English For Economics Students: II - Abstract Writing

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1 Prof.ssa Elena Tognini Bonelli

2 Dott.ssa Anna Lazzari
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14 English for Economics Students

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20 Resource Materials
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23 Modulo II - Abstract Writing
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39 Corso avanzato di Lingua Inglese
40 Facoltà di Economia
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3 Tognini Bonelli - Lazzari Lingua Inglese Modulo II Abstract Writing
41 Università di Siena
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44 The materials in this book are designed to be used both in class and for self study in the “lingua
45 inglese” course in the Faculty of Economics, University of Siena. The texts are designed to be a
46 resource on which students can draw to improve their speaking and reading skills in the field of
47 economics.
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51 Contents
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53
54 1. Introduction ……………………………………………………. 3
55  Types of abstracts ……………………………… 3
56  Some initial hints ………………………………. 5
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58 2. Structure of research and dissertation abstracts ……………….. 5
59  Abstract Worksheet Form ……………………… 6
60
61 3. Language Focus
62 A. Topic sentence - Introduction ………………….. 7
63 B. Subject/Purpose ………………………………… 8
64 C. Hypothesis/Prediction ………………………….. 8
65 D. Approach/Methodology ………………………… 9
66 E. Findings/Discussion ……………………………. 10
67 F. Conclusions …………………………………….. 11
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69 4. Cohesion ……………………………………………………….. 12
70  Repetition of key words ………………………… 12
71  Use of reference words …………………………. 13
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73 5. Some final suggestions ………………………………………… 13
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75 6. Appendix 1 - Concordances …………………………………… 14
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77 7. Appendix 2 - Transition cues ………………………………….. 24
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79 8. Appendix 3 - Other sample abstracts ………………………….. 32
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81 Exercise Key ……………………………………………………… 37
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83 References ………………………………………………………… 37
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84 How to write an abstract

85
86 1. Introduction
87
88 What is an abstract?
89 An abstract is a concise summary of a larger document – thesis, essay, book, research report,
90 journal publication, etc. – that highlights major points covered in the work, concisely describes the
91 content and scope of the writing, identifies the methodology used, and identifies the findings,
92 conclusions, or intended results.
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94 Why are abstracts so important?
95 The practice of using keywords in an abstract is vital because of today's electronic information
96 retrieval systems. Titles and abstracts are filed electronically, and keywords are put in electronic
97 storage. When people search for information, they enter keywords related to the subject, and the
98 computer prints out the titles of articles, papers, and reports containing those keywords. Thus, an
99 abstract must contain keywords about what is essential in an article, paper, or report so that
100 someone else can retrieve information from it.
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102 A well-written abstract helps others, who may not be studying in your discipline, understand the
103 purpose and value of your work; therefore, it should be comprehensible on a basic level to the
104 educated non-expert.
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106 Types of abstracts
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108 Two types of abstracts are typically used: descriptive abstracts and informative abstracts.
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110 Descriptive Abstracts
111  Tell readers what information the report, article, or paper contains.
112  Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper.
113  Do not provide results, conclusions, or recommendations.
114  Are always very short, usually under 100 words.
115  Introduce the subject to readers, who must then read the report, article, or paper to find out
116 the author's results, conclusions, or recommendations.
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118 Informative Abstracts
119  Communicate specific information from the report, article, or paper.
120  Include the purpose, methods, and scope of the report, article, or paper.
121  Provide the report, article, or paper's results, conclusions, and recommendations.
122  Are short -- from a paragraph to a page or two, depending upon the length of the original
123 work being abstracted. Usually informative abstracts are 10% or less of the length of the
124 original piece.
125  Allow readers to decide whether they want to read the report, article, or paper.
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127 The abstract students are required to write for their theses is a type of Informative Abstract.
128 Research abstracts (or working paper abstracts) are usually from 180 to 220 words. Dissertation
129 abstract may be longer, up to 350 words. For your final exam, you are required to write a
130 dissertation abstract of around 250 words.
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132 Exercise 1. Look at the abstract samples below and answer the following answers.
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134 a. Which one is a descriptive abstract?
135 b. Which one is an informative abstract?
136 c. Which one is a research abstract?
137 d. Which one is a dissertation abstract?
138
139 Discuss what features differentiate them.
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141 1. Economies with Interacting Agents
142 Alan P. Kirman
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144 This paper discusses economic models in which agents interact directly with each other rather
145 than through the price system as in the standard general equilibrium model. It is suggested that
146 the relationship between micro and macro behavior is very different than that in the standard
147 model and that the aggregate phenomena that can arise are rich. The models considered include
148 ones with global interaction in which all agents can interact with each other and ones in which
149 agents can only interact with their immediate neighbors. Both static and dynamic models are
150 considered and the latter includes the class of evolutionary economic models.
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152 2. Economics of Organizing Product Development in the Extended Enterprise
153 Paulo Gomes
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155 Firms are increasingly facing the challenge of organizing product development effort in
156 extended settings, i.e., across the boundaries of several firms. This dissertation looks at the
157 implications of this trend to the development cost structure, in particular to the coordination
158 cost.
159 The theoretical framework is based on transaction cost economics, design theory and
160 organizational learning. Building on this literature, the dissertation addresses the following
161 questions: what are the indicators of coordination costs for different types of development
162 tasks? Do these help explain the task sourcing decision? And, do firms learn how to coordinate
163 development tasks?
164 Three empirical models were developed to address these questions. The first model proposes
165 that a set of task attributes derived from transaction cost economics, including a proxy for asset
166 specificity, affect both the task sourcing decision and its coordination cost. Then, I test for
167 differences in the coordination cost of 'generation' and 'test' types of tasks, a classic distinction
168 in design theory. Finally, the dissertation tests a 'learning model' for development task
169 coordination effort. The data was collected from 11 software development projects conducted at
170 a global firm in the medical device industry. The total sample size consists of 71 system
171 development tasks.
172 The main findings were as follows. The proxy for asset specificity, internal problem solving, is
173 a significant predictor of both the likelihood of outsourcing a development task and the
174 associated coordination cost. Moreover, the impact of internal problem solving on the
175 coordination cost is significantly larger for outsourced tasks. The results also reveal
176 asymmetries in the coordination cost for generation and test tasks. Finally, I find evidence that
177 projects were able to reduce coordination effort over time.
178 The findings of the dissertation should be useful in several ways. Recognizing indicators of
179 coordination cost and the asymmetric nature of coordination costs for different types of tasks
180 may provide a more principled approach for organizing extended product development. By
181 systematically exploring the ability to reduce coordination effort through competence
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182 development and management of the task dependence structure, we may be able to discover
183 more efficient ways for engaging external partners in development efforts.
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185 3. Hurricane Katrina - Storm Stretches Refiners Past a Perilous Point
186 Jad Mouawad, New York Times, September 11, 2005, Page A27
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188 This article discusses the impact of the storm on the country's oil refining capacity. At one point
189 the article notes that the storm idled 5 percent of the refining capacity in the United States. It
190 then quotes an analyst who comments that this is just 1 percent of world production, and that
191 there is a world market.
192 Actually, for refined products, like gasoline and home heating oil, to a large extent the market is
193 national or even regional. Many states have very specific rules on emissions of various
194 pollutants. Refineries have to be set up to produce fuel that meets these requirements. In many
195 cases, few, if any, foreign refiners will be set up to meet these standards. While they can change
196 over time, at the moment foreign refiners may have little ability to meet U.S. demand for
197 gasoline or other refined products.
198 It is also worth noting that major U.S. oil companies may benefit by deliberately keeping
199 capacity off line. The loss of capacity will push up prices and possibly raise profits.
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202 Some initial hints
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204 Here are some other points to keep in mind when writing abstracts. Read and discuss them.
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206  If an abstract is read along with the title, do not repeat or rephrase the title. It will likely be
207 read without the rest of the document, however, so make it complete enough to stand on its
208 own.
209  Your readers expect you to summarize your conclusions as well as your purpose, methods,
210 and main findings. Emphasize the different points in proportion to the emphasis they receive
211 in the body of the document.
212  Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document.
213  Choose whether to write in first person style (“I” or “We”) or third person style (“This
214 dissertation shows…”). If you prefer first person style, however, avoid using “we” unless
215 your work has more than one author. Likewise, avoid beginning each sentence with “I”. In
216 other words, third person style is always preferable.
217  Do not exaggerate with passives. “The study tested” is better than “It was tested by the
218 study”.
219  If possible avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols. You would need to
220 explain them, and that takes too much room.
221  Use keywords from the document. For published work, the abstract is "mined" for the words
222 used to index the material--thus making it more likely someone will cite your article.
223  Be coherent and cohesive (see Cohesion section below).
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226 2. Structure of research and dissertation abstracts

227 A properly written abstract consists of the Title of the study and the Body of the abstract.
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229 Title
230 Make your title concise, but also descriptive. However, if your abstract is the initial summary of
231 your study (e.g., your dissertation), the title is not to be repeated.
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233 Body of the abstract
234 The abstract is a very brief overview of your entire study. It tells the reader what you did, why you
235 did it, how you did it, what you found, and what it means. The abstract is the chief way that
236 scientists decide which research reports to read.
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238 The following Abstract Worksheet Form is meant to help you prepare the first draft of your abstract.
239 The sequence of sentences in the worksheet is ordered in a logical fashion, beginning with an
240 introduction and proceeding to your methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions.
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242 Think of the most important items that crystallize each part of your project. Leave out unimportant
243 details. As a first draft (using the worksheet), write one or two sentences that summarize each
244 section.
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246 For your final draft, make sure the abstract “flows” logically (again, see below Cohesion section).
247 Give it to friends to read. Ask them to tell you what they think you actually did and what you found.
248 Revise as necessary.
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251 Abstract Worksheet Form
252 Adapted from How to Write an Abstract, online at http://www.okstate.edu/education/jshs/abstract.htm
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254 Project/Study Title - Keep it concise, but descriptive.
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256 Body
257 1. Topic sentence - Introduction (optional)
258 Introduces the topic of the study and the reasons for its investigation.
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260 2. Subject/Purpose
261 What is this project about? Why is this project interesting or important?
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263 3. Hypothesis/Prediction
264 What did you think you would find? Why?
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266 4. Approach/Methodology
267 Briefly explain the approach/methodology you followed in order to test
268 your prediction.
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270 5. Findings/Discussion
271 What did you find when you performed your test? And are your results
272 consistent with your initial hypothesis and prediction? Why or why not?
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274 6. Conclusion
275 What do these results mean? Why should anyone become excited or
276 interested in your findings?
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278 Exercise 2.
279 (from Writing up Research - The Abstract, online at http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/el21abst.htm)
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281 Here is an abstract from a published paper. It is 220 words long. Read it through looking for the
282 main purpose of each sentence (for example, introduction, hypothesis/prediction, methodology,
283 main findings, or conclusion).
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285 Helwa, N. H. and Abdel Rehim, Z. S. (1997). Experimental Study of the Performance of
286 Solar Dryers with Pebble Beds. Energy Sources, 19, 579-591.
287 Major problems of the arid region are transportation of agricultural products and losses due
288 to spoilage of the products, especially in summer. This work presents the performance of a
289 solar drying system consisting of an air heater and a dryer chamber connected to a
290 greenhouse. The drying system is designed to dry a variety of agricultural products. The
291 effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process is studied. Composite pebbles, which are
292 constructed from cement and sand, are used to store energy for night operation. The
293 pebbles are placed at the bottom of the drying chamber and are charged during the drying
294 process itself. A separate test is done using a simulator, a packed bed storage unit, to find
295 the thermal characteristics of the pebbles during charging and discharging modes with
296 time. Accordingly, the packed bed is analysed using a heat transfer model with finite
297 difference technique described before and during the charging and discharging processes.
298 Graphs are presented that depict the thermal characteristics and performance of the pebble
299 beds and the drying patterns of different agricultural products. The results show that the
300 amount of energy stored in the pebbles depends on the air mass flow rate, the inlet air
301 temperature, and the properties of the storage materials. The composite pebbles can be used
302 efficiently as storing media.
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303
304 3. Language Focus
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306 A. Topic sentence - Introduction
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308 The introductory sentence is optional. It allows the writer to focus the reader’s attention on the topic
309 of the study and the reasons why that subject is worth investigating.
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311 Here are some examples:
312 a. According to recent evidence, racial and ethnic discrimination in housing continues to be
313 widespread. [This paper…]
314 b. Central city households who subsidize local public sector goods through local property taxes
315 have an incentive to flee from the city or to change the jurisdiction's boundary. [The authors
316 focus on…]
317 c. There is an active debate in transition economies about the extent to which employee and
318 foreign ownership ought to be encouraged or discouraged in privatization, but empirical
319 evidence is scarce. [This paper …]
320 d. Since 1978, China has experienced four episodes of economic fluctuations, during which the
321 government used macro controls to restore stability. [This paper …]
322
323 Exercise 3. Read the examples above and discuss the following points.
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325 1. Are introductory statements general or specific?
326 2. Are they in first person style or third person style?
327 3. What tenses are used?
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329 B. Subject/Purpose
330
331  Third person style (see also Appendix 1):
332
333 The / This paper analyzes, investigates, explores,
334 article examines, re-examines, outlines,
335 thesis describes, shows, introduces,
336 dissertation evaluates, considers …
337
338  First person style (see also Appendix 1):
339
340 In this paper I / we* analyse, investigate, explore,
341 article examine, re-examine, outline,
342 theses describe, show, introduce,
343 dissertation evaluate, consider…
344
345 Exercise 4. Read the sentences below and fill in the gaps with one of the following verbs:
346
347 develops - calls - argues - provides - looks - consider
348
349 1. This paper _______________ an axiomatic basis for a representation of personal
350 preferences in which the utility of an act can be expressed as an expected value of
20 * Only in case the authors are more than one.
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351 conditional utilities of the act given any set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive scenarios,
352 under a unique subjective probability.
353 2. The authors _______________ a broad class of situations where a society must choose from
354 a finite set of alternatives.
355 3. This paper ______________ that the analysis of these games involves a key technical issue.
356 4. This paper ____________ at the effectiveness of the Environmental Protection Agency
357 (EPA) in reducing the time that manufacturing plants spend in a state of non-compliance.
358 5. This study ___________ into question the established view that lack of information on
359 clean-up cost functions represents a serious problem in designing an optimal charge on
360 polluting waste discharged by N point sources.
361 6. This paper _____________ a model of corporate hierarchy in which workers accumulate
362 heterogeneous human capital suitable for different positions within the hierarchy.
363
364 C. Hypothesis/Prediction
365
366 In an abstract, the founding hypothesis and related prediction can be expressed in several ways.
367 They can also be included in the introductory sentence or in the Subject/Purpose statement. Read
368 the following excerpts and notice how each author has expressed them.
369
370 1. Henry George (1839-1897) has left an intellectual legacy which is shrouded under a cloak of
371 controversy. Unprofessional economists who focused attention on the single-tax proposal
372 and condemned Henry George's teaching, root and branch, were hardly just to him ..."
373 (Schumpeter 1954). This essay tries to do justice to Henry George from the point of view of
374 economic theory and relevant economic practical questions in 1997. […]
375 2. […] Based on a brief theoretical outline, this paper deals with those two issues. It will be
376 argued in favor of an anti-inflation policy by the ECB, based on monetary targets with
377 securities repurchase transactions (repos) as the central instrument. Rediscount quotas,
378 which should only be available for a market based interest rate, should play a secondary
379 role. To secure and stabilize the need for base money, interest bearing minimum reserves
380 should be held at the ECB, and the ECB should be able to offer banks with temporary
381 liquidity needs collateralized credits for a penalty rate. […]
382 3. […] It is argued that updated preferences necessarily have one affine indifference curve but
383 that other indifference curves are unrestricted. […]
384 4. […] While the model is consistent with some features in the data, we reject the hypothesis
385 that factor markets worked perfectly and find support for the historian's intuition regarding
386 the disproportionate impact of land inequality in the countryside. […]
387 5. […] The hypothesis examined is that the greater the investor's flexibility, the easier it is for
388 him to change his portfolio depending on his results, the more willing he will be to accept
389 risks. […]
390
391 In Appendix 3, there are several examples of PhD Dissertation abstracts. Read them through and
392 notice how other students have expressed their hypotheses and predictions.
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394 Online exercise. Use the Web and a major search engine to look for what verbs and/or what
395 adjectives collocate with the terms hypothesis, theory, model, principle (and their respective
396 plurals).
397
398 See also Appendix 1 for frequent patterns in the concordance of model and framework.
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400 D. Approach/Methodology
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402 Sometimes, the Approch/Methodology sentences are expressed in passive form.
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404 Exercise 5. Read the excerpts below and underline all the passive verb forms.
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406 1. The single tax proposal is looked at from the point of view of constitutional economics, and
407 the wider applicability of Henry George's basic notions is emphasized
408 2. Analysis of data on incorporation and investment decisions, the relative sensitivity of the
409 stock prices of firms with different asset mobility to political events, and the market for
410 office space most strongly support hypotheses about credibility, adaption, and demand
411 augmentation.
412 3. A model of farm marketing is developed for the period 1913-28 and is embedded in a
413 general equilibrium model for the Soviet economy.
414 4. We test whether patterns of income inequality were consistent with the predictions of a
415 market-clearing, neoclassical model linking land and labor endowment through factor
416 markets to household income.
417 5. Building on the work of P. N. Courant (1978), the paper develops a housing search model
418 and measures the cost of discrimination by its impact on the gain a household can achieve
419 through housing search. The cost of discrimination is then calculated for a representative
420 sample of households.
421 6. A discussion of changes in the organizational structure and legal environment surrounding
422 gold production is followed by a description of state gold purchasing and storage activities.
423 7. In an application to US GDP, it is found that inferences about the nature of the trend in
424 output are not robust to changes in the specification for short-run fluctuations.
425
426 Exercise 6. Complete each sentence below with the present tense, passive voice, of the verb in
427 parentheses.
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429 1. The Malmquist productivity index, constructed using nonparametric linear programming
430 methods, _________________ (to employ) for the relevant comparisons.

431 2. Characteristics of the incidence of employee and foreign ownership and associated firm
432 performance _________________ (to examine).
433 3. Respondents' stated preferences for attributes related to various electricity-generation
434 scenarios _________________ (to analyse) using a series of pairwise ratings.
435 4. In the standard case of "adverse-selection," a firm ______________ (to show) to have an
436 unbounded incentive to under-report marginal clean-up costs.
437 5. First the employment expectations of companies for 1997 and in the medium term
438 __________________ (to describe) for eastern and western Germany. This
439 ________________ (to follow) by analyses of the personnel inflows and outflows in the
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440 first half of 1996, in which the evaluation differentiates between enterprises with expanding
441 employment, declining enterprises and stagnating enterprises.
442
443 Exercise 7. Transform the following sentences from passive into active starting with the phrase
444 given.
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446 1. The notion of civil society is initially considered in the light of intellectual history and
447 differentiated into a number of constitutive concepts such as trust, commercial society, and a
448 civil network of interpersonal relationships.
449
450 This article ________________________________________________________________
451 __________________________________________________________________________
452 __________________________________________________________________________
453
454 2. A simple game-theoretic framework is applied to analyse international cooperation by
455 focusing on the prisoner's dilemma on the one hand and bargaining in the Coasian sense on
456 the other.
457
458 We _______________________________________________________________________
459 __________________________________________________________________________
460 __________________________________________________________________________
461
462 E. Findings/Discussion
463
464 Research findings can be communicated in a series of different ways. However, they are often
465 introduced by the terms result/results or findings. See below how they collocate with verbs and
466 adjectives (see also Appendix 1 for further patterns in their collocation).
467
468 1. With verbs
469
470 The results show, state, suggest, uncover,
471 findings indicate, imply, provide…
472
473
474 2. With adjectives
475 striking, contradictory
476 Main / partial / empirical RESULT (are) different, consistent with
477
478
479 Examples
480
481 1. The main result states that if the payoff functions are semicontinuous and strongly quasi-
482 concave then an Epsilon-Nash equilibrium in pure strategies exists for positive Epsilon.
483
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484 2. The results obtained through the estimation of a series of structural VAR models are consistent
485 with this view and indicate also that deflation affected output mainly by increasing real wages.
486
487 3. The result holds for a large class of consistent and monotone rules, including the Constrained
488 Equal Award, the Propositional Rule, and many other well known rules.
489
490
491 Results, however, are often supported by some evidence (in Italian, prova/prove).
492
493 1. […] The evidence suggests that five price series exhibit stochastic trends, while the
494 remaining six price series appear to be stationary around a deterministic trend.
495
496 2. […] Furthermore, quantitative evidence is presented supporting the view that Federal
497 Reserve monetary policy was constrained by international considerations.
498
499 3. […] The authors find, on the contrary, consistent evidence that, first, resources went where
500 the benefits to patients were greatest, and, second, resources were appropriately allocated in
501 terms of their opportunity cost once provision exceeded certain thresholds.[…]
502
503 4. We provide new evidence on the effectiveness of disclosure requirements by examining firm
504 behavior in response to disclosures of TRI emissions.
505
506
507 Online exercise. Use the Web and a major search engine to find other occurrences of the term
508 evidence and discuss how and in what context it is used. Then check Appendix 1 for further
509 reference.
510
511
512 F. Conclusions
513
514 Read the following excerpts and analyse how conclusions are drawn and discussed.
515
516 1. In light of these results, we believe that efforts to eliminate SOES based on volatility
517 considerations are unwarranted.
518
519 2. Analysis of the conditions that have to be met, illustrated with examples ff attitudes and
520 preferences within Europe, leads to the conclusion that we are unlikely to see the end of the
521 nation state in the near future either in Europe or anywhere else.
522
523 3. The main conclusion of the paper is that the Italian depression, comparable to that of other
524 major industrialized countries, was the combined result of a contraction in world demand
525 and of the restrictive monetary policies imposed by the rules of the Gold Standard.
526
527 4. Through his careful discussion of the foreseeable problems, the author reaches the
528 conclusion that Hong Kong is "useful pretty much the way it is" to China and doesn't see
529 China disturbing the balance.
530
531 5. These conclusions for nine consultant specialties reinforce similar conclusions for two other
532 services, whose allocations were made by central government (the Scottish Home and
533 Health Department) and general medical practitioners.
534
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535
536 4. Cohesion
537 Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
538
539 Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it
540 sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices
541 certainly include transitional words and phrases (see below Appendix 2), such as therefore,
542 furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of
543 writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of keywords and
544 use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.
545
546 Repetition of Keywords
547 We can tie sentences or paragraphs together by repeating certain keywords from one sentence to the
548 next or from one paragraph to the next. This repetition of keywords also helps to emphasize the
549 main idea of a piece of writing.
550 For example, in the following paragraph, notice and how many times the words owned and
551 ownership are repeated (underline them):
552
553 “Nobody owned any part of the land. Sotopo's father owned many cattle, and if the cows
554 continued to produce calves, he might as well become the next chief. Old Grandmother
555 owned the beautifully tanned animal skins she used as coverlets in winter. And Sotopo owned
556 his polished hard-wood assegais. But the land belonged to the spirits who governed life; it
557 existed forever, for everyone, and was apportioned temporarily according to the dictates of
558 the tribal chief and senior headman. Sotopo's father occupied the hillside for the time being,
559 and when he died the older son could inherit the loan -- land, but no person or family every
560 acquired ownership.”
561 From The Covenant by James Michener.
562 By repeating the words owned and ownership throughout the paragraph, the writer has tied each
563 sentence to each other and has clearly indicated what the main idea of the paragraph is. In this case,
564 the main idea is ownership of something. And what exactly is being (or not being) owned? By
565 repeating the word land, the author shows us that the entire main idea is ownership of land.
566
567 Use of Reference Words
568 Another way of tying sentences and paragraphs together involves using reference words that point
569 back to an idea mentioned previously. Among the many reference words that can be used to tie one
570 sentence to another or one paragraph to another are words like this, these, those, such, and that.
571 These reference words should not be used by themselves but should be combined with the
572 important words and phrases from previous sentences or paragraphs. In the following paragraphs,
573 we can see how reference words are used not only to tie sentences and paragraphs together, but also
574 to emphasize the main idea. Underline all the transitional words and phrases and all the reference
575 words you can find in the following paragraph.
576
577 Writing a paper is often difficult and many times rewarding. First, I don't always know what
578 to write about, so I often need to research, talk to people, and think about what I know before
579 I come up with a strong topic. In addition, writing a paper takes time and energy. Time is
580 needed to select and narrow a topic, to generate information and structure ideas, to knock out
581 draft after draft, and to edit for my usual typos and mechanical errors. Besides the time
582 involved, energy (and lots of food to produce it) is needed so I can produce my best work.
583 Although writing a paper is sometimes difficult, it can be very rewarding. I enjoy seeing
584 words which say exactly what I want them to. l also feel proud when everything "clicks."
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585 Finally, knowing that I've done my best work and earned a good grade too are strong personal
586 rewards.
587
588 Many words are repeated from one sentence to the next and from one paragraph to the next as well.
589 Can you identify the main ideas of each paragraph based on the words that are often repeated?
590
591
592 5. Some final suggestions
593
594 Write the abstract only when the document is finished. Abstracts written before then are just
595 previews.
596 If you are forced to write an abstract before the document is completed, think about its
597 purpose and write a topic sentence. Keep in mind that you'll need to rewrite the abstract
598 when the document is finished because it will no longer accurately reflect the contents of the
599 document.
600 Before starting the abstract, list your thoughts on the document. Group related items
601 together. Prioritise the list and put the most important group first. The first few groups form
602 the core of the topic sentence. The rest lead to supporting sentences.
603 If you can't create a topic sentence (i.e. the introductory statement), write the supporting
604 sentences first. The topic sentence may then become obvious.
605 Write for an audience not necessarily up to speed in your subject area. This is important
606 because you never know who will read your abstract.
607 Choose acronyms, abbreviations, and technical terms carefully as they may confuse many
608 readers.
609 Define the scope of the project in the abstract.
610 Reread your abstract after several days have passed. Remove all superfluous information.
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611 Appendix 1 - Concordances

612
613 Frequent patterns in the concordance of paper (cf. MB Abstracts)
614
615 In this paper we provide a ranking of European economics institutions
616 We se a unique enterprise level random survey of 150 firms
617 We study the effect of certain types of public compulsory insurance
618 We present a summary of recent microeconometric results
619 We study renegotiation in procurement auctions
620 We develop a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model
621 We consider the organisation of international antitrust as an issue
622
623 The authors examine whether homeowning benefits children
624 The author investigates J.C. Harsanyi’s utilitarianism aggregation
625 The authors show that a non-cooperative game with a finite set of
626 The authors analyse the impact of uncertainty on the level and
627 The author considers the principal multiple agents problem
628 The authors use an implementation approach to see whether
629 The authors test the effectiveness of the arbitrage pricing
630 The authors study a large market in which sellers compete
631 The authors question the validity of using TFP growth rates as a
632
633
634 This paper reviews the literature discussing historical patterns in defense
635 This paper reviews estimators for multiple regime selection models, which in
636 This paper reviews and appraises UNCED and outlines some of the developments
637 The paper reviews some recent theoretical contributions on the modelization
638 This paper reviews existing studies of the role of emerging market business
639 The paper reviews the main findings on individual decision making under
640
641
642 This paper summarises a few useful methods, and shows how they can be
643 suggests a plausible microstructural connection between
644
645 This paper reports new estimates of the elasticity of substitution between
646 This paper reports an experiment designed to separate these considerations,
647 This paper reports on an empirical examination of this proposition, by linking
648 This paper reports the first analysis of the structure of Russian cities after 70
649 This paper reports quarterly ex ante forecasts of macroeconomic activity for
650
651 This paper reexamines the popular assumption that real estate commissions
652 This paper reexamines the empirical evidence on the degree of spatial spillover
653 This paper revisits the proposal to use options in corporate bankruptcy that
654
655 This paper reconciles the different results by showing that they depend in large
656 This paper reconciles some conflicting interpretations of recent literature on
657
658 This paper studies a broad class of infinite-horizon economies that are
659 A large class of bounded-rationality, probabilistic learning
660 The welfare effect of foreign investment into an economy
35 17
661 The effects of regional integration on the location of labour

662 The simplest formulation of the general screening model
663 Three price-based policies for solid waste reduction: (1)
664 The impact of profit sharing and bonus payment on
665 The relationship between the degree of regional integration
666 Whether the price charged to a competitor for the use of
667 The provision of environmental quality in
668 The intertemporal allocation of funds through demand
669 The implications of buyer’s liquidity constraints
670 Coverage extension in a simple general equilibrium model
671
672 the paper shows that integration may turn an honest country into an evading
673 This paper shows how the model can be solved and the optimal escape clause
674 This paper shows generic determinacy of equilibria for sender-receiver cheap-
675 This paper shows that if, the consumption good production function is alpha-
676 this paper shows that it can be characterized in terms of restrictions on play
677 This paper shows that asymmetric information between lenders and borrower
678 This paper shows that additive purchasing power parity (PPP) methods, such
679
680 This paper starts by discussing the goals that should guide the design of
681
682 This paper uses a dynamic agency model to offer a resolution of the
683 A precise formalism to state and prove the following result:
684 Census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investi-
685 Uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to provide some of
686 A simultaneous model of census tract population and employment
687 Firm level date to examine the effectiveness of agreements
688
689 This paper provides a motivation for public involvement in internal improvement
690 This paper provides evidence that the common factor restrictions (CFR) play
691 this paper provides an introduction and overview on the economics of international
692 This paper provides a utility-theoretic interpretation of "Don't-Know" (DK)
693 This paper provides an axiomatic basis for a representation of personal prefer
694 The paper provides a theoretical insight into the causes of a recession and a
695 This paper provides a theoretical model of waste management which is dynamic
696 This paper provides a theory of diversification and financial structure of banks
697 This paper provides a simple model to discuss the financing of network
698
699 The paper proposes a new method for computing these probabilities, and
700 This paper proposes a signaling model that offers a new perspective on why
701 This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of
702
703 This paper presents an approach to such multilateral bargaining problems. A
704 This paper presents a model of the beef sector of the Greek economy.
705 The paper presents an overview of state trading activities in Russia in light of
706 The paper presents a new social accounting matrix (SAM) for Argentina and
707 This paper presents a data system that gives consistent, complete and detailed
708 This paper presents a general equilibrium model of a multi-city economy where
709
710 The paper presents a model which allows identification of long-run response
711 This paper presents a simple game-theoretic model in which players decide
37 18
712 This paper presents new evidence concerning the importance of poor relief as
713 This paper presents the first attempt to explore recent changes in office-com
714 The following paper presents a simple neoclassical growth model where corruption is
715 This paper presents an amenity-based theory of location by income.
716 This paper presents the results of a political stock market in the Netherlands
717 This paper presents a simple model of the links between education, democracy
718 This paper presents an extension of the Alesina and Drazen (1991. American
719
720 This paper offers a model of the allocation of funds in Chinese state-owned
721 the paper offers insights into the transition from a socialist economy into a
722 The paper offers a refined version of the procedure, and it also responds to
723 This paper offers a counter-argument to Friedman's (In: Essays in Positive
724 This paper offers a short survey of recent contributions about the information-
725 This paper offers an alternative analysis that relates voting outcomes to the
726
727 The main conclusion of the paper is that the Italian depression, comparable to that of other
728 The main finding of the paper is that the desirability of an electoral area between two
729 The hypothesis examined in this paper is that the greater the investor's flexibility, the easier it is
730 for
731 The aim of this paper is to evaluate whether structural change is a key element in acco
732 The contribution of this paper is to identify the presence of a profit-sharing system and an infor
733 The purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the combi
734 The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity o
735 The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to estimate the productivity performances realiz
736 A further distinguishing aspect of the paper is its attempt to incorporate the impact of
737 unobservable
738 The purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of coll
739 The novelty of this paper is twofold. First, it defines a range of competition policy implemen
740 The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical param
741 The aim of this paper is to construct theoretical models which help to shed light on the
742 The purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of exch
743 The objective of this paper is to use input-output analysis to examine the resource allocation
744
745 This paper investigates the empirical significance of underwriter reputation ca
746 This paper investigates the knowledge that people have of the spatial distribu
747 The paper investigates one aspect of party governance, namely the allocatio
748 This paper investigates the relationship between agglomeration and specializ
749 This paper investigates the impact on company behaviour of increases in fina
750 The paper investigates the optimal provision of public goods in the presence
751 This paper investigates institutional reasons for the soft-budget constraint pro
752 This paper investigates convergence for a group of seven countries during the
753 The paper investigates the impact of financial integration on asset return, ris
754
755 This paper explores the possibility of using the classical concept of 'civil soci
756 This paper explores the hypothesis that high tax rates can distort the decisio
757 This paper explores two sets of potential determinants of this decision. One
758 this paper explores the connections between the distribution of land, factor
759 This paper explores some relationships between promotion of competition an
760 The paper explains why bank loans and grants coexist with self-financing, w
761
762 This paper examines the effect of the MFC rules adopted by Medicaid on bot
39 19
763 This paper examines the quantitative effects of the transitional system of value
764 This paper examines the intertemporal optimal consumption and investment
765 This paper examines an evolutionary model in which the primary source of
766 This paper examines the access of small private-sector firms in Hungary to
767 This paper examines the relationship between community-level exposure to a
768 This paper examines issues that senior human resource management execu
769 The paper examines a local public goods economy where individuals' tastes
770 This paper examines the effects of age, occupation, population size of place
771 The paper examines a large population analog of fictitious play in which play
772 This paper examines how profit maximizing fishers respond to different types
773 This paper examines incentive and valuation effects of debt financing on land
774 This paper examines some general notions relating to the comparison of Cou
775 This paper examines how a public wastewater treatment plant balances obje
776 This paper examines the empirical validity of this explanation using data on o
777 this paper examines to what extent licence contracts can internalize the bus
778 This paper examines the impact of the various reform measures on the produ
779 This paper examines the hypothesis of Harold Innis (1894¯1952) that there is
780 this paper examines the roles of transportation policy and demographic chan
781 This paper examines the spatial evolution of computers across 317 metro are
782 This paper examines the implications of tax evasion for fiscal competition an
783 This paper examines the argument that the availability of collateral rules out
784 This paper examines the effects on technology transfer and spillovers derivin
785 This paper examines the consequences of falling transport costs for intermed
786 This paper examines the evolution of the role of income distribution in the pro
787 This paper examines how the presence of a non-negligible fraction of reciproc
788
789 This paper discusses some analytical and practical questions raised by MCI
790 This paper discusses the structure of the individual AMT and examines the lo
791 This short paper discusses recent insights of multitask agency theory. It considers
792 The paper discusses the history of the plans beginning in the Soviet period, t
793 This paper discusses some problems posed by foreign currency debt for em
794
795 This paper develops an estimable model of recreation behavior in which the r
796 This paper develops an econometric model that incorporates all three compo
797 the paper develops a housing search model and measures the cost of discri
798 This paper develops a general-equilibrium model of a system of core-peripher
799 This paper develops a positive theory explaining pollution tax policy outcome
800 This paper develops a model of price determination in insurance markets. Ins
801 The paper develops conditions under which clusters of activity emerge. Auth
802 This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects. Circum
803 This paper develops a model of regulated open access resource exploitation.
804 This paper develops and discusses a two-sector general equilibrium growth
805 This paper develops a model of corporate hierarchy in which workers accumu
806 This paper develops a model of the choice between bank and market finance
807 This paper develops a dynamically consistent model of search, matching and
808 This paper develops a particular technique for extracting market expectations
809 This paper develops an interpretation of the Asian meltdown focused on mora
810 This paper develops a model of an unregulated banking system based around
811
812 This paper deals with the problem by specifying an endogenous regime-switch
813 This paper deals with company expectations for l997 with regard to employment
41 20
814 this paper deals with those two issues. It will be argued in favour of an anti-inf
815
816 This paper considers how cooperative solutions to games of sharing fish reso
817 This paper considers the 'weak announcement proofness' criterion of S. A. M
818 the paper considers dynamic allocation in an altruistic overlapping generatio
819 This paper considers model worlds in which there is a continuum of individual
820 this paper considers Australia's post-July 1997 regulatory regime for telecom
821 The paper considers international per capita output and its growth using a pa
822 This paper considers the optimal selling mechanism for complementary item
823 The paper considers economic processes that may lead to the consolidation
824 This paper considers a school choice plan, open enrollment, that allows stud
825 This paper considers interjurisdictional tax competition in a two-period model
826 This paper considers the implications of the decision of the Australian Industr
827 This paper considers a smooth and noisy version of the statistical prediction
828 This paper considers a fixed normal-form game played among populations of
829 This paper considers why firms often ban monetary exchange between their
830 This paper considers bidding behavior in a repeated procurement auction sett
831
832 The paper concludes by examining welfare issues. This paper examines ho
833 The paper concludes by explaining the relationship between the options appr
834
835 This paper compares Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in a differentiated duopo
836 This paper compares four equilibrium business cycle models with increasing
837 This paper compares the two societies which have encouraged the study of e
838 This paper combines statistical with economic equilibrium analysis in the co
839
840 This paper attempts to show how the International Bank for Reconstruction a
841 This paper attempts an analysis of the impact of migration on the scale and
842 The paper attempts to reconcile some views on the Piccione-Rubinstein abs
843
844 This paper argues that the analysis of these games involves a key technical i
845 This paper argues that successful states in the ancient world depended on th
846 This paper argues that while both technological opportunity and appropriabilit
847 This paper argues that the way fiscal redistribution has managed to countera
848 This paper argues that the sign of external effects of coalition formation provi
849 The paper argues that in centrist parties, the high congruence of interest bet
850 This paper argues that risk is related to long-run volatility of income and there
851 This paper argues that the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) has
852 This paper argues that unemployment insurance increases labor productivity
853
854 This paper analyzes competitive allocations of an exhaustible resource in an
855 the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistance in bringing abo
856 The paper analyzes the highlights of the country's economic recovery, explor
857 The paper analyzes the effects of central bank independence on the position
858 The paper analyzes a simple discrete-time noncooperative coalititional barga
859 This paper analyzes the formation of trading groups in a bilateral market wher
860 This paper analyzes repeated games with private monitoring where in each p
861 This paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment duration and th
862 This paper analyzes D. Pearce's (1984) notion of extensive form rationalizabil
863 This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unre
864 The paper analyzes the institutional conditions under which policymakers ca
43 21
865 This paper analyzes the effects of information on participation and time-of-us
866 This paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tier
867 This paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tier
868 This paper analyzes the optimal interest rate policy in currency crises. Firms
869 The paper analyses the welfare effects of these taxes as well as to what ext
870 This paper analyses the employment effects of revenue-neutral green tax refo
871 . This paper analyses the impact of modifying this assumption by allowing for
872 The paper analyses the switch from pay-as-you-go to funded pensions ¯ pen
873 This paper analyses the decision by firms under Cournot oligopoly as to reco
874 This paper analyses the factors determining the scale and location of Japane
875
876 this paper addresses the effect of rent control laws on two groups considere
877 In addition, the paper addresses the effects of open enrollment on competition between
878 this paper addresses the formalization and implications of the hypothesis th
879 This paper addresses two general questions. First, what is the effect of mark
880
881 Purpose
882
883 The purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the
884 combinations of financial and labour systems observed in some large market economies.
885 The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity on
886 innovation.
887 The purpose of this article is to explain the major changes made by the Basle Committee to its
888 previous set of proposals (Basle Committee 1995) which were outlined in Hall 1995.
889 The purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of
890 collecting information, put forward in earlier studies, with the growth theoretical approach
891 to social ac
892 The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the public sector with that of the
893 private sector for the various sub-sectors of manufacturing in Turkey.
894 The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical
895 parameters in the design of efficient pollution regulations.
896 The purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of
897 exchange rate changes on industrial prices.
898
899 Framework
900
901 1 The optimum currency area analysis is reexamined in a Mundell¯Fleming framework with
902 local-currency pricing.
903 2 The authors consider Amartya Sen's familiar paradox of the Paretian liberal in a framework
904 where individual rights are represented as a game form.
905 3 Using a three-period framework, we provide approximate solutions for optimal consumption
906 choices
907 4 This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of central bank
908 independence, of the degree of centralization of wage bargaining and of the interaction between
909 those institutional variables, on real wages, unemployment and inflation,
910 5 The present paper extends the standard framework to cover the case of labour-augmenting
911 technological progress.
912 6 This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects.
913 7 This paper applies this framework to an exchange-rate escape clause but is unable to solve
914 his model given a triangular distribution of the supply shocks.
45 22
915 8 In order to understand how self-fulfillment can be realized in a dynamic framework, the
916 authors investigate the relationship between
917 9 Using this bargaining framework, the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistance
918 in bringing about a settlement to the distributional conflict.
919 10 Nonconvexities are not fundamental in this framework.
920 11 We use a framework that nests an increasing returns model of economic geography featuring
921 home market effects' with that of Heckscher¯Ohlin.
922 12 We introduce a framework that has known models of oligopolistic competition with
923 differentiated products (the circle, the logit, and the CES) as limit cases.
924 13 the pros and cons of these different approaches within a coherent conceptual framework that
925 applies contract theory to the regulation of banking.
926 14 Conversely, it is shown in a general framework that any convex (thus progressive) tax
927 function satisfies the principle of equal sacrifice.
928 15 o show that the most important predictions of the standard theory hold in the general finite
929 framework studied here.
930 16 In this framework, prescription drug discounts appear to make some consumers (those in the
931 managed care sector) better off and other consumers (those outside the managed care sector)
932 worse off.
933 17 This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unresponsive that rapid
934 industrialization within the framework of the NEP would have been choked off by rising farm
935 prices and inadequate sales.
936 18 We first point out that the current framework of public international law allows for wide
937 discretion in the assertion of jurisdiction.
938 19 The analysis is carried out in the framework of a general equilibrium model of a mixed
939 economy with production.
940 20 We find that in this framework, much of the scope for conflict disappears.
941 21 Although seldom modeled outside the monopolistic competition framework, market
942 incompleteness and imperfect competition are central to the new growth theories.
943 22 A simple game-theoretic framework is applied to analyse international cooperation by
944 focusing on the prisoner's dilemma on the one hand and bargaining in the Coasian sense on the
945 other.
946 23 The model provides a simple theoretical framework in which the level of corruption as well as
947 the effects of corruption on income, consumption, and growth are identifiable.
948 24 This is modeled in the context of a political economy framework in which social cohesion
949 reduces wasteful rent seeking, and thus strengthens incentives for investment in human captial.
950 25 recently demonstrated a potential conflict between stability and efficiency in this framework.
951 26 Based on the principal¯agent framework I develop a simple model of policy loans, which are
952 granted by the government on non-market terms, to formalize this important banking
953 phenomenon in both China and other developing countries.
954 27 The model serves as the framework for an econometric study of participation in the
955 Conservation Reserve Program by Northeastern landowners.
956 28 In the absence of an institutional framework facilitating more dispersed ownership,
957 29 Studies of optimal growth in a multisector framework are generally addressed in reduced-
958 form models, defined by an indirect utility function which summarizes the consumer's
959 preferences and the technologies.
960 30 Instead, an incentive framework and legal environment should be created for the major
961 nongovernment creditors to initiate restructuring.
962 31 The authors develop this conceptual framework and assess the findings from three studies of
963 major commercial banks undergoing privatisation
964
47 23
965 Result in (Vb)

966
967 1 Ruggiero et al- (1997) argue that the 'Pythagorean Theorem' is an inappropriate basis for
968 evaluating baseball managers and has an illogical arithmetic property that can result in a
969 manager's evaluation being dependent upon the strength of his team.
970 2 Olewiler (1993 and 1995) describe a model in which some competition can result in
971 suboptimal Nash equilibrium.
972 3 Rather, they may result in the formation of a megalopolis that consists of large core cities that
973 are connected by an industrial belt, i.e., a continuum of cities, where economic activities are
974 dispersed over an interval on the location space.
975 4 Violation of (ii) may result in cyclical behaviour of actions on each sample path.
976 5 Violation of (i) may result in an 'anything is possible' result: any stochastic process of actions is
977 consistent with maximizing behaviour and Bayesian updating.
978 6 and how the soft-budget constraint problem creates conditions which may result in a financial
979 crisis.
980 7 empirical finding suggests that the missing common factor restrictions may result in a quite
981 different and perhaps misleading inference.
982 8 In our benchmark, small reductions in working time, starting from the laissez-faire equilibrium
983 solution, always result in a small increase in the equilibrium employment, while larger
984 reductions reduce employment.
985 9 a one unit increase in (subsidized) free parking will result in more than one additional parker,
986 adding to neighbourhood spillovers.
987 10 says that the Board believes that this bill would improve the efficiency and competitiveness of
988 the financial services industry and result in better service to consumers
989 11 programs converge to a fixed point or to a cycle of finite period, and hence result in the
990 conservation of the resource.
991
992 As a result
993
994 1 some of these payments are made purely as a result of asymmetry in bargaining power and have
995 nothing to do with
996 2 increased parcel sizes would be associated with lower unit prices as a result of the concavity of
997 the land price function.
998 3 1.8 million defense-related jobs in the private sector would be lost as a result of the actual and
999 proposed cuts in spending
1000 4 yields the corresponding consistent bankruptcy rule as a result of a unique outcome of Nash
1001 equilibria.
1002 5 As a result, international bodies such as the EU, ITU, OECD and WTO are
1003 6 As a result, his finding undermines the credibility of the existing conclusion
1004 7 As a result, Geary¯Khamis comparisons tend to underestimate
1005
1006 Result (N)
1007 1 The main result states that if the payoff functions are semicontinuous and strong
1008 2 The main result of this study is that a financial constraint may serve as a discipli
1009 3 The main result obtained from the simulation of the theoretical model is that, alt
1010 4 The main result is that regional integration, in the form of a reduction in transport
1011 5 The main result is that if we take a certain order is greater than or equal to
1012 6 The main result is convergence with probability one to a fixed pattern of pure
1013 7 This result is consistent with suggestions that agricultural districts where t
1014 8 This result is obtained by using martingale techniques to reformulate the in
49 24
1015 9 This result is applied to game theory to obtain a natural interpretation of co

1016 10 This result is shown to be consistent with available evidence on working
1017 11 This result has implications for empirical work. Moreover, this negative effect
1018 13 However, the fundamental reason for this result has nothing to do with vintages; rather,
1019 14 This result follows the presumption that women are poorly motivated by
1020 15 An example shows that this result does not carry over to stationary stochastic environments.
1021 16 Their result is robust to a variety of specification tests. Using panel data
1022
1023 15 The importance of the result is exemplified by the graduate tax.
1024 16 The result holds for a large class of consistent and monotone rules, including
1025 17 The result does not come from an effect of instability on investment.
1026
1027 Evidence
1028
1029 1. New evidence is presented that reaffirms the predominance of local-currency pricing
1030 2. Evidence is found of local spatial externalities between university research and
1031 3. Evidence is presented that it was the Ford Motor Company that first develope
1032 4. Evidence is presented showing that job-finding probabilities of the unemployed
1033 5. First, detailed historical evidence is studied. Second, Innis's ideas are translated into a
1034 formal
1035 6. Evidence is lacking on the extent to which groups facilitate rent-seeking or
1036 7. Evidence is then presented showing that inflation is positively correlated with
1037 8. Evidence is also lacking on the extent to which groups hamper the future deve
1038 9. Furthermore, quantitative evidence is presented supporting the view that Federal Reserve
1039 10. Empirical evidence is found in favour of a stable long-run M2 money demand function
1040
1041 11. Evidence from the French experience Thomas Piketty* CEPREMAP, 142 ru
1042 12. It provides evidence from British and German data that is consistent with this view.
1043 13. Evidence from industrial and developing countries: Francesco Giavazzi,
1044 14. This paper uses census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investigate how
1045 and to
1046 15. Insider power and wage setting in transition: Evidence from a panel of large Polish firms,
1047 16. The effects of wage distortions on the transition: Theory and evidence from China Roger
1048 H.
1049 17. Our evidence supports the finding that the social security system has substantially
1050 18. The evidence suggests that migration between industry and agriculture was quite
1051 19. I then argue that the existing evidence suggests that the performance effects of group
1052 affiliation
1053 20. The evidence suggests that five price series exhibit stochastic trends, while the
1054 21. Empirical evidence strongly supports this finding for industrialized countries and Europe
1055 22. Evidence shows that firms build their market position by accumulating knowledge
1056 23. However, other evidence shows that general training is financed by firms, especially in
1057 24. The evidence provides considerable support for the diversity thesis but little support
1058 25. The evidence provides ways for the People's Bank of China to improve the effective
1059 26. There exists evidence of a sizable shift of elderly households away from homeownership.
1060 27. The author finds strong evidence of MAR (Marshall-arrow-Romer) (own industry, or
1061 localization)
1062 28. The model is consistent with the empirical evidence of SOEs restructuring in transition
1063 29. We find strong evidence of significant dynamic own industry externalities for single plant
1064 firm
1065 30. Evidence of superior forecasting skill would imply that U.S. monetary authorities
51 25
1066 31. found to provide strong evidence of local spillovers at the state level. At the MSA level, a
1067 32. and little evidence of urbanization-Jacobs-knowledge type externalities. Corporate plant
1068 33. With individual country tests, we find evidence of stationarity in only four of the thirteen
1069 countries.
1070 34. there is evidence of diminishing marginal productivity gains for both forms of ownership
1071 35. present empirical evidence of significant spillovers from inward investment on technical
1072 progress
1073 36. The economic literature provides empirical evidence of the existence of technological
1074 cartels,
1075
1076 Collocates of evidence: empirical (***), strong (**), recent, existing, systematic, experimental,
1077 direct, substantial, abstract, available, new, quantitative, historical.
1078
1079 Given (A + given)
1080 1. We identify conditions such that for a given rationality parameter range the path of choices
1081 over
1082 2. If households sort efficiently across locations, then at a given location families receive the
1083 same
1084 3. Novel comparative statics show that debt value May increase for a given increase in asset
1085 volatility
1086 4. as the probability of entry increases, expected profit for a given firm, conditional on entry,
1087 increases over some initial range.
1088 5. to the event that a country joins the European Monetary Union at a given date.
1089 6. signals a higher probability of joining EMU at a given date, or simply reflects improved
1090
1091 (given + the/that)
1092
1093 7. At equilibrium, each player uses appropriate choice probabilities, given those used by the
1094 others.
1095 8. with private information about their types, choose utility-maximizing signals given these
1096 prices.
1097 9. It also shows that, given the observed matrix of subsequent tenure transitions, these impacts
1098 o
1099 10. Given the meager amount of informal assistance available to them, most
1100 11. Given the strong theoretical presumption that state enterprises are less efficient
1101 12. The equilibrium is second best, given the imposition of the revenue constraint on the
1102 13. Second, given that essential local inputs are vulnerable to monopolization and
1103 14. Given that the cities within an economy constitute some form of hierarchical
1104
53 26
1105 Appendix 2 - Transition Cues

1106 Adapted from LEO, Literacy Education Online, http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/style/transitioncues.html
1107
1108 Transitions help readers connect the ideas in a piece of writing; they're the glue that shows how
1109 pieces of your text fit together. Often all you'll need is a word or phrase to lead readers through your
1110 text.
1111
1112 There are words and phrases which help you…
1113
1114 1. lead readers forward from information they've already read to new information
1115 2. move readers into specific examples
1116 3. lead readers through a sequence
1117 a. from one time-frame to another
1118 b. draw readers' attention to a particular location or place
1119 c. let readers know that a digression is about to begin or end
1120 4. draw readers' attention to cause and effect relationships
1121 a. to emphasize a cause or reason
1122 b. to clarify the purpose of something
1123 5. make readers stop and compare what they've just read to what they're about to read
1124 6. lead readers into statements that clarify or emphasize
1125 a. to clarify a point that readers have just read
1126 b. to emphasize a point that readers are about to read
1127 7. lead readers into concessions, reservations, dismissals, or conditions
1128 a. to concede a point that readers are likely to think of
1129 b. to clarify for readers the writer's reservations
1130 c. to dismiss a point that readers are likely to think of
1131 d. to establish a condition or conditions affecting the subject
1132 8. lead readers into a summary or conclusion
1133 a. To repeat a point you've already made
1134 b. To summarize what you've already said
1135 c. To introduce readers to a conclusion or conclusions
1136
1137 Here are some examples.
1138
Old New
Transition
Information Information
ADDITION
Actually, Further,
Additionally, Furthermore,
Again, Incidentally,
Also, Indeed,
And In fact,
Besides Lastly,
Equally important, Moreover,
Finally, Not only this, but this as well
First, Second, Third, etc. What's more,
55 27
1139
Generalization Transition Examples
EXAMPLES
As an illustration, Namely,
Especially, Notably,
For example, Particularly,
For instance, Specifically,
Including To demonstrate,
In particular, To illustrate,
1140
One time Transition Another time
TIME
After a few hours, Immediately following,
Afterwards, Initially,
At last In the end,
At the same time, In the future,
Before In the meantime,
Before this, In the meanwhile,
Currently, Last, Last but not least, Lastly,
During Later,
Eventually, Meanwhile,
Finally, Next, Soon after,
First, Second, Third, etc. Previously,
First of all, Simultaneously,
Formerly Subsequently,
Immediately before, Then,
1141
One place Transition Another place
PLACE
Adjacent, In the background,
Alongside, In the distance,
At the side, In the front,
Here/There In the foreground
In the back, Nearby,
1142
57 28
Transition
Digression Main point
back to
Transition
Main point Digression
begin
DIGRESSION/RESUMPTION
Anyhow, Incidentally,
Anyway, To change the subject,
As I was saying, To get back to the point,
At any rate, To return to the subject,
By the way, To resume,
1143
Transition
An effect Cause/Reason
move in to
CAUSE/REASON
As Because
Because of Due to
For For the simple reason that
Since
1144
Transition
Cause/Reason An effect
move in to
EFFECT/RESULT
As a result So
Because of this, So that
For this reason, Therefore,
Consequently, Thus,
1145
Transition
Something Its purpose
move in to
PURPOSE
For fear that So
In the hope that So that
In order to With this in mind,
1146
59 29
Transition
Just read About to read
equal or not equal
COMPARISON/CONTRAST
Although/Although this is true Meanwhile,
And yet Nevertheless,
At the same time, Nonetheless,
But Nothwithstanding,
Conversely, On the contrary,
For all that, On the other hand,
In comparison, Similarly,
In contrast, Still,
In the same manner/way, While this is true
However, When in fact
Likewise, Whereas
1147
Transition
Point just read Clarification
meaning
CLARIFICATION
In other words, That is to say
In this case, Under certain circumstances
I mean Up to a point
Put another way
1148
Transition
Point just read Emphatic point
!!!!
EMPHASIS
As a matter of fact, In fact,
In any case, Obviously,
In any event, That is
Indeed, Undoubtedly,
1149
Transition
Point just read Concession
but maybe
CONCLUSION
61 30
Accordingly, In short,
As a result, In summary,
Consequently, On the whole,
Finally, So
Hence, Therefore,
In brief, Thus,
In conclusion, To conclude,
1150
Transition
Point just read Reservation
even so
RESERVATION
Admittedly, Indeed,
As a matter of fact, Nevertheless,
Even so, Notwithstanding,
Even though Regardless
Despite this
1151
Transition
Point may be true Dismissal
BUT
DISMISSAL
All the same, In either case,
At any rate, In either event,
Either way, Whatever happens,
In any case/event, Whichever happens,
1152
Transition
The subject is true This condition is met
IF
CONDITION
Although Although this is true,
But Even though,
However, In spite of
Nevertheless, Since
1153
A point Transition Point stated
differently
63 31
=
REPETITION
As I have noted, In brief,
As indicated above/earlier, In short,
As I stated, In summary,
As mentioned, On the whole,
As noted earlier,
1154
Transition
Points made Summary
nutshell
SUMMARY
All in all, In summary,
All together, On the whole,
As I mentioned, Overall,
As I stated, Since
Briefly, So
By and large, Summing up,
Finally, Then,
Given these facts, Therefore,
In brief, To conclude,
In conclusion, To put it briefly,
In short, To summarize,
1155
Transition
Points made Conclusion
the end is coming
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, In short,
As a result, In summary,
Consequently, On the whole,
Finally, So
Hence, Therefore,
In brief, Thus,
In conclusion, To conclude,
1156
1157
65 32
1158
67 33
1159 Appendix 3. Other sample abstracts

1160
1161 Working paper abstracts
1162
1163 Complexity and Empirical Economics
1164 Steven N. Durlauf
1165
1166 This paper explores the state of interplay between recent efforts to introduce complex systems
1167 methods into economics and the understanding of empirical phenomena. The empirical side of
1168 economic complexity may be divided into three general branches: historical studies, the
1169 identification of power and scaling laws, and analyses of social interactions. I argue that, while
1170 providing useful “stylized facts,” none of these empirical approaches has produced compelling
1171 evidence that economic contexts exhibit the substantive microstructure or properties of complex
1172 systems. This failure reflects inadequate attention to identification problems. Identification analysis
1173 should, therefore, be at the center of future work on the empirics of complexity.
1174
1175
1176 A Theory for Long-Memory in Supply and Demand
1177 Fabrizio Lillo, Szabolcs Mike, and J. Doyne Farmer
1178
1179 Recent empirical studies have demonstrated long-memory in the signs of orders to buy or sell in
1180 financial markets [2, 19]. We show how this can be caused by delays in market clearing. Under the
1181 common practice of order splitting, large orders are broken up into pieces and executed
1182 incrementally. If the size of such large orders is power law distributed, this gives rise to power law
1183 decaying autocorrelations in the signs of executed orders. More specifically, we show that if the
1184 cumulative distribution of large orders of volume $v$ is proportional to $v^\alpha$ and the size of
1185 executed orders is constant, the autocorrelation of order signs is asymptotically proportional to
1186 $\tau^{-(\alpha-1)}$. This is a long-memory process when $\alpha<2$. With a few caveats, this
1187 gives a good match to the data. A version of the model also shows long-memory fluctuations in
1188 order execution rates, which may be relevant for explaining the long-memory of price diffusion
1189 rates.
1190
1191
1192 Two-Factor Model of Income Distribution Dynamics
1193 Makoto Nirei and Wataru Souma
1194
1195 This paper analyzes empirical income distributions and proposes a simple stochastic model to
1196 explain the stationary distribution and deviations from it. Using the individual tax returns data in the
1197 U.S. and Japan for 40 years, we first summarize the shape of income distribution by an exponential
1198 decay up to about the 90th percentile of income and a power decay for the top 1 percent. We then
1199 propose a minimal stochastic process of labor and asset income to reproduce the empirical
1200 characteristics. In particular, the Pareto exponent is derived analytically and matched with empirical
1201 statistics.
1202
1203
1204 Tools of the Trade: The Socio-Technology of Arbitrage in a Wall Street Trading Room
1205 Daniel Beunza and David Stark
1206
1207 Our task in this paper is to analyze the organization of trading in the era of quantitative finance. To
1208 do so, we conduct an ethnography of arbitrage, the trading strategy that best exemplifies finance in
69 34
1209 the wake of the quantitative revolution. In contrast to value and momentum investing, we argue,
1210 arbitrage involves an art of association – the construction of equivalence (comparability) of
1211 properties across different assets. In place of essential or relational characteristics, the peculiar
1212 valuation that takes place in arbitrage is based on an operation that makes something the measure of
1213 something else – associating securities to each other. The process of recognizing opportunities and
1214 the practices of making novel associations are shaped by the specific socio-spatial and socio-
1215 technical configurations of the trading room. Calculation is distributed across persons and
1216 instruments as the trading room organizes interaction among diverse principles of valuation.
1217
1218
1219 The Network Topology of the Interbank Market
1220 Michael Boss, Helmut Elsinger, Martin Summer, and Stefan Thurner
1221
1222 We provide an empirical analysis of the network structure of the Austrian interbank market based
1223 on a unique data set of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB). We show that
1224 the contract size distribution follows a power law over more than 3 decades. By using a novel
1225 “dissimilarity” measure we find that the interbank network shows a community structure that
1226 exactly mirrors the regional and sectoral organization of the actual Austrian banking system. The
1227 degree distribution of the interbank network shows two different power-law exponents that are one-
1228 to-one related to two sub-network structures, differing in the degree of hierarchical organization.
1229 The banking network moreover shares typical structural features known in numerous complex real
1230 world networks: a low clustering coefficient and a relatively short average shortest path length.
1231 These empirical findings are in marked contrast to interbank networks that have been analyzed in
1232 the theoretical economic and econo-physics literature.
1233
1234
1235 Dissertation Abstracts
1236
1237 Investigating Credit Card Debt: The Rationality of Consumers and The Effect on
1238 Consumption
1239 Tufan Ekici
1240
1241 My dissertation focuses on two critical issues in the United States’ credit card market: (1) the
1242 determinants and the rationality of credit card borrowing and (2) the extent to which household
1243 consumption can be accounted for by credit card debt.
1244
1245 The first part analyzes the usefulness of price expectations and consumer confidence measures in
1246 predicting consumer borrowing on credit cards. It has been argued that there are irrational elements
1247 in the credit card market since consumers borrow on cards at very high interest rates. Previous
1248 empirical investigations have used the nominal interest rate as a determinant of borrowing. To
1249 investigate the issue of rationality, I use a new set of survey data (Ohio Economic Survey) that has
1250 information on both price expectations and credit card use. Thus, I can construct an expected real
1251 interest rate variable to test for consumer rationality. Censored regression estimation results show
1252 that when price expectations are taken into account, consumers adjust their credit card borrowing to
1253 the expected real interest rate, which is a rational economic behavior. Credit card borrowing is also
1254 found to be significantly related to two key income components of consumer confidence. Thus the
1255 behavior of credit card users is shown to be more complex and rational than what has been argued
1256 in previous research.
1257
1258 The second part of my work investigates the effect of credit card debt on household consumption.
1259 The Permanent Income Hypothesis predicts that debt should have no effect on consumption growth.
71 35
1260 The existing literature offers evidence for the effect of some aggregate debt measures on aggregate
1261 consumption growth. I first show that a new index specifically designed to capture credit card
1262 indebtedness is able to explain up to 14 percent of aggregate durable consumption growth. The
1263 index utilizes data from a monthly household survey (OES) and incorporates some variables which
1264 have generally been unavailable to researchers. I then combine two micro data sets, the Consumer
1265 Expenditure Survey (CES) and the Ohio Economic Survey (OES), to test for the extent to which
1266 individual households’ spending decisions can be accounted for by credit card debt. The results will
1267 provide insight about the macroeconomic effects of credit card debt and should be useful for the
1268 policy-makers.
1269
1270 An Economic and Financial Analysis of the Latin American Model of Pension Intermediaries
1271 Rafael Romero-Meza
1272
1273 In both developed and developing countries, there is currently a great level of public and political
1274 awareness about the topic of mandatory pension systems. In the early 1990s, several Latin
1275 American countries, facing problems with their pay-as-you-go pension systems, introduced defined-
1276 contribution pension models, where participants have individual accounts managed by private
1277 pension intermediaries. This dissertation develops policy recommendations to improve the
1278 operation of private pension intermediaries as implemented in several Latin American countries.
1279 Governments in these countries offer two types of guarantees, on the minimum pension income, and
1280 on the rate of return of the funds managed by pension intermediaries, which can offer only one fund
1281 per intermediary. Based on both theoretical and empirical analysis, I conclude that the regulation
1282 that guarantees a rate of return on workers' pension funds, as it is applied in these countries, is
1283 incompatible with a competitive industry of private pension intermediaries. If a government
1284 believes that some guarantee must be provided, I recommend both allowing pension intermediaries
1285 to offer more than one fund and providing a guarantee only to the low risk portfolio. Moreover, I
1286 propose that workers save in the low risk portfolio a fixed amount of money, which should be
1287 enough to fund a lifetime annuity that pays the minimum pension income. Any excess over the
1288 required saving (10% of income) could be allocated in a portfolio without any guarantee on the rate
1289 of return. In addition I propose to allow private pension intermediaries to offer additional services
1290 and products. New products with option like features can be created using the techniques developed
1291 by financial engineering.
1292
1293 Differential Impact of Information Technology on Cost Driver Relationships in Selected
1294 Banking Functions
1295 Jamshed Mistry
1296
1297 A central question in management accounting is the relationship between overhead costs and cost
1298 drivers. Management accounting information systems, such as cost driver models, are essential to
1299 provide information necessary to support managerial decision-making and control (Kaplan, 1983,
1300 1984, 1993). This dissertation has two primary objectives. The first objective is to develop and
1301 estimate a context-specific model of the effect of three categories of cost drivers (volume,
1302 operational, and product-design based) on revenues and costs for commercial banking, which can
1303 be used to examine the differential effects of the drivers within and between banking functions.
1304
1305 The increasing use of Information Technology (IT) has resulted in the creation of another important
1306 cost category (IT investment and operating costs) that contributes to overhead costs. Although
1307 increases in IT spending are expected to increase productivity and profitability, research examining
1308 these effects has yielded mixed results. A number of researchers have labeled this "the productivity
1309 paradox" (Brynjolfsson, 1993). Hence, the second objective of this study is to examine the role of
1310 IT in moderating the relationship between costs and cost drivers and revenue and revenue drivers.
73 36
1311 The cost driver model enables examination of how the moderating effect of IT differs within and
1312 between bank functions. Specific hypotheses regarding the moderating effect of IT are developed
1313 by drawing on Weill's (1990) framework to disaggregate IT investment info Strategic and
1314 Transactional uses of IT.
1315
1316 The model and hypotheses are empirically tested on a cross-sectional sample of 59 banks from the
1317 Functional Cost and Profit analysis data set collected by the Federal Reserve Banks. While the
1318 sample is small, the data set is particularly useful because it provides both financial and operating
1319 data, including direct and distributed costs of separate banking functions, and enables the allocation
1320 of support costs, including IT, to functions. Multivariate regression analysis with interaction terms
1321 is used to estimate the model. Despite the relatively small sample size and collinearity, the results
1322 are generally consistent with the predicted hypotheses regarding: a) the moderating role of
1323 Transactional IT on the cost driver relationships in the cost functions and the moderating role of IT
1324 on the revenue driver relationships in the revenue functions, and b) the differential impact of IT on
1325 the cost and revenue driver relationships in the two separate banking functions.
1326
1328 Money and Knowledge: Sources of Seed Capital and the Performance of High Technology
1329 Start-ups
1330 Susanna Khavul
1331
1332 As countries compete in the knowledge economy, investment in high technology entrepreneurial
1333 startups often becomes a national priority. High technology startups, however, operate in turbulent
1334 high-risk environments, which makes raising funds from traditional market sources difficult. As
1335 such, equity seed capital for high technology entrepreneurial startups originates from multiple
1336 sources, including personal finance, private investors, venture capital, government, and
1337 corporations. This study examines how different sources of seed capital and the levels of ownership
1338 control impact the performance of knowledge-intensive new ventures in high technology industries.
1339
1340 Building on previous research, the study argues that through their ownership positions, sources of
1341 financial seed capital may generate a de facto meso-institutional environment around the start-up
1342 firm, affecting its resource position and performance. The study compared the differences in the
1343 dimensions of the meso-institutional environment, resource positions, speed to product and speed to
1344 market of startup firms with either institutional control, non-institutional control, and mixed
1345 ownership. The strength of directional hypotheses was tested in the context of Israel's emergent
1346 entrepreneurial high technology sector. The first part of the study was grounded in qualitative case
1347 interviews of fifty-two founders/CEOs of Israeli high technology new ventures and twenty-nine
1348 intermediaries in the startup process, including venture capitalists, placement agents, and
1349 administrators in government funding agencies. The second part of the study surveyed a randomly
1350 sampled cross-section of founders/CEOs in Israeli high technology startups who have received
1351 financing from multiple sources.
1352
1353 The main findings were as follows. Firms where institutions had controlling interest in equity
1354 reported significantly higher overall resource positions than either firms with non-institutional
1355 control or mixed equity. Firms with institutional control perceived their meso-institutional
1356 environments as significantly more legitimizing than either firms with non-institutional control or
1357 mixed equity. Firms with mixed equity perceived their meso-institutional environments as
1358 significantly more munificent than firms with non-institutional controls; however, there were no
1359 significant differences between firms with institutional and non-institutional control. There were
1360 also no differences between the three groups in the reported concentration of power and authority.
1361 Finally, firms with mixed control of equity had significantly faster times to product that either firms
1362 with institutional or non-institutional control of equity.
75 37
1363
1364 Mitigating the Economic Impact of Refugees in Rwanda and Uganda
1365 Richard Alec Jones (PhD in Post War Recovery 2004)
1366
1367 This study is concerned with advocating a constructive approach for mitigating the economic
1368 impact of refugees in Rwanda and Uganda. The research is underpinned by three main parameters:
1369 1) Poverty/economics 2) Socio-historical factors that prove the link between poverty and conflict
1370 within Rwanda and 3) Refugee dynamics in the Great Lakes, particularly from the outfall of the
1371 Rwandan genocide in 1994. These show that the main problem to be addressed is that disjointed
1372 refugee resettlement and repatriation programmes and poverty reduction strategies mean that
1373 impoverished refugees are returning to impoverished communities, where poverty further increases
1374 leading to tension and eventual renewed displacement. This phenomenon is known as the Refugee
1375 Continuum.
1376
1377 The aim is to advocate a project process with accompanying recommendations that are specifically
1378 relevant to the realities at the micro and macro level within Rwanda, based on the following
1379 hypothesis:
1380
1381 The integration of poverty reduction strategies with refugee resettlement and repatriation
1382 programmes within Rwanda can be undertaken through a process which eases the transition
1383 between immediate returning refugee impact in the short term (promoting relief), with the need for
1384 the returnees and established locals' longer term coexistence (promoting development). This is
1385 achieved through the integration of the primarily macroeconomic driven priorities of the Rwandan
1386 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) with the need to increase the capacity of the communities
1387 to absorb returning refugees at the micro level through a Transitory Integrative Project vehicle.
1388 Thus linking refugee resettlement and repatriation programmes and poverty reduction strategies.
1389 Such an approach minimises the Refugee Continuum and increases prospects for stabilisation and
1390 development.
1391
1392 The study sets out to understand the nature of poverty, its relationship with conflict and the
1393 complexity of poverty reduction in areas of extreme poverty exacerbated by population flows. By
1394 linking the theory with practical research in Uganda and Rwanda it attempts to show how people
1395 can increase their financial, social, physical, natural and human assets by addressing common
1396 livelihood priorities through a specific type of project, set within the ultimate PRSP objective of
1397 gradual structural transformation.
1398
77 38
1399 Exercise Key

1400
1401 Exercise 1. a. 1 and 3, b. 2, c. 1, d. 2.
1402 Exercise 2. Title (1-2); Topic sentence (3-4 - This sentence gives the general problem the research
1403 is attempting to help solve - rather than the specific research problem - in order to provide a
1404 rationale for the research); Subject/Purpose (4-6 - up to “The drying system is designed to dry a
1405 variety of agricultural products.” included); Expansion on the research problem (“The effect of air
1406 mass flow rate on the drying process is studied.” - Here the authors give the parameter they will be
1407 focusing on in order to measure the effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process. Their
1408 research problem, therefore, is to find out the effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process),
1409 Methodology (7-13 - up to “processes”), Results presentation and findings (13-17 - up to
1410 “materials”), Main conclusion of the research (17-18).
1411 Exercise 3. 1. General, 2. Third person (impersonal) style, 3. In examples a., b., c. present tense. In
1412 example d. present perfect and past (discuss why).
1413 Exercise 4. 1. provides, 2. consider, 3. argues, 4. looks, 5. calls, 6. develops.
1414 Exercise 5. 1. … is looked at… is emphasized, 3. … is developed … is embedded, 5. … is then
1415 calculated, 6. … is followed by.
1416 Exercise 6. 1. is employed, 2. are examined, 3. are analysed, 4. is shown, 5. are described… is
1417 followed.
1418 Exercise 7. 1. This article initially considers the notion of civil society in the light of intellectual
1419 history and differentiates it into a number of … 2. We apply a simple game-theoretic framework to
1420 analyse international cooperation by focusing…
1421
1422
1423 References
1424
1425 Writing up Research - The Abstract, online at http://www.languages.ait.ac.th/el21abst.htm.
1426 How to Write an Abstract, online at http://www.okstate.edu/education/jshs/abstract.htm.
1427 LEO - Literary Education Online: Transition Cues, online at http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/style/
1428 transitioncues.html.
1429
79 39

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1

1 Prof.ssa Elena Tognini Bonelli

14 English for Economics Students

84 How to write an abstract

226 2. Structure of research and dissertation abstracts

430 methods, _________________ (to employ) for the relevant comparisons.

561 From The Covenant by James Michener.

611 Appendix 1 - Concordances

661 The effects of regional integration on the location of labour

965 Result in (Vb)

1015 9 This result is applied to game theory to obtain a natural interpretation of co

1105 Appendix 2 - Transition Cues

1159 Appendix 3. Other sample abstracts

1399 Exercise Key

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