chapter 10

1)describe the motivation process. motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of
effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some
individual need. the motivation process begins with an unsatisfied need, which
creates tension and drives an individual to search for goals that, if attained, will
satisfy the need and reduce the tension.
2)define needs. needs are internal states that make certain outcomes appear
attractive. because needs may be unfulfilled, people attempt to do something. that
something is behavior designed to satisfy an unfulfilled need.
3)explain the hierarchy of needs theory. the hierarchy of needs theory states that
humans have five needs -physiological (food, water,shelter) safety (freedom from
emotional and physical harm) social (affection, belongingness, friendship) esteem
(self-respect, autonomy, achievement); and self-actualization (achieving ones
potential) --- which individuals attempt to satisfy in a steplike progression. a
substantially satisfied need no longer motivates.
4)Differentiate theory x from theory y. Theory x is basically a negative view of human
nature, assuming that employees sidlike work, are lazy, seek to avoid responsibility,
and must be coerced to perform. a theory x employee is motivated by fear of losing
job security. Theory y is basically positive, assuming that employees are creative,
seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction. a theory y employee is motivated
by challenging work and empowerment.
5) Explain the motivational implications of the motivation- hygiene theory. The
motivation-hygiene theory states that not all job factors can motivate employees. The
presence or absence of certain job characteristics of hygiene factors can only
placate employees but do not lead to satisfaction or motivation. factors that people
find intrinsically rewarding such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and
growth act as motivators and produce job satisfaction.
6)describe the motivational implications of equity theory. in equity theory, individuals
compare their jobs input-outcome ratio with those of relevant others. if they perceive
that they are underrewarded, their motivation declines. they may adjust the quantity
and quality of their work, leave the organization, or simply compare themselves to
another relevant other. when individuals perceive that they are overrewarded, they
often are motivated to work harder in order to justify their pay . often both quality and
quantity of work will increase.
7)explain the key relationships in expectancy theory. the expectancy theory states
that an individual tends to act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act
will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual. the theories prime components are the relationships between efforts and
performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and individual goals.
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