• SLIDING
• BEARING
OVERTURNING
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
OVERTURNING
Restoring Forces
Weight of Wall
No Passive
Pressure
Weight of Soil
(with care)
Weight of Soil
OVERTURNING
Restoring Moment
FOS vs OT =
Overturning Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
H1
Resisting Forces SLIDING
No Surcharge Here
Resisting Forces
H2 + α Σ V
α=Coeff of Friction
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H2
Vc2 Vc3
SLIDING without KEY
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Resisting Forces
SLIDING with KEY
No Surcharge Here
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H
Vc2 Vc3
Find Vertical forces SLIDING with KEY
acting in front and
back of key
No Surcharge Here
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
SLIDING with KEY
Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
A=B
x e
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
− 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
SLIDING with KEY
Determine Force in Front of KEY
y2
P2 y3
y1 P1
y3=y2+(y1-y2) (B-x1)/B
B P1=(y1+y3) x1/2
x1
P2=V-P1
SLIDING with KEY
When Pressure Distribution Under
Base is Partially Negative
V e
V 6Ve
− 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
SLIDING with KEY
V e
V 6Ve
− 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
x
3x Determine P1 and
2V P2 once again
P1 P2
3x
SIIT-Thammasat University
Passive Earth
Force in Front of Key Pressure Force
1. No surcharge on heel
2. Surcharge on heel
BEARING
This case has been dealt already
No Surcharge on Heel
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
DETERMINE THE PRESSURE BEARING
DISTRIBUTION UNDER BASE SLAB Surcharge on Heel
Vs
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
Determine Pressure
Distribution Under Base
A=B
x e
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
− 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
B/2
Compare Pressure with
Bearing Capacity
V 6Ve
− 2
B B
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
B
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
V 6Ve
+ 2
B B
ALTERNATELY
V 6Ve
V 6Ve − 2
+ 2 B B
B B
B
2V/3x
3x
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
2V/3x
END OF PART I
BENDING OF WALL
DESIGN OF STEM
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section Shear
Critical Section
Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
d
DESIGN OF STEM
Design Moment
=1.7 (H1 y1 + H2 y2) Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H1=Ca s h
y1 y2 H2=0.5 Ca γs h2
DESIGN OF STEM
Design Shear=1.7(H '1+H '2)
h− d h − d
2
1 .7 H 1 + H 2
h h Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H'1=Ca s (h-d)
H'2=0.5 Ca γs (h-d)2
d
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section (Shear)
Critical Section
Moment
d
DESIGN OF TOE SLAB
Design Loads
1.7Soil Pressure
0.9 Self Wt
0.9 Soil in Front
(may be neglected)
TOE : DESIGN MOMENT
1.7(0.5 T y3) T/3
+1.7(0.5 T y1) 2T/3
-0.9 wc T2/2
-0.9 ws T2/2
y3
y1
T
TOE : DESIGN SHEAR
1.7(0.5 Ts) y3 Ts/T
+1.7(0.5 T y1-0.5 d [y1/T] d)
-0.9 wc Ts
-0.9 ws Ts
y3
y1
Ts=T-d
DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
CRITICAL SECTIONS
Critical Section
Moment & Shear
TENSION FACES
DESIGN OF HEEL SLAB
DESIGN LOADS
1.7 s + 1.4 γs +1.4 γc
ACI 14.3.2
ACI 14.3.3
Weepers
Or
Weep Holes
Perforated Pipe