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1 INTRODUCTION
For long EHV lines, pre-insertion resistors traditionally
are used to limit switching overvoltages. As a ”second-
line-of-defence”, surge arresters usually are located at
line-ends in the stations. A trend in recent years has
been to try to find alternatives to the pre-insertion
resistors by more active use of arresters or by
Figure 1: Basic scheme for statistical analysis on 550
controlled switching [1,2,3,4,5,6]. However, efficient
kV lines
limitation of the overvoltages along the lines by surge
arresters has first been possible with the introduction of The closing angles of the breaker poles were allowed to
high-energy polymer-housed surge arresters that permit vary stochastically and the statistical spread of closing
easy installation out on the lines. Extra ”mini- times amongst the three poles was included as well.
substations” are not needed for the installation of the A standard deviation, σ, of 0.6 ms, for the spread
arresters since they can be installed directly in the between the poles was used with a truncation at 3*σ.
towers. This use of transmission line arresters, TLA, The average closing time was varied randomly during
offers a robust and efficient alternative to pre-insertion one cycle of power frequency voltage.
resistors since the arresters can be located along the
lines at selected points to obtain the required control of In all cases 396 kV rated arresters with a protection
the overvoltage profile along the lines. level of 783 kV (1.74 p.u.) at 2 kA were assumed.
4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5
2.5
2
2
1.5
1.5
1
1 0 20 40 60 80 100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance, percentage of line length
Distance, percentage of line length
Figure 2: 2% overvoltage values, line to ground, for Figure 4: 2% overvoltage values, line to ground, for
100 km line with different measures to control 300 km line with different measures to control
switching surge overvoltages. switching surge overvoltages.
4
Figure 5: 2% overvoltage values, line to ground, for
3.5 300 km line with 3 arresters along the line,
3
concentrated towards the receiving end.
2.5
2.2 Arrester energy demands
2
Arrester energy (kJ) For a statistical study, the reclosing must be varied
3500 randomly during one complete cycle of the beat
3000
oscillation, which necessitates a great number of
simulated breaker operations. The basic scheme used
2500
for an analysis is shown in Figure 8.
2000
1500
1000
500
100 150 200 250 300
Line length (km)
1E+006
2.5
500000
2
Voltage (V)
0
1.5
-500000
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
-1E+006 Distance, percentage of line length
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Time (s)
Figure 7: 3-phase voltages across breaker poles after Figure 9: 2% overvoltage values, line to ground, for a
disconnection of 420 kV, 300 km shunt-compensated 100 km line with different numbers of SA along the line
line with previous ground fault. to control switching surge overvoltages
1 1000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance, percentage of line length 800
600
1
0 20 40 60 80 100 Flashover rate per breaker operation
Distance, percentage of line length 0.2
0.05
3.2 Arrester energy demands
[3] A. C. Carvalho et al, "Controlled switching as a [9] EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book - 345 kV
reliable mean to reduce stresses imposed to the and above (Second Edition), 1982, EPRI, Paolo
circuit-breaker and to network". CIGRÉ SC 13 Alto, California.
Colloquium 13-95(SC) 19. Florianopolis (Brazil),
September 1995. [10] IEC Standard 71-2:1996, ”Insulation co-
ordination - Part 2: Application guide”
[4] J. K. Bladow et al, "Switching surge control for the
500 kV California-Oregon transmission project”, [11] D. Loudon et al, ”A compact 420 kV line utilising
CIGRÉ 1990 Session, paper 13-304. line surge arresters for areas with low isokeraunic
levels”, For the presentation at CIGRÉ, 1998
[5]A. Eriksson et al, "Optimised line switching surge
control using circuit-breakers without closing
resistors", CIGRÉ Paper No. 13-305, Paris, 1990