. .,', '5 00 Vol·IS. No I 1~.

'7 - P_LL

IHmal( p .. cho'og' ilH{c"i~.4rcht.; .- _ • TOR MODEL OF PERSONA.~I:V:

EVALUATING TH~r~T'b~;NALYSIS OF THE REVISED NEO CONFIRMATORY PEIRSOINAL~TY INVENTORY . ...'"

d.j "" "ra oe«: rmd I'il'ek 1\1. R -lh.(!hJr

r. H l.a ,,1 . ,.,(iI\'J ~--~-----~--

_------------~------.----~~~:: pie bl.om the inl,er-factor corrslations. 'lor e am' I , aU, . • •

the factorial in ari,l)i'lce acr,oSS dmrrell'enl

popula'iol'ls. etc. In Mhls paper, we. s~all use lhe

term confirm wry factor analysu, Iii a broad

sense.

Broad~)' peaking. CFA methods can be classified mto three types,

~. Uerati e methods based on loss flllnctions:

Mulaik (1988) listed three mmportarl_t. to~~ functions, namely, least squares, IJHlximuril1: IIke.l~hood. and ge:o,eralized least squares. AccordIngly. In USREL (Joreskog &. Sorbom. '1986), " e have th~_ee CFA methods: (a) Mvdmum likel.ihood CFA (ML"CFA), (b) Unweighted least square CFA (ULS-CFA) and (e) Generalized least square CPA (GLS-CFA). As Bentler 1980) pointed OUl, USREL notation is also sometime referred to as JKW model because of the pioneering rule of Ioreskog (t913), Keesling (1912). and Wi ley t t 973) in dieveloping a relativ~ly standard notRri.onal framework. The CFA, earned out by these methods, is somelimes called as structural factor analysis (McAlid1e 1996), measurement model (Jores.kog'& Sorbom, 1986; Hoyle, 2000), etc. These methods have strong base in covariance structure analysis (Bentler & Bonnet. (980) and structural equations model ing (SEM) (Maruyama. 1988). Currently large numbers of software are available for SEM and CFA. These sofiw;are include AMOS, CALLS, COSAN. EQS. LlSCOMP, LISREL. Mplus, Mx, ROMONA, RAMpnth, and SEPATH (Hoyl,e, 2000. p.477). It may be pointed out that among the three CPA methods based on loss functions, maximum llkelthcod CPA method is the most popular one.

2. Multiple group' Lelion amdy is (MG ):

A brief hisiory of the de elopment ofMGfA has been presented by Harman (19'00). eveeral factor analysts ~jke Guttman (\ 95_), Harman P910). Gorsuch ('1974) ere. have emphasized lh

B TRA' I\. .n rt,wit'ws the

The pre,Hmr pllplJY nrie) '.~ .

fi Im"L''Ucior (JJ1oJl'sis nJIJlhm6 uHd

til 'Nml Loll rma .. ,. -.' . d AlEO~

- I' ol"tlz J R "Ws.e ,I' . -

~lItJo,:r01 onalylJt: eva Il.Qtlon 'J t.: _ I

'EO PI-R) bus,ed 011 i le

p Y' '0110 tttv Jtn'(!~fDr; - • .

F~"l!-Ftlc;or Model (FFMj. T1H! nt rI try of

orliwgmu'/ and ob/iqflt1' procrus! '5rO{a{IO~~_ oj

. d ori l1oJ-compmuml 10 Inpothesf,;.ed

l'arrmQ.'Cf! prrncrr• ••

hmor\' tar. ret mOlrix. (1:11(/ flu' ",1'I1uple gNmp

Inero; ano(vsl5 (, K1FA) has also been ~es1ed on

I . "'/ da{{l 0" J.J subiecls wllh equal

t 11." emprrrc... _ . , '1 - '.J

gender r<!f're:,t!lllo.tion (Lad/u. Deo. & Belhekar.

10011 These Rlellloci5 clearJ.\' recovered the fivef(Jc~()r S(FtJcnm! from the EO-Pl-R data, rhus indicolil1g lire robusmess oJ the FFM.

IrITR D crEON

Fat or analytic methods can be broadl; elassifled into two major heads - explorarory melhods and confirmatory methods. As Mula.ik (1988, p. 259) pointed out "Explorarory and confirmatory factoll" analysis reflect respectively two dHfeTenl approaches to the philosophy of science. " The term, confinnatory factor analysis (C A), is used in diverse sens .. e in current psychological and methode Icgica I literature. According to one school 'of thought, confirmatory factor analysis methods refer to the ileum, e confirmatory methods based on toss functions. These methods have primarily been developed by Joreskog0967.1969,1973.,etc.) and have been incorporated in now a classic and well-known software kno\m as USREL. According ro another schoo] of thought, confirmatory factor analysis refers LO any method of factor I:!Jl1a'ysis employed fer the purpese of hypothesis testing (e.g .• N unnal Iy, m 98 ~). The resear-cher bas to hypotlrlesize as to how many factors he woli~d gel and wh ich variab~e would load on what fa.clor. A more detailed hypothesis specrficaLioll1 can of course be done,

11

Dl!pflJ·rmem oj Psych%ro. University of Plme. Pune: .J I J O(J7

Vl!parlme'~1 of Apphed PsyclfotOKY. Utli ... 1"SUy of Mtl.mbm. MtUl1ba.: .JOf) 09·

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'I~:r~'1 , IJVfJ "Iltl I~\~·k AI ,hplhoknl'

I' II. I PI H. HI"'~. ' , " ,

Till now, the NI'I)-PI-I{ ~1tI'.bC'cn used ill ~1 ,courmics.2tJ languages and 16 cultures (Mer rae 20(1), In few ,t,r the crosa-e u ltural S~Ud,lcs employing N co- PI-It. the vanrnax r,olalCt~ principal cemporrents showed miner departures rrortl Ihe FFM. Such Find ings IHe not complel~ly unexpeetedin theory testing cro5s-cull~ral studies examining laetorial lnvariance. In this context, McCme. Zonderman, Costa, Bond, and Pallnonen ( 1,996, p, 558) remarked that "exp~orntory anal~ses are 001 nc.cessavi I)' optimal for testing h}'pOlIH~Slzed mcdels." . In e~plor(!ltor~ factor analyses. such as PCA \\ ith van 111 ill X rotation, the lheon, maximally. can suggest the number of lactorsto be rotated; neitherextract ion nor retail on. is ltuidl!d bv theory. It can be a crucial issue.

b ~ '.

especia II)' when the hypothesized structure IS not

simple. In this context McCrae et al (1 QQ6. p . S':-8) 113ve r ightly pointed out that "small d i [ferences in the observed eorre lations can then yield large differences in the position of the'.axes, and the solutions may appear LO be dramatically different." rvkCrae. Costa. del Pilar, RoUand, and Parker ( 19'98. p, 179) have opined that "varimax rotarion is designed to optimize simple structure and is not necessarily appropriate for (he analysis or variables that show circumplex ordering. as do Ihe facets of E and A.'II When the correlation matrices for the two groups are separately factor analyzed and rotated, sometimes the apparent varying structure may merely be due too "a retaiional shift in the data due to sample-specific error" (Piedmont & Chae, 1997, p. 140). To overcome such problems, McCTae et al (1996) suggested erthogonal procrustes rotation as one of the alternatives. As such, McCra.eet al (1996), Piedmont and Chae (1997), MCCra,e et al 099'8). and Arrgleiiner and OSlendorf (1000). Leininger (2002), Liina (2002): Ptet.in1!('lIH. Bain, Mc~rae. and Costa (2002) employed orthogonal Pf'C'lcrllstes rot~1ion to American normative factor pattern. In lh:e"comext ,M Ihe stud~ 01" factorial in, ariance procrustes rotntioll has also been f!:!'C0I11111l'ndcd by Mulaik (1972).

Church and Burke ( 1l)(}~1) el\<uU,illli!'J LIII..' util il) ufCFA ~pproilt'h u$iug toss fllm;rions. In 11l~ Nt 0 P I·R clal.] and II ighl ighll'd HIl: lim II~II h.'IIS 01 thl;' l~!:hlliljm; lor 1,I,:!ui II!! pI" hl)lIlIllI) :,IIIU.'IlH I.' 'In\lJt.'I~

l:t 11

I ,I A NUllIla)-

jJ 1'01,1.:' ,01 lhe· ~. Of

1',\ J.nllh~"'I:'> 1.;s.1I ne ,I, . ed lhal h II! \HI,'5 "so Id

19() (:\ en ctaun

I I Q8, I. p.'. 'r (i lness ()r mu ILiplc gro.up

era usc 1.1 ... ,

0111 the g('n~ • . onfirm!'llon factor

, d' ror pcrforml11g C • d

\melho:!> ", 900 ' ,273) also discuss,(3 ..

I· s t'o'l'U I'lli>. ll· . III e . p. r.

ana ~Sl. _ " n confirmalor), IRClor

MGFA m his chapater I) 'R'iv8Ilof an old analysts under .lllt! caJmon .' c~ is a '.rel1le\\ed Method' and pointedout th~n there .. d'

jmcrc!lt In the l11ultiple group metne .

. Procrustes retatiens

J. Preern ~e.sI"I'I:rfltmns: .. " :'

I d 'for tv, 0 purpeses fm:;l. the

can be c:mr oye I'. " e

obtained factor pattern can be rotate? ro sam

ather factor pattern, someLimes ob~alned .: m an £llrJi(:r "tudy or on some 01 her group. I or max IIml~

l"h:s praciice is often followed, In

eengruenee ~. ..• . • ?

the stud ics on faetorial rnvanance (Mulaik, 19L).

Second the ohlaine'd factor pauerncan be

..Jecon • . TI'

rotated to n}pofhesized (binary) largut metnx. us

practice IS panicularl) suitable for mO.del or lh~o,: evaluarion, lt ma} be nOled thai In hyp.ml1sls I~sling Ihrough procrustes rorauon, the extraction of facrors IS carried flUl b) exploratory methods .. Dilly the roianon IS guided by theoq The procrusres rotations can be either orthogonal or oblique.

Factor A.nal) tic JE:\'sluatiou or the Five-Fuctur Mudel

Currently the Five-Facter-Madel (rfM) of persenality is probabl) the most popular trait model. In persona li ty psychology. The impact of this model 00 personality research in different eoumrtes. euttures and languages is \vell documented in a recent volume eidted by McCrae and AIW: (2.002). in the 'context of FFM, Cesta and McCrat: (I 992} have presented, now a very wen k:rtown inventory, the revised NED Personality Inventory (NEQ-PI-R). The NEO-PI.R_ measures five mC!:ior dimensions of personaljty: Nel.)lI'0tieis·m (N). EXlraverslion (E), Openn~s to Experience (0), Agreeableness (A). and Conscientiousness (C). Each of these dill1t)l'iIsio.rn (domain) has. been further conl.eptuOfill!cd in terms of six facet scales. thus having Lh Ifty facet scales in the NfO~PI-R.

Costa and McCrae' 1'092) have nresenred tile factor piiltl~n1 of Ihe NEO·PI-R usIng, the principa] :l,;omponclIl.., analysii (pr A) rollowcd by \1.11 Imtlx

rrJl(lIIOII I he n=~uIH;' verv wc]] SIII'PI)rI Iltt' FI M

in \ I~'I\ o._'If the I imih.·d .. implc Sol ruet llrC 0 r personali ty rucasurcs. '1I.lcCrat! ~(allI9Q('J, 115531. who evarnined ~ fl-l rA in the ccntext C'l1' N f( )-P I-R dam. remarked 1'111 I.ypa:al ,iilpplicmions. therefore, variables an.' l1'}pothesiz,cd tu load on Ii sil1gle specified factor, and ~h€ir loadings 1011 other fa-enol's are fixed 011 zeru, Ma;t.( lmum r rkeliheod est lmares are then used to determine the optimal values For the hypothesized factor load ings, and the til of the so IlJu ion ( ... ) is then evalua led. I n rea I data (he secondary loadings IOf variables are rare]y exact' zero, bUI In Simple structure models they are assumed 10 fl'Ulcnuattl randeml abollt zero, I r. however, small loadings are in fact meaningful, erA wltha Simple structure model may not lit well." McCraee[ 31 r\Jrther remarked. "The factors or [he FFM \ ere initiall) identified with roratien procedures (I ike varirnax) designed to approx i male simple structure. Yellhe fFM does nor pOSIU late perfect si mple structure _. that is, it does nOL assume thaI all personality traits define one and onl) one factor. II Guided by these arguments, McCrae el 31 empiricl.lly explored the wilily ofMLCF'A for the evaluation of FFM using NEO .. PI-R data The traditional style application ofML-CFA [0 the NEO-PJ-R data did not indicate a very good flt to the hypothesized model, [hough when the rlQIiHargeled loadings were fixed [0 small values instead of zero. the fh of the model considerably improved McCrae er al concluded that ML-CFA has serious problems When used tnexamine personality structure. J n the same paper McCrae et al a lso stud led the uti I ityo f procrustes roratien to nermauve American facror pattern matrix in evaluating the FfM and reported the positive findings.

OBJECfIVES

The above review indicates thet rhe ML=CFA. [he most \ idely used heratlve method based on loss function. has reasonarbly severe I irn italians in evaluating lin: FFM. On the contrary. orthogonal proerustes rotation '[01 normative American factor pattern has consishmlly yi,elded quite satisfactory results However, a'S we have poirned Qui in our earlier 'Work (Lodhi, Dee, & Belheksr, 200,2. p.238). "Orthogonal and eblique Procrustes rctarions to a 11) p(tfln!!loizrcd bi mary target matrix are' underulllil.L:d for evaluaring lhe tFM ... " Wt:. have

.19

I;llso pourtcd UUI lila I Ihl'\ MI..JI'A "al- merits consideraucnas lit technique of CFA." We have carried out scve~al [actor 211,lysQS of 'lltr NLO~ P I-R data (Lodhl et al, 2002), althoug' we hav prirnari 1)1 presented the resu Its 0 r Qrlhogonal procrustes rotation 10 narmative American fac10r f)3HC!I'U and made on 1.~ 11 passing reference to the results C)b~ained by other factor analytic methods. As snell, in til is paper we intenrl to present the results 0 (~) both orthogonal and oblique procrustes rotations [0 a hypothesized binary target matrix. and (b oblique 8S well as orthogonal M G FA.. Even the visual exam inaUa,n of these results wou Id dernonstrate the util ity of these rnethods in recovering the flve-faetor structure from the NEO¥P·I~R. lncidentally it may be poirned QUE [hal in none of these: methods the ncn-targeted loadings in the actual ro~alecl factol' pattern matrices are fixed to zero.

METHOD AND A A.LYSES

The present analyses are based on the data collected on a sample or 214 post-graduate students (Mean. age = 21.71 yrs., S:D = 1.29). or these subjects. 1.07 wen: males and the liemaiming J 07 were females, This sample "vas drawn from re.n University departments and, as such. it can be ecnsidered to be fairly heterogeneous. These subjects received a Mar.athi adaptation of the NEO~PI~R (Lodhi et al, 2002) .. As polnted out above, the NEO-Pl-R measures five major dimensions of pereSonaHty: Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E). Openness to Experience (0). Agreeableness <A) •. and Conscientieusness '{e). Each 'of these dimensieu (domain) has been further conceptualized in terms of six faoel scales, thus having thirty facet scales in the NEO-Pf,-R. The starisrieal analyses of these data including (8) descriptive statistics and internal consistenc) reliabHil~es for 30 faeets iitnd il e domains; (Ill gender differences on 30 fllllceis and Rive domains. (c) domain correlations, ttl) (:orrelations of the domain seeles wiU, the NEO Five-Facter lnvc:nulll') (NEO-FFI) have been presented ill Lodhi et I (2002), Lodhi et HI also presented t .. 0 factor panern matrices - ril'Sl. the varl,ma);.~rot'lled principal com ponunts, and SC'GOIH.I. the orthugl'l 11 a I

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rTl~t: I ustll;.·~ 1\ t .. ted f:l~ turs ((..1 110nnr., ive AI l1I.. rlcun ract~H plth.'1 n 1 odhi "[ al also preseured 31 ather :.WO\ I!Xllnl ill i Ilg. Ihe \ a I id it) of I he M :lriHh i lldtlI;tallon of the N-O-PI~R in U:r!11S ,r Its correlah!S \'\ uh the Eyscnckian scales.

AnH~\'~~ I and n ~ Or~hogmu~.1 ~md ObUqu' Protnl'les rR0I3t~!)n to tJlu:'l I'~ypothcsmed Binary Ta,rgel M,:ilhi).

The .3 0 x 30 co rre lin ion matrix. represen Li 11g: the correlations among the racel scales of the NEO· PI-R was subjected to principal compenents analysis. The first the principal components, indicated by Cartells scree end also suggested bv the fiive-factornheory were stlbj.ected to varimax r~l1Ition< for carrying om procrustes rotation (bmh orthogonal and cbl ique), the five-factor hypothesis in ririe context IOf the N EO-PI·P.: was represented in terms of30 x. 5, bin.ary target matri;;.;., wherein the targeted loadings were indicated by unities and the non-targeted loadings were lndicated by zeros, Orthogonal procrustes rotation was accomplished by follQvdllg Schonemann,

1966} and McCrae, el al (1996). The obtained results are presented in table l-A. The oblique procrustes rotation lI'VaS accomplished by following Mulaik (1972). The obtained results are presented in table I-B.

Analysis ill and IV: ObliqlJ~ and Orthog,onal Multiple Group lFa.c.tl13t Analysis

Retidning unities in the diagonal. spaces of the 3Ox30 c'o:rrelaliol'l matrix, we obtained oblique multiple group factor so lution by following Gorsuch (1974) and Hannan (1970). Tile obtained reSl!!!lls are presented in table 2-A. The oblique MIGFA soluuon was transformed into an orthogona I selu lion by fol lowing Harman. (] 970). The obtained results are presented in table 2-B.

RESULTS AND DICU' SION

A reference to tab le I· A indicates that the 11~\'e~faetormodcl is clearly supported. All tbe first SIX facet scales (N I no N6), be long] .Ilg [0 N_euroticism domaln were expected to nave their hlgh:esl loading~ on factor I. This has turned out to be rhe esse. Thus factor 1 can clearly be labeled as <" c:urOI ic ism (N). The: nex l six t"a.cet seal es (Go I LrJ 1.6J belongl ng 10 I xtra versicn dorna in, were

expected to have their higheslt loading on factor 2. 'I his rcquiremern is met by all extraver "iun raceT scales eXC(:~JI E~ (A.c~ivlly) and, as such, factor 2 can be labeled as Extraversian (E). The nexl s ix facet scales (0 I to 06). b~lol1gjog [0 1me Openness to Experience domain, have their higheslloading, on taeier ) as expe&Lad. As such faclOr J. can clearly be labeled as Openness 10 Experience (OJ. The next six facet scales (AI to A6}, belorrging [0 Agreeableness domain. wereexpeeted to hallie nheir high'est loading on factor 4. This has turned IOllt to be the case though the loadil'l1:g for the facet scale A5 (Modesty) falls little short of our cutting po.i:n't t)!f 0.4 0. Thus factor 4 is 31n Agreeableness faerer, The Last six facet scales (el to C61, 'belonging to Conscientiousness domain~loaded on factor ::; as expected. As such factor 5, can c'learrl~ be labeled as Ccnscientiousness factor. The Five factors together have condensed 53.2 per cent ~.F the total variance,

The comparison of table J-A and table I=B lndleates that barh orthogoaa) and oblique procrustes tfan&fermatiCillls to hypothesIzed biI1arj1 target matrix have yielded hig.hly similar results. Even in table I-B,Qnl)' E4 (Acti",ity)is having its highest 10adillg on nen-intended factor. As such the results in table 1-B can be interpreted on the above lines and it can be concluded that the results very well supporr the "rFM. A.1.nhough the interfactor eerrelations afni1e oblique selutien are nor reported here fer space reasens, t'hei'i absolute values range from 0.04 Co 0 .. 22. Tl9us even [he oblique rotation has yielded Rmctieally orthogonal factors. Illoide:ntallY1 it may be stated thal Hom (1967) has strongly criticized oblique precrustes ro'ts'tion because it can eonsiderablyeapisalizean chance by Introduoing high oblicp:u:ness (j.e., high i[Jter~ractof eerrel at ions) in the process, of retat ion. Since the inter~r:aCtorcorrelati.Gl'Is ebtained in the present analysis are quire low. this crithzism lis nm applicable i,m. the present eontext. Since even rhe app I icatlon 0. r rhe obi iq ue proerusees fOr,al ion has yielded quite !ow-Icorre]sled factors, it can b~ concluded that the flve factors 'can be re'garcicd as olnhQgonal for practical purposes, o:rLi1ogoI'I1aIIHy of five radom'S is not R r!;l,tationat arti fact IS in the case of vari max or on hogOllal procrustes J'olatt,ion. We suggest researchers" us ing the NEO~PI-R .ale:l doing prirH~ipcll·

\ I IIh-,.'1 ~m.l\ .IlIl'r Imothsls 111 submit • '.' lIP,ll. " I Imn\.,jp.1I (,,'''III'I~lll'llI.s IIJ ubltquc

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I· . .uaiion ,tnd L'\ .H1l11h,." C are l u II) I lC

III \1. ~ I' • . .

IH in the rt:suhlllf!, suluuon 11\\ III be

I 1L':II~"" 1 •

~'th Ii I'. 'I' I-I'ndi IIg II our results a I"C replicated

,.\ \\ • II: lll. to:

\ . .

I IlHl1re stud ICS,

ThL rei:Ult5. based on ebhquc I\!(j I A .1I1d

J '11 ,al'le ~. \ ver .... clearh SlIPP0rt I he

!lIt'~inf~ • I l '. • .'

; F\ I \:1, e. hO""'V\l L'. do not c on I Jet' . oh II i:ji II e

F'\ C'f\ suitable 10 C\ aluaic ~be cbliqucncss

\HJ \ . . .,..'. d ~

" del since when urnnes an; I etame In

(II I hill rna ... ." ..

~ al speecs of the correlation 1118lr1X and

Ill': u1ag.ol1. . ' ..

1· . 'I scale llil t'xp· ected to load 011 one factor

i:\tL"'-' net; . < .' .. • •

iii II;e h) pOlhcs!zed binal) [argcl matn_x, II can

bl'shown Ihal1i1e inter-factor correliltlo.ns and lhe il1ler-dommin cerrelatirms would be equivalent, 111~ ~,amil1atioll of the resu us of the orthogonal 1 MGFA. presented in [able 2-B. al s o mdicates [hat all [be facet scales an: having their highest loading on the Intended faClCJI" , thus supporting the FPM. However unlike oblique MGfA sohnicn, in the orthogonal MGFA... the three facet scales (03 Feeling"; C I: Competence: and C5: Self-discipline) do n01 have ~imflle structure.

Thus it i<:; clear that all the lour confirmatory method em pi oyed i n the prese nt work h ave recovered the Five-Factor strueture from the NEO~ PI· It data The confirmation or the FFM by diverse methods indicates its robustness.

cknowloogement

'We gnut!full) acknO\\ ledge Professor R. R. ~lcC rae. Nat lonal Insl iLU te CJf Aaina, Gerorrto I onv Research Center. Baltirncee, U-SA. for valuable SU~gcSlJt;,ms during Ihe course of our work 'on rhe Five-Factor Model

A IrIgll'ilnc.: A .• & O~lI:'JIldorf. E. (2noo, ,J IIJly). 'the II f I COt1fp'ul'ii'iOn '1} Germa" \p!?ciN.iH1l WWllrI('..5 (All,';{riu, "01 mer Fast lmd Ue~'t Gl!fI)l(on and Su tf=f!rlmrd) Paper presented at the XXVI Ith IllLt:rn~tiollal ('ollgrcss (Jf P!J}dJr j gy SI1CklHJIIl1 Sweden.

2l

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