c


The c
  

   
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) is a
specialized agency of the United Nations established on 16 November 1945. Its stated purpose is
to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through education,
science, and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and the
human rights along with fundamental freedoms proclaimed in the UN Charter.[2] It is the heir of
the League of Nations' International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation.

UNESCO has 193 Member States and seven Associate Members.[3] [4] Most of the field offices
are "cluster" offices covering three or more countries; there are also national and regional offices.
UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major programs: education, natural sciences, social
and human sciences, culture, and communication and information. Projects sponsored by
UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes; international science
programmes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional and
cultural history projects; the promotion of cultural diversity; international cooperation
agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to
preserve human rights, and attempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide.

  


UNESCO¶s mission is to contribute to the "building of peace", reducing the poverty, promoting
sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture,
communication and information. The Organization focuses, in particular, on two global
priorities: Africa and Gender Equality. Other priorities of the Organization include attaining
quality education for all and lifelong learning, addressing emerging social and ethical challenges,
fostering cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies
through information and communication.

The broad goals and concrete objectives of the international community ± as set out in the
internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) ± underpin all UNESCO¶s strategies and activities.



UNESCO mandate for international intellectual co-operation can be traced back to the League of
Nations resolution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commission to study the question. The
International Committee on Intellectual Co-operation (CICI) was officially created on 4 January
1922, as a consultative organ composed of individuals elected based on their personal
qualifications. The International Institute for Intellectual Cooperation (IICI) was then created in
Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agency for the CICI.[8] On 18 December 1925,
the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as a non-governmental organization in
the service of international educational development. However, the work of these predecessor
organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of the Second World War. After the signing of
the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied
Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued from 16 November
1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the necessity for an international organization
was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the
United States of America and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference
proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the
recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO),
held in San Francisco in April±June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of
an educational and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was convened in London 1±16 November
1945. 44 governments were represented. At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was
introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was established. The
Preparatory Commission operated between 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946 ± the date
when UNESCO¶s Constitution came into force with the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a
member state.

The first General Conference took place from 19 November to 10 December 1946, and elected
Dr. Julian Huxley to the post of Director-General. The Constitution was amended in November
1954 when the General Conference resolved that members of the Executive Board would be
representatives of the governments of the States of which they are nationals and would not, as
before, act in their personal capacity. This change in governance distinguished UNESCO from
its predecessor, the CICI, in terms of how member states would work together in the
Organization¶s fields of competence. As member states worked together over time to realize
UNESCO¶s mandate, political and historical factors have shaped the Organization¶s operations
in particular during the Cold War, the decolonization process, and the dissolution of the USSR.

Among the    !   of the Organization is its work against racism, for example
through influential statements on race starting with a declaration of anthropologists (among them
was Claude Lévi-Strauss) and other scientists in 1950 and concluding with the 1978 Declaration
on Race and Racial Prejudice. In 1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UNESCO
claiming that some of the Organization¶s publications amounted to ³interference´ in the
country¶s ³racial problems. South Africa rejoined the Organization in 1994 under the leadership
of Nelson Mandela.

UNESCO¶s early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental
education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947. This project was followed by expert
missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949. In 1948,
UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory
and universal. In 1990 the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand,
launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.
Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member
governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015. UNESCO¶s early activities
in the field of culture included, for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.

The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Temple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being
swamped by the Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam. During the 20-year campaign, 22
monuments and architectural complexes were relocated. This was the first and largest in a series
of campaigns including Moenjodaro (Pakistan), Fez (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur
(Indonesia) and the Acropolis (Greece). The Organization¶s work on heritage led to the adoption,
in 1972, of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage. The World Heritage Committee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribed on
the World Heritage List in 1978. Since then important legal instruments on cultural heritage and
diversity have been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003 (Convention for the
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage) and 2005 (Convention on the Protection and
Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions).

At an intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris in December 1951 was held which led to
the creation of the European Council for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1954. The World Wide
Web was born at CERN in 1989. Arid Zone programming, 1948±1966, is another example of an
early major UNESCO project in the field of natural sciences.[28] In 1968, UNESCO organized
the first intergovernmental conference aimed at reconciling the environment and development, a
problem which continues to be addressed in the field of sustainable development.

The main outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation of UNESCO¶s Man and the
Biosphere Programme. In the field of communication, the free flow of information has been a
priority for UNESCO from its beginnings. In the years immediately following World War II,
efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on the identification of needs for means of mass
communication around the world. UNESCO started organizing training and education for
journalists in the 1950s. In response to calls for a "New World Information and Communication
Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established the International Commission for the Study of
Communication Problems, which produced the 1980 MacBride report (named after the Chair of
the Commission, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride). Following the MacBride
report, UNESCO introduced the Information Society for All programme and Toward Knowledge
Societies programme in the lead up to the World Summit on the Information Society in 2003
(Geneva) and 2005 (Tunis).

"


UNESCO offices in Brasília

UNESCO implements its activities through the five programme areas of Education, Natural
Sciences, Social and Human Sciences, Culture, and Communication and Information.
!Y
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ƒY Eight specialized Institutes in different topics of the sector
ƒY UNESCO Chairs, an international network of 644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770
institutions in 126 countries.
ƒY Environmental Conservation Organization
ƒY Organization of the International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA [35]) in
an interval of 12 years
ƒY Publication of the Education for All Global Monitoring Report
ƒY UNESCO ASP Net, an international network of 8,000 schools in 170 countries
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š Seville Statement on Violence: A statement adopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the notion
that humans are biologically predisposed to organised violence.

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ƒY International Network of Geoparks

ƒY Biosphere reserves, through the Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), since
1971
ƒY City of Literature; in 2007, the first city to be given this title was Edinburgh, the site of
Scotland's first circulating library. In 2008, Iowa City, Iowa became the City of
Literature.
ƒY Endangered languages and linguistic diversity projects
ƒY Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
ƒY Memory of the World International Register, since 1997
ƒY Water resources management, through the International Hydrological Programme (IHP),
since 1965.
ƒY World Heritage Sites

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ƒY Promoting freedom of expression, press freedom and access to information, through the
International Programme for the Development of Communication and the
Communication and Information Programme
ƒY Promoting universal access to ICTs, through the Information for All Programme (IFAP)
ƒY Promoting Pluralism and cultural diversity in the media
!Y  !     #
 ƒY International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the
Children of the World:2001±2010, proclaimed by the UN in 1998.
ƒY World Press Freedom Day, 3 May each year, to promote freedom of expression and
freedom of the press as a basic human right and as crucial components of any healthy,
democratic and free society.
ƒY CriançaEsperança in Brazil, in partnership with RedeGlobo, to raise funds for
community-based projects that foster social integration and violence prevention.
ƒY International Literacy Day
ƒY International Year for the Culture of Peace

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ƒY Migration Museums Initiative: Promoting the establishment of museums for cultural

dialogue with migrant populations.
ƒY UNESCO-CEPES, the European Centre for Higher Education: established in 1972 in
Bucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized office to promote international co-operation in
higher education in Europe as well as Canada, USA and Israel.
ƒY Free Software Directory: since 1998 UNESCO and the Free Software Foundation have
jointly funded this project cataloguing free software.
ƒY FRESH Focussing Resources on Effective School Health.
ƒY OANA, the Organization of Asia-Pacific News Agencies.
ƒY International Council of Science.
ƒY UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors
ƒY ASOMPS, v
 

  

     
 , a series of scientific
conferences held in Asia
ƒY Botany 2000, a programme supporting taxonomy, and biological and cultural diversity of
medicinal and ornamental plants, and their protection against environmental pollution

//0c
 1

UNESCO enjoys official relations with 322 international NGOs. Most of these are what
UNESCO calls "operational", a select few are "formal". |
relations are reserved for an
NGO with an active presence in the field, with special expertise and with an ability to channel
the concerns of their clients. Requests for admission by an NGO to UNESCO for 

relations can be made to the Director-General at any time.   relations are reserved for
those NGOs who have a sustained role in cooperating with UNESCO both upstream and
downstream. Admission for   recognition is only granted to international NGOs that are
widely representative and expert in their field of activity, and with a genuinely international
structure and membership.   relations are themselves sub-divided into two types,
"consultative" or "associate", depending on the role and structure of the NGO itself. The
Executive Board, one of UNESCO's governing bodies, decides on requests for admission by
NGOs to one or the other type of  relation on the basis of recommendations made by the
Director-General.  relations are established for renewable periods of six years.

The highest form of affiliation to UNESCO is "formal associate", and the 22 NGOs with  
 
(ASC) relations occupying offices at UNESCO are:

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The institutes are specialized departments of the Organization that support UNESCO's
programme, providing specialized support for cluster and national offices.



š UNESCO International Bureau of Education (IBE); Geneva (Switzerland) specializes in

educational contents, methods and structures. IBE shares expertise on curriculum development
and aims to introduce innovative approaches in curriculum design and implementation, improve
practical skills, and facilitate international dialogue on educational policies and practices.

š UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning promotes lifelong learning policy and practice with a
focus on adult learning and education, especially literacy and non-formal education and
alternative learning opportunities for marginalized and disadvantaged groups.

š UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP); Paris (France) and Buenos
Aires (Argentina) is a centre for training and research to strengthen the capacity of countries to
plan and manage their education systems.
š UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE); Moscow (Russian
Federation) serves as a centre of excellence and provider of technical support and expertise in the
area of ICT usage in education.

š UNESCO International Institute for Capacity-Building in Africa (IICBA); Addis Ababa

(Ethiopia) works to enhance the capacities of regional, national and local level educational
institutions in Africa, thus providing the opportunity for technological improvements, such as the
utilization of electronic media for networking and for educational purposes, targeting both
individuals and institutions.

š UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
(IESALC); Caracas (Venezuela) contributes to the development and transformation of the
tertiary education through the reinforcement of a work plan that, among other purposes, attempts
to be an instrument to support the management of change and the required transformations in
order that higher education in the region becomes an effective promoter of a culture of peace that
allows to make viable - in an age of globalization - the human sustainable development based on
principles of justice, equity, freedom, solidarity, democracy and respect of the human rights.

š UNESCO International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
(UNEVOC); Bonn (Germany) works to strengthen and upgrade countries' Technical and
Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems.

š UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education (CEPES); Bucarest (Romania) promotes co-
operation and provides technical support in the field of higher education among UNESCO¶s
Member States in Central, Eastern and South-East Europe.

 ,   

As of October 2009, UNESCO counts 193 Member States and seven Associate Members.[49]
Some member states have additional National Organizing Committees from some of their
dependent territories.

   $ 

Various countries have issued postage stamps commemorating UNESCO. The organization's
seal and its headquarters building have been common themes. In 1955 the United Nations Postal
Administration (UNPA) issued its first ones honouring the organization. While UNESCO has
never separately issued stamps valid for postage, from 1951 to 1966 it issued a series of 41 "gift
stamps" to raise money for its activities. Designed by artists in various countries, they were sold
at a desk by the UNPA counter located in the United Nations Headquarters building in New
York City. No longer available at the UN, most of these Cinderella stamps can be purchased at
low cost from speciality stamp dealers.

c
//

UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, France UNESCO has offices in many locations across the
globe; its headquarters are located in Paris, France.48°51ƍ00ƎN 2°18ƍ22ƎE Through its field
offices, UNESCO develops strategies, programs and activities in consultation with national
authorities and other partners.

 ($ #UNESCO's field offices are categorized into four primary office types based upon
their function and geographic coverage. The following descriptions identify the primary dividing
lines.

   #A cluster office covers a group of countries and is the central component in the
field, around which are organized national offices and regional bureaux. The 27 cluster offices,
covering 148 Member States, represent the main supporting structure of UNESCO Secretariat¶s
network in the field.

  # In addition to cluster offices which are the main supporting structure of the
Secretariat¶s network in the field, there are 21 national offices, each serving a single Member
State. These exceptions to the cluster system involve either the so-called E-9 countries (nine
highly-populated countries) which are either in post-conflict situations or are in transition.

 , #Regional bureau and regional advisers specializing in the fields of education,
science, the social sciences, culture and communication provide specialized support to cluster
and national offices in a given region.

0  #The decentralized network includes two liaison offices to the United Nations in
New York and Geneva and a liaison office to the European Union in Brussels.

c
 
 ,( #The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is organized
geographically by UNESCO Region and identifies the members states and associate members of
UNESCO which are served by each office.

0
 

Elections for the renewal of the position of Director-General took place in Paris from 7
September to 23 September 2009. Eight candidates ran for the position, and 58 countries[57]
voted for them. The Executive Council gathered from 7 September to 23 September, the vote
itself beginning on the 17th. Irina Bokova was elected the new Director-General.

c 
UNIDO is the specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes industrial development for
poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental sustainability

!Y The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized

agency of the United Nations.
 !Y Its mandate is to promote and accelerate sustainable industrial development in
developing countries and economies in transition, and work towards improving living
conditions in the world's poorest countries by drawing on its combined global resources
and expertise.
!Y In recent years, UNIDO has assumed an enhanced role in the global development agenda
by focusing its activities on poverty reduction, inclusive globalization and environmental
sustainability.
!Y  !    ,
  %    : as a , , we generate and
disseminate industry-related knowledge; as a   $  (, we provide
technical support and implement projects.
!Y Today, the Organization is recognized as a highly relevant, specialized and efficient
provider of key services in support of the interlinked challenges of reducing poverty
through productive activities, promoting the integration of developing countries in global
trade through trade capacity building, fostering environmental sustainability in industry,
and improving access to energy.
!Y Our long-term vision is to aspire to a world of opportunity where progress is equitable,
accessible and sustainable and where the alleviation of poverty is considered a common
aim and global responsibility.
!Y UNIDO's role is that of an informed institution, in tuned with the goals of its partners and
capable of making an effective contribution to industrial development and sustainable
development.

c  

Policymaking Organs

The governing bodies of UNIDO are:

!Y 1     314#
The GC determines the guiding principles and policies of the Organization, approves its
budget and work programme. Every four years, the GC appoints the Director-General.
The GC also elects the members of the Industrial Development Board (IDB) and of the
Programme and Budget
!Y 
  ! $ 2
324#

The IDB comprises 53 members, elected for a four-year term on a rotational basis from
all Member States. It reviews the implementation of the work programme, the regular and
operational budgets, makes recommendations to the GC on policy matters, including the
appointment of the Director-General. The IDB meets once in General Conference years,
and twice in other years.
!Y  
2
  324#
 The PBC consists of 27 members, elected by the GC for a two-year term. The PBC,
which meets once a year, is a subsidiary organ of the IDB and provides assistance in the
preparation and examination of the work programme, the budget and other financial
matters.
UNIDO comprises 173 Member States

c   
1.Y  =1  314#
The UNIDO Constitution stipulates that the Director-General is the chief administrative
officer of UNIDO and is accountable to its policymaking organs ± the General
Conference, the Industrial Development Board and the Programme and Budget
Committee. Subject to the directives of these policymaking organs, the Director-General
has the overall responsibility and authority to direct the work of the Organization.

2.Y  $(  =1  314#

The Deputy to the Director-General (DDG) provides advice and substantive
support to the Director-General in the overall management of the UNIDO
Secretariat, and assists the Director-General in the effective and efficient
functioning of the Secretariat. He or she represents and acts on behalf of the
Director-General as may be required by the Director-General. In particular, the
DDG assists the Director-General in ensuring that the operations of UNIDO are
fully in line with the directives of the policymaking organs and strategies and
policies of the Organization.

6*Y   ! $ 
  $ ! 34#
The Division is primarily responsible for providing capacity-development support and
technical cooperation services to enhance the capabilities of developing countries and
transition economies to: process their agriculture-based raw materials, participate in
international trade flows for manufactured goods; increase investment and technology
flows; and develop entrepreneurship; while also promoting environmentally sustainable
production techniques; developing renewable and rural energy for productive use;
increasing energy efficiency; and supporting the implementation of major multilateral
environmental agreements. In doing so, the Division develops, implements and monitors
sectoral, cross-sectoral and thematic programmes and projects, and provides technical
advisory and institutional and human capacity-building services.
The Division comprises the Office of the Managing Director and the Agri-Business
Development Branch; the Business, Investment and Technology Services Branch; the
Trade Capacity-building Branch; the Energy and Climate Change Branch; the
Environmental Management Branch; and the Montreal Protocol Branch. In addition, the
Division hosts the Bureau for Programme Results Monitoring as well as the Bureau for
Regional Programmes. Dimitri Piskounov is the Managing director of PTC.
7*Y    >(  

!(! 3>4#
The Division is responsible for providing programmatic guidance and substantive support
to the work of the Organization as well as alignment with its quality assurance
 framework. It provides Member States as well as other Divisions with state-of-the art
analyses of the main determinants and trends of industrial development. On this basis, it
advocates the role of industry as an instrument for poverty reduction and environmental
sustainability and provides strategic advice to policy-makers at the national and regional
levels. Furthermore, it is responsible for conceptualizing, developing and managing
UNIDO's relationships with donor governments and other existing and potential donor
organizations. Finally, the Division acts as the focal point for security-related issues, both
at headquarters and in the field. The Division comprises the Office of the Managing
Director; the Advocacy and Communications Group, the Development Policy and
Strategic Research Branch and the Donor Relations and Quality Assurance Branch. The
managing director of SQA is Wilfried Luetkenhorst.

5.Y  $$

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The Division formulates policies and procedures, and provides strategic guidance,
direction and support to all entities of the Secretariat, including the offices away from
Headquarters, in the five broad areas of human resources, finance and budgets,
information and communication management, operational support (procurement of goods
and services, assets management and related IPSAS standards, travel, transportation,
shipments, etc.), and management of the common services entrusted to UNIDO
(buildings management services and catering operations) on behalf of the Vienna-based
Organizations (VBOs). Through these services, the Division provides effective support
for the Organization¶s operational and programmatic activities within an appropriate
framework of decentralization of authority, accountability and oversight.

The Division comprises the Office of the Managing Director and four subsidiary entities:
The Human Resource Management Branch, the Financial Services Branch, the
Information and Communication Management Services, and the Operational Support
services branch.

c #
UNIDO employs 651 staff members at Headquarters and other established offices around
the world. Annually, we draw on the services of some 2,878 international and national
experts who work on projects worldwide. Approximately 50 per cent of the international
and national experts are from developing countries.
!Y 0#
The UNIDO Headquarters sits alongside the Danube River in Vienna, Austria, part of the
United Nations Headquarters complex.
c ?   

UNIDO focuses its resources and expertise to support developing countries and economies in
transition in their efforts to achieve sustainable industrial development.

As a technical cooperation agency, we design and implement programmes focused on three

thematic priorities, which directly respond to global development priorities. These priorities are:
!Y ! (
  
! ! #
UNIDO seeks to enable the poor to earn a living through productive activities, thus to find a path
out of poverty. The Organization provides a comprehensive range of services customized for
developing countries and transition economies, ranging from industrial policy advice to
entrepreneurship and SME development, and from technology diffusion to sustainable
production and the provision of rural energy for productive uses.
!Y 
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Developing countries are benefiting from increasingly participating in the global trading system.
Thus, strengthening their capacity to participate in global trade is critical for their future
economic growth. Especially after their accession to the WTO, their technical ability to enter into
global production and value chains is key for their successful participation in international trade.
UNIDO is one of the largest providers of trade-related development services, offering customer-
focused advice and integrated technical assistance in the areas of competitiveness, trade policies,
industrial modernization and upgrading, compliance with trade standards, testing methods and
metrology.
!Y
! 

 (
Energy is a prerequisite for poverty reduction. Still, fundamental changes in the way societies
produce and consume are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development. UNIDO
therefore promotes sustainable patterns of industrial consumption and production.
As a leading provider of services for improved industrial energy efficiency and sustainability,
UNIDO assists developing countries and transition economies in implementing multilateral
environmental agreements and in simultaneously reaching their economic and environmental
goals.
c / 
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!  ! !%  #
!Y Global Forum Facilitator ± We produce and disseminate knowledge relating to industrial
development. In addition, we act as a forum for various actors in the public and private
sectors, civil society organizations and the policy-making community to establish dialogue
and develop partnerships. Technology Cooperation Agency ± We design and implement
programmes to support, in cooperation with our partners, sustainable industrial
development efforts.
!Y These functions are both complementary and mutually supportive: on one hand, the
experience gained in technical cooperation activities can be shared with policy-makers; on
the other hand, the Organization's analytical work provides for the necessary empiric
evidence to optimally unfold our technical cooperation activities.

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!Y Poverty Reduction through Productive Activities
!Y Trade Capacity Building

!Y Energy and Environment

  $ ( c 
!        $       %
! #
!Y Industrial Governance and Statistics
!Y Investment and Technology Promotion
!Y Industrial Competitiveness and Trade
!Y Private Sector Development
!Y Agro-Industries
!Y Sustainable Energy and Climate Change
!Y Montreal Protocol
!Y Environmental Management



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!Y Geography - Focusing on least developed countries and Africa
!Y Sectors - Focusing on agro-based industries
!Y Target areas - Focusing on small and medium enterprises (SMEs)

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To increase the impact of its technical cooperation as well as to promote major issues related to
industrial development, UNIDO has joined forces with other organizations and counterparts from
the international community, as well as with actors from the private sector, including non-
governmental organizations, and the Academia.
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UNDP and UNIDO further strengthened their cooperation through an inter-agency agreement
that combines the core competencies and specialized expertise of UNIDO with the broad
country-level representation and delivery capacity of UNDP. The operational focus of the
agreement lies on two components: expanding UNIDO field coverage in a cost-effective manner
through the establishment of UNIDO Desks in UNDP Country Offices, and developing joint
activities in private sector development. As a result, UNIDO Desks have been set up in 16
countries, and UNDP and UNIDO have developed a number of joint programmes aimed at
strengthening private sector enterprises and institutions in support of national development goals.

/

 3/4#
The partnership between FAO and UNIDO focuses on the need to meet mounting global
challenges related to agri-business and agro-industry development, bio-energy, economic
recovery in post-crisis countries and the organization of global forums. The joint FAO-UNIDO
activities have had a distinct qualitative impact: a number of technical manuals, including
toolkits, have been prepared on agro-industrial development, and comprehensive technical
assessments have been undertaken to gauge the challenges faced by countries in need of
assistance.

 /
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IFAD and UNIDO cooperate in the areas of value chain development and market linkages. agro-
industry and agro-processing, and food production and bio-energy in Africa, Asia and the
Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Under a recent initiative, IFAD and UNIDO have
agreed to intensify their strategic partnership and increase the developmental impact of their
complementary assistance. Government support and funding has been secured for three major
programmes carried out under this partnership in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and India.

 0,304#

The collaboration between ILO and UNIDO focuses on issues concerning youth and women, two
particularly vulnerable groups in developing countries. As such, ILO and UNIDO are key
players in the multi-stakeholder programme for productive and decent work for youth in the
Mano River Union countries (Côte d¶Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone), which are telling
examples of the dangerous link between high youth unemployment and insecurity. Likewise, in
Eritrea, Kenya, Malawi, United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe, ILO and UNIDO have
jointly formulated entrepreneurship development training programmes designed to strengthen
capacities in private sector agencies and NGOs, and to support businesswomen and young
entrepreneurs in the establishment of competitive micro- and small-scale agri-businesses.

54
/
=2c0 1

A

3A4#WTO and UNIDO are truly complementary: while the core
mandate of WTO is to foster the opening-up of trade in a manner that supports the
developmental priorities of developing countries, the mandate of UNIDO is to support
developing countries as they build up the industrial and productive capacities they need to
exploit the benefits to be derived from more open trade. Thus, WTO and UNIDO focus their
joint activities on trade capacity-building and on developing technical cooperation programmes
towards developing manufacturing and export capacities in selected industrial sectors. UNIDO is
a key contributor to the "Aid for Trade" initiative: the Organization has identified multi-agency
supply-side development projects in eight pilot countries (Benin, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Lesotho,
Mozambique, Rwanda, Senegal and Yemen) that will draw on the initial analyses contained in
the EIF diagnostic trade integration studies. UNIDO also actively contributes to the WTO-led
Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) on Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPS) issues,
which is an inter-agency coordination mechanism that analyzes trade-related challenges.

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UNIDO works alongside the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC), WTO, UNDP and the five UN regional
commissions as part of the CEB inter-agency cluster on trade and productive capacity. The
cluster¶s primary aim is to mainstream trade into poverty reduction, ensuring the inclusion of
trade and productive capacity in poverty reduction strategy papers and United Nations
Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAFs). The cluster also provides assistance in the
development of policies designed to improve the trade performance and productive capacities of
developing countries.

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The European Commission and UNIDO are cooperating on the implementation of the Economic
Partnership Agreements (EPAs), which are WTO-compatible trade and development
arrangements between the European Union and six African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP)
regions, namely: Central Africa, East and Southern Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, the
Caribbean and the Pacific. At the request of the ACP EPA regional groupings, UNIDO is
formulating programmes for the upgrading and modernization of the industrial sector with the
objectives of strengthening the productive and trade capacities and export competitiveness of
SMEs, enhancing the quality infrastructure; and upgrading technical support institutions
providing services for industrial sectors with a high potential for generating exports and
employment.

 


34#

UNIDO¶s cooperation with ISO is centred on support in the formulation of industrial standards,
and on their dissemination through training and capacity-building activities. In the field of trade
capacity-building, UNIDO provided input to the development of the ISO 26000 standard on
Social Responsibility to Small and Medium Enterprises, and through its Corporate Social
Responsibility Programme will play a substantial role in preparing smaller enterprises operating
in developing countries for its implementation.
64 
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The flagship of the partnership between UNEP and UNIDO is the National Cleaner Production
Centres (NCPC) Programme, which aims at achieving cost-effective reduction of environmental
pollutants, improving efficiency of resource use and, to the extent possible, enhancing industrial
productivity through cleaner production and the application of environmentally sound
technologies. Today, the programme operates in 37 countries.
1,
! /(31
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UNIDO is an implementing partner of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) for projects
related to ozone depletion, persistent organic pollutants and climate change. As a GEF
implementation agency, UNIDO plays a key role in managing GEF projects on the ground by
assisting eligible governments and NGOs in the development, implementation, and management
of GEF projects.
 /
3 $    4#
Since UNIDO first assumed its role as implementing agency of the MLF of the Montreal
Protocol in 1992, the Organization has assisted 85 developing countries and economies in
transition to comply with their obligations. In all, UNIDO has implemented more than 600
projects and executed more than 500 non-investment activities. For the year 2008, UNIDO again
achieved the top ranking for having the best performance of all implementing agencies according
to the annual performance evaluation conducted by the Multilateral Fund (MLF) Secretariat.
c 
 (#

Energy is a major cross-cutting challenge affecting all aspects of development, as well as climate
change, economic growth and global security. To ensure cooperation and coherence among UN
agencies with substantial energy portfolios, it was decided to create a coordination mechanism,
UN-Energy. In 2007, the CEB nominated the Director-General of UNIDO to serve as chairman
of this group, which draws its membership from twenty UN system organizations. In support of
this, UNIDO has set about bolstering the work of UN-Energy to ensure a prompt and coherent
system-wide response to the energy challenge in an increasingly compex and ever-changing
global environment.

74
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The UNIDO-HP partnership focused on training activities for the unemployed youth. To date,
under the joint Graduate Entrepreneurship Training through Information Technology (GET-IT)
programme, over 12,000 persons in Africa and in the Arab region were trained.

/ 

The joint UNIDO/Microsoft partnership focuses on several areas that seek to enhance both the
transfer of skills and the competitiveness of SMEs. An example of the joint UNIDO-
MICROSOFT activities is the computer refurbishment programme, which was launched in
Uganda to provide affordable computers to SMEs. At the request of the Government, a similar
programme has been started in Trinidad and Tobago; others are planned for selected countries in
sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean.

 
1$

Within the framework of the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), the METRO Group and
UNIDO have jointly developed competencies of SMEs in Egypt to enhance the suppliers¶
compliance of food safety standards. After this first demonstration phase, it is expected that the
programme¶s successful approach will be replicated in other countries.
2
/

j<99
On 17 November, 1966, the United Nations General Assembly passes resolution 2152 (XXI)
establishing the United Nations Industrial Organization (UNIDO) as an autonomous body within
the United Nations. Its mission is to promote and accelerate the industrialization of developing
countries. The United Nations Secretary-General nominates Ibrahim Helmi Abdel-Rahman
(Egypt) as UNIDO's first Executive Director.
j<:8
The General Assembly, in resolution 3362 (S-VII), endorses the recommendation of the
Conference that UNIDO be converted into a specialized agency. The new Executive Director,
Abd-El RahmanKhane (Algeria) takes office.
j<:<
The UN conference on the "Establishment of UNIDO as a specialized agency," at its second
session in Vienna, Austria, adopts the new Constitution.
j<;8
Following a series of consultations between Member States that have ratified, accepted or
approved the Constitution of UNIDO, the Constitution enters into force on 21 June. The first
session of the General Conference of UNIDO as a specialized agency meets in August and elects
Domingo L. Siazon Jr. (Philippines) as its Director-General.
j<<6
This year sees further restructuring of UNIDO, with an emphasis on services geared to private
sector development. Mauricio de Maria y Campos (Mexico) is elected Director-General.
j<<:
Member States adopt a Business Plan for the Future Role and Functions of UNIDO that paves
the way for its thorough overhaul. The purpose of the Business Plan is to enable UNIDO to
better respond to the changing global economic environment. The seventh session of the General
Conference appoints Carlos Magariños (Argentina) as UNIDO's Director-General.
5
UNIDO's reform is hailed as a resounding success by Member States attending the Millennium
Conference at the UN headquarters in New York. UNIDO's efforts to increase the industrial
competitiveness of its client countries are also applauded.
5 j
UNIDO adjusts its programmes in the light of the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals.
5 6
UNIDO adopts a new corporate strategy based on the premise that productivity enhancement,
driven by improved skills, increased knowledge and upgraded technology, plays a crucial role in
promoting faster growth.
5 8
The General Conference, at its eleventh session, elects Kandeh K. Yumkella (Sierra Leone) as
UNIDO's Director-General.
5 <
Kandeh K. Yumkella is recommended for a second term in office as the Director-General of
UNIDO.
c 
AB
ƒY  
The UNIDO International Technology Centres (ITCs) were created to promote industrial
development through technology transfer programmes.
ƒY 
The UNIDO Investment and Technology Promotion Office (ITPOs) Network provides a
unique combination of value-added services to entrepreneurs and institutions seeking
international alliances in industrial investment and technology commercialization in and
from developing countries and economies in transition.

ƒY  
The Joint UNIDO-UNEP Programme on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production
 (RECP) in developing and transition economies aims at improving resource productivity
and environmental performance of enterprises. It operates through a network of National
Cleaner Production Centres that deliver training, technical assistance and policy advice
and foster investments for transfer of environmentally sound technologies.
ƒY C
UNIDO has established Subcontracting and Partnership Exchanges (SPXs) with the
objective of helping local enterprises to successfully meet the challenges of globalization
and to take advantage of the emerging opportunities that evolve from industrial
subcontracting, outsourcing and supply chain opportunities.


/ 
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ƒY The  $  /    ! $  (/) is a United

Kingdomgovernment department with a Cabinet Minister in charge.
ƒY It was separated from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1997.
ƒY The goal of the department is "to promote sustainable development and eliminate world
poverty".
ƒY The current Secretary of State for International Development is Andrew Mitchell. A 2010
report by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) identified DFID as 'an
international development leader in times of global crisis.

DFID's main programme areas of work are Education, Health, Social Services, Water Supply
and Sanitation, Government and Civil Society, Economic Sector (including Infrastructure,
Production Sectors and Developing Planning), Environment Protection, Research, and
Humanitarian Assistance.

!Y In 2009/10 DFID¶s Gross Public Expenditure on Development was £6.65bn. Of this

£3.96bn was spent on Bilateral Aid (including debt relief, humanitarian assistance and
project funding) and £2.46bn was spent on Multilateral Aid (including support to the EU,
World Bank, UN and other related agencies).
!Y Although the Department for International Development¶s foreign aid budget was not
affected by the cuts outlined by the Chancellor of the Exchequer¶s 2010 spending review,
DFID will see their administration budgets slashed by approximately 19 percent over the
next four years. This would mean a reduction in back-office costs to account for only 2
percent of their total spend by 2015.

The National Audit Office (NAO) 2009 Performance Management review looks at how DFID
has restructured its performance management arrangements over the last 6 years. The report
responded to a request from DFID¶s Accounting Officer to re-visit the topic periodically, which
the Comptroller and Auditor General agreed would be valuable. The study found that DFID had
improved in its general scrutiny of progress in reducing poverty and of progress towards
divisional goals, however noted that there was still clear scope for further improvement.

#
The Department has its origins in the  (  !     ! $  (ODM) created
during the Labour government of 1964±70, which combined the functions of the Department of
Technical Cooperation and the overseas aid policy functions of the Foreign, Commonwealth
Relations, and Colonial Offices and of other government departments.

After the election of a Conservative government in October 1970, the Ministry of Overseas
Development was incorporated into the Foreign Office and renamed the Overseas Development
Administration (ODA). The ODA was overseen by a minister of state in the Foreign Office who
was accountable to the Foreign Secretary. Though it became a section of the Foreign Office, the
ODA was relatively self-contained with its own minister, and the policies, procedures, and staff
remained largely intact.

When it was returned to office in 1974, the Labour government announced that there would once
again be a separate Ministry of Overseas Development with its own minister. From June 1975
the powers of the minister for overseas development were formally transferred to the foreign
secretary.

In 1977, partly to shore up its difficult relations with U.K. business, the government introduced
the Aid and Trade Provision. This enabled aid to be linked to nonconcessionary export credits,
with both aid and export credits tied to procurement of British goods and services. Pressure for
this provision from U.K. businesses and the Department of Trade and Industry arose in part
because of the introduction of French mixed credit programs, which had begun to offer French
government support from aid funds for exports, including for projects in countries to which
France had not previously given substantial aid.

After the election of the Conservatives under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, the ministry was
transferred back to the Foreign Office, as a functional wing again named the Overseas
Development Administration. The ODA continued to be represented in the cabinet by the foreign
secretary while the minister for overseas development, who had day-to-day responsibility for
development matters, held the rank of minister of state within the Foreign Office.

In the 1980s part of the agency's operations were relocated to East Kilbride, with a view to
creating jobs in an area subject to long-term industrial decline.

0
#

Over its history the department for international development and its predecessors has been
independent departments or part of the foreign office.In 1997 Labour separated the Department
for International Development from the Foreign Office. They also reduced the amount of aid tied
to purchasing British goods and services which often led to aid being spent ineffectually.

Along with the Nordic countriesDfID has generally avoided setting up its own programs as that
can create unnecessary bureaucracy.To achieve this DfID currently distributes most of its money
to governments and other international organisation that have already developed suitable
programmes and lets them distribute the money as efficiently as possible.


#

The main piece of legislation governing DFID's work is the International Development Act,
which came into force on 17 June 2002, replacing the Overseas Development and Co-operation
Act (1980). The Act makes poverty reduction the focus of DFID's work, and effectively outlaws
tied aid. [16]

As well as responding to disasters and emergencies, DFID works to support the United Nations'
eight "Millennium Development Goals", namely to:

!Y halve the number of people living in extreme poverty and hunger

!Y ensure that all children receive primary education
!Y promote sexual equality and give women a stronger voice
!Y reduce child death rates
!Y improve the health of mothers
!Y combat HIV & AIDS, malaria and other diseases
!Y make sure the environment is protected
!Y build a global partnership for those working in development.

all with a 2015 deadline.

The reality may well be that none of these goals will be achieved so long as the trade gap
between Africa and richer countries continues to widen. Former Secretary of State Hilary Benn
has indicated that on current trends, we will not achieve the Millennium Development Goals by
2015. Although by 2010, mainly thanks to high growth in India and China who had 62% of the
world's poor in 1990 there has been significant global progress towards meeting the millennium
goals.

In 2010 the incoming coaliation government promised to reduce back-office costs to only 2% of
the budget and to improve transparency by publishing more on their website



#

DFID is the largest bilateral donor of development-focused research. New science, technologies
and ideas are crucial for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, but global
research investments are insufficient to match needs and do not focus on the priorities of the
poor. Many technological and policy innovations require an international scale of research effort.
For example, DFID was a major donor to the International LUBILOSA Programme: which
developed a biological pesticide for locust control in support of small-holder farmers in the
Sahel.

DFID Research commissions research to help fill this gap, aiming to ensure tangible outcomes
on the livelihoods of the poor worldwide. They also seek to influence the international and UK
research agendas, putting poverty reduction and the needs of the poor at the forefront of global
research efforts.
DFID Research manages long-term research initiatives that cut across individual countries or
regions, and only funds activities if there are clear opportunities and mechanisms for the research
to have a significant impact on poverty.

Research is funded through a range of mechanisms, including Research Programme Consortia

(RPCs), jointly with other funders of development research, with UK Research Councils and
with multilateral agencies (such as the World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organisation, World
Health Organisation). Information on both DFID current research programmes and completed
research can be found on the Research4Development (R4D) portal.

DFID launched its first Research Strategy in April 2008. This emphasises DFID's commitment to
funding high quality research that aims to find solutions and ways of reducing global poverty.
The new strategy identifies six priorities:

!Y Growth
!Y Health
!Y Sustainable Agriculture
!Y Climate Change
!Y Governance in Challenging Environments
!Y Future Challenges and Opportunities

The strategy also highlights three important cross-cutting areas, where DFID will invest more
funding:

!Y Capacity Building
!Y Research Communication and Uptake
!Y Stimulating Demand for Research

DFID has recently reviewed progress on its Research Strategy

c 

The Dc
   "
, or c , is the main advocate
for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV epidemic.

The mission of UNAIDS is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to HIV and
AIDS that includes preventing transmission of HIV, providing care and support to those already
living with the virus, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV and
alleviating the impact of the epidemic. UNAIDS seeks to prevent the HIV/AIDS epidemic from
becoming a severe pandemic.

c   !  #

1.Y Leadership and advocacy for effective action on the epidemic;

 2.Y Strategic information and technical support to guide efforts against AIDS worldwide ;
3.Y Tracking, monitoring and evaluation of the epidemic and of responses to it ;
4.Y Civil society engagement and the development of strategic partnerships;
5.Y Mobilization of resources to support an effective response.

UNAIDS is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, where it shares some site facilities with the
World Health Organization. Its first executive director was Peter Piot; Michel Sidibé currently
leads UNAIDS.

c  $  

!Y The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
!Y United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
!Y World Food Programme (WFP)
!Y United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
!Y United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
!Y United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
!Y International Labour Organization (ILO)
!Y United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
!Y World Health Organization (WHO)
!Y World Bank

The Cosponsors and the UNAIDS Secretariat comprise the Committee of Cosponsoring
Organizations, which meets annually.

 

The aim of UNAIDS is to help mount and support an expanded response to HIV/AIDS, one that
engages the efforts of many sectors and partners from government and civil society.
Established in 1994 by a resolution of the UN Economic and Social Council and launched in
January 1996, UNAIDS is guided by a Programme Coordinating Board with representatives of
22 governments from all geographic regions, the UNAIDS Cosponsors, and five representatives
of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including associations of people living with
HIV/AIDS.

!Y 0 
 $
On the 1st of January 2009, Michel Sidibé became the new executive director of
UNAIDS. He took over from Peter Piot.
!Y   $
The United Nations Declaration Commitment on HIV/AIDS provides the guiding
framework for UNAIDS action. Promoting partnerships among various stakeholders is
reflected within the leadership section of the Declaration of Commitment. In particular, it
calls for complementation of government efforts by the full and active participation of
civil society, the business community and the private sector through:
 !Y Establishing and strengthening mechanisms that involve civil society including faith-
based organizations (FBOs), the private sector, and people living with HIV/AIDS at all
levels
!Y Encouraging and supporting local and national organizations to expand and strengthen
regional partnerships, coalitions and networks
!Y Full participation of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), those in vulnerable groups
and people mostly at risk, particularly young people
!Y Addressing issue of stigma and discrimination.

UNAIDS works to promote partnerships among and between this diverse and broad range of
non-state entities. This calls for increases in both the number of new actors, as well as in
innovative ways of working, to facilitate increased capacity of non-state entities to respond
effectively to the epidemic at all levels.

With the momentum generated by the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the main challenges
are to:
!Y Sustain and deepen involvement of those contributing and critical to the response such as
PLWHA organizations
!Y Move beyond the organizations already involved and reach out to optimally engage a
broad range of sectors/actors.

UNAIDS has collaborated with the Roman Catholic Church, especially Caritas Internationalis, in
the fight against AIDS, something which materialized in a December 2005 message by Pope
Benedict XVI.[1] However, it indicated in a 2009 communiqué that it did not agree that condoms
were unhelpful in AIDS prevention.

/$(

In engaging non-state entities in an expanded response to the epidemic, the UNAIDS Secretariat:

!Y Fosters and supports global, regional and country level partnerships which include
linkages between and among civil society, private sector, philanthropy, media, and with
particular attention to organizations of people living with HIV/AIDS
!Y Supports governments and UN agencies in developing partnerships with non-state
entities. This includes support for approaches intended to increase participation, improve
connectedness of efforts and strengthen the various participants' capacity for action.

 
As the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS leads, strengthens and supports
an expanded response aimed at preventing the transmission of HIV, providing care and support,
reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV/AIDS, and alleviating the
impact of the epidemic. To fulfil this mandate, UNAIDS is supported by voluntary contributions
from governments, foundations, corporations, private groups (for example, students, universities,
sporting clubs, etc.) and individuals.
In 2003, more than US$118.5 million was received from 30 governments, philanthropic
organizations, individuals from around the world and others. The largest donors were the
Netherlands followed by Norway, the United States, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Japan. In
2004, 35 governments contributed to UNAIDS.

c 

ƒY The c
    ! $   (c ) is the United Nations' global
development network. It advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge,
experience and resources to help people build a better life.
ƒY UNDP operates in 166 countries, working with nations on their own solutions to global
and national development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the
people of UNDP and its wide range of partners.
ƒY UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP
Administrator is the third highest ranking official of the United Nations after the United
Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.
ƒY Headquartered in New York City, the UNDP is funded entirely by voluntary
contributions from member nations. The organization has country offices in 166
countries, where it works with local governments to meet development challenges and
develop local capacity. Additionally, the UNDP works internationally to help countries
achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
ƒY UNDP provides expert advice, training, and grant support to developing countries, with
increasing emphasis on assistance to the least developed countries. To accomplish the
MDGs and encourage global development, UNDP focuses on poverty reduction,
HIV/AIDS, democratic governance, energy and environment, social development, and
crisis prevention and recovery. UNDP also encourages the protection of human rights and
the empowerment of women in all of its programs.

/c  

ƒY UNDP¶s offices and staff are on the ground in 166 countries, working with governments
and local communities to help them find solutions to global and national development
challenges.
ƒY UNDP links and coordinates global and national efforts to achieve the goals and national
development priorities laid out by host countries. UNDP focuses primarily on five
developmental challenges:
ƒY   !  UNDP supports national democratic transitions by providing
policy advice and technical support, improving institutional and individual capacity
within countries, educating populations about and advocating for democratic reforms,
promoting negotiation and dialogue, and sharing successful experiences from other
countries and locations.
ƒY UNDP also supports existing democratic institutions by increasing dialogue, enhancing
national debate, and facilitating consensus on national governance programs. This field of
activity included UNDP's support of the Elections Reform Support Group which supports
the election activities of the Palestinian National Authority.[2]
 ƒY ! ( 
 UNDP helps countries develop strategies to combat poverty by
expanding access to economic opportunities and resources, linking poverty programs
with countries¶ larger goals and policies, and ensuring a greater voice for the poor. UNDP
also works at the macro level to reform trade, encourage debt relief and foreign
investment, and ensure the poorest of the poor benefit from globalisation.
ƒY On the ground, UNDP sponsors developmental pilot projects, promotes the role of
women in development, and coordinates efforts between governments, NGOs, and
outside donors. In this way, UNDP works with local leaders and governments to provide
opportunities for impoverished people to create businesses and improve their economic
condition.
ƒY The UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG)[2] in Brasilia,
Brasil expands the capacities of developing countries to design, implement and evaluate
socially inclusive development projects. IPC-IG is a global forum for South-South policy
dialogue and learning, having worked with more than 7,000 officials from more than 50
countries.
ƒY    $ !  
  ! ( UNDP works to reduce the risk of armed conflicts or
disasters, and promote early recovery after crises have occurred. UNDP works through its
country offices to support local government in needs assessment, capacity development,
coordinated planning, and policy and standard setting.
ƒY Examples of UNDP risk reduction programs include efforts to control small arms
proliferation, strategies to reduce the impact of natural disasters, and programs to
encourage use of diplomacy and prevent violence.
ƒY Recovery programs include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of ex-
combatants, demining efforts, programs to reintegrate displaced persons, restoration of
basic services, and transitional justice systems for countries recovering from warfare.
ƒY
! 

 ( As the poor are disproportionately affected by environmental
degradation and lack of access to clean, affordable water, sanitation and energy services,
UNDP seeks to address environmental issues in order to improve developing countries¶
abilities to develop sustainably, increase human development and reduce poverty. UNDP
works with countries to strengthen their capacity to address global environmental issues
by providing innovative policy advice and linking partners through environmentally
sensitive development projects that help poor people build sustainable livelihoods.
ƒY UNDP¶s environmental strategy focuses on effective water governance including access
to water supply and sanitation, access to sustainable energy services, Sustainable land
management to combat desertification and land degradation, conservation and sustainable
use of biodiversity, and policies to control emissions of harmful pollutants and ozone-
depleting substances.
ƒY "E is a big issue in today's society and UNDP works to help countries prevent
further spreading and reduce its impact.

c 
  
"
0
1c

ƒY The United Nations Development Group (UNDG) was created by the Secretary General
in 1997, to improve the effectiveness of UN development at the country level. The
 UNDG brings together the operational agencies working on development. The Group is
chaired by the Administrator of UNDP. UNDP also provides the Secretariat to the Group.
ƒY The UNDG develops policies and procedures that allow member agencies to work
together and analyze country issues, plan support strategies, implement support
programmes, monitor results and advocate for change. These initiatives increase UN
impact in helping countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),
including poverty reduction.
ƒY Over 25 UN agencies are members of the UNDG. The Executive Committee consists of
the four "founding members": UNICEF, UNFPA, WFP and UNDP. The Office of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights is an ex-officio member of the Executive
Committee.



 


ƒY The Resident Coordinator system co-ordinates all organizations of the United Nations
system dealing with operational activities for development in the field. The RC system
aims to bring together the different UN agencies to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of operational activities at the country level. Resident Coordinators, who
are funded, appointed and managed by UNDP, lead UN country teams in more than 130
countries and are the designated representatives of the Secretary-General for development
operations. Working closely with national governments, Resident Coordinators and
country teams advocate the interests and mandates of the UN drawing on the support and
guidance of the entire UN family.

,(

It is a concept in ethics and governance with several meanings. It is often used synonymously
with such concepts as responsibility, answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and other terms
associated with the expectation of account-giving. As an aspect of governance, it has been
central to discussions related to problems in the public sector, nonprofit and private (corporate)
worlds. In leadership roles, accountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of
responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration,
governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or employment position and
encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences.

As a term related to governance, accountability has been difficult to define. It is frequently

described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e.g. "A is accountable to B
when A is obliged to inform B about A¶s (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them,
and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct". Accountability cannot exist
without proper accounting practices, in other words absence of accounting means absence of
accountability.

 (

((
"Accountability" stems from late Latin   (to account), a prefixed form of  

(to calculate), which in turn derived from 
 (to reckon). While the word itself does not
appear in English until its use in 13th century Norman England, the concept of account-giving
has ancient roots in record keeping activities related to governance and money-lending systems
that first developed in Ancient Israel, Babylon, Egypt, Greece, and later, Rome.
($ ,(
Bruce Stone, O.P. Dwivedi, and Joseph G. Jabbra list 8 types of accountability, namely: moral,
administrative, political, managerial, market, legal/judicial, constituency relation, and
professional.Leadership accountability cross cuts many of these distinctions.

,(
Political accountability is the accountability of the government, civil servants and politicians to
the public and to legislative bodies such as a congress or a parliament.
In a few cases, recall elections can be used to revoke the office of an elected official. Generally,
however, voters do not have any direct way of holding elected representatives to account during
the term for which they have been elected. Additionally, some officials and legislators may be
appointed rather than elected. Constitution, or statute, can empower a legislative body to hold
their own members, the government, and government bodies to account. This can be through
holding an internal or independent inquiry. Inquiries are usually held in response to an allegation
of misconduct or corruption. The powers, procedures and sanctions vary from country to
country. The legislature may have the power to impeach the individual, remove them, or suspend
them from office for a period of time. The accused person might also decide to resign before
trial. Impeachment in the United States has been used both for elected representatives and other
civil offices, such as district courtjudges. In parliamentary systems, the government relies on the
support or parliament, which gives parliament power to hold the government to account. For
example, some parliaments can pass a vote of no confidence in the government.

 ,(
Ethical accountability is the practice of improving overall personal and organizational
performance by developing and promoting responsible tools and professional expertise, and by
advocating an effective enabling environment for people and organizations to embrace a culture
of sustainable development. Ethical accountability may include the individual, as well as small
and large businesses, not-for-profit organizations, research institutions and academics, and
government. One scholarly paper has posited that "it is unethical to plan an action for social
change without excavating the knowledge and wisdom of the people who are responsible for
implementing the plans of action and the people whose lives will be affected."


 ! ,(
Internal rules and norms as well as some independent commission are mechanisms to hold civil
servant within the administration of government accountable. Within department or ministry,
firstly, behavior is bounded by rules and regulations; secondly, civil servants are subordinates in
a hierarchy and accountable to superiors. Nonetheless, there are independent ³watchdog´ units to
scrutinize and hold departments accountable; legitimacy of these commissions is built upon their
independence, as it avoids any conflicts of interest. Apart from internal checks, some
³watchdog´ units accept complaints from citizens, bridging government and society to hold civil
servants accountable to citizens, but not merely governmental departments.

@ ,(
Under voices for decentralization and privatization of the government, services provided are
nowadays more ³customer-driven´ and should aim to provide convenience and various choices
to citizens; with this perspective, there are comparisons and competition between public and
private services and this, ideally, improves quality of service. As mentioned by Bruce Stone, the
standard of assessment for accountability is therefore ³responsiveness of service providers to a
body of µsovereign¶ customers and produce quality service. Outsourcing service is one means to
adopt market accountability. Government can choose among a shortlist of companies for
outsourced service; within the contracting period, government can hold the company by
rewriting contracts or by choosing another company.

  (  
Within this perspective, a particular agency or the government is accountable if voices from
agencies, groups or institutions, which is outside the public sector and representing citizens¶
interests in a particular constituency or field, are heard. Moreover, the government is obliged to
empower members of agencies with political rights to run for elections and be elected; or,
appoint them into the public sector as a way to hold the government representative and ensure
voices from all constituencies are included in policy-making process.

,E$! ! $#
With the increase over the last several decades in public service provision by private entities,
especially in Britain and the United States, some have called for increased political
accountability mechanisms to be applied to otherwise non-political entities. Legal scholar Anne
Davies, for instance, argues that the line between public institutions and private entities like
corporations is becoming blurred in certain areas of public service provision in the United
Kingdom and that this can compromise political accountability in those areas. She and others
argue that some administrative law reforms are necessary to address this accountability gap.

With respect to the public/private overlap in the United States, public concern over the
contracting out of government (including military) services and the resulting accountability gap
has been highlighted recently following the shooting incident involving the Blackwater security
firm in Iraq.

 $( !#

Accountability involves either the expectation or assumption of account-giving behavior. The
study of account giving as a sociological act was recently articulated in a 1968 article on
"Accounts" by Marvin Scott and Stanford Lyman and Stephen Soroka, although it can be traced
as well to J. L. Austin's 1956 essay "A Plea for Excuses," in which he used excuse-making as an
example of speech acts.
Communications scholars have extended this work through the examination of strategic uses of
excuses, justifications, rationalizations, apologies and other forms of account giving behavior by
individuals and corporations, and Philip Tetlock and his colleagues have applied experimental
design techniques to explore how individuals behave under various scenarios and situations that
demand accountability.
Recently, accountability has become an important topic in the discussion about the legitimacy of
international institutions. Because there is no global democratically elected body to which
organizations must account, global organizations from all sectors bodies are often criticized as
having large accountability gaps. The Charter 99 for Global Democracy, spearheaded by the One
World Trust, first proposed that cross-sector principles of accountability be researched and
observed by institutions that affect people, independent of their legal status. One paradigmatic
problem arising in the global context is that of institutions such as the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund who are founded and supported by wealthy nations and provide aid,
in the form of grants and loans, to developing nations. Should those institutions be accountable
to their founders and investors or to the persons and nations they help? In the debate over global
justice and its distributional consequences, Cosmopolitans tend to advocate greater
accountability to the disregarded interests of traditionally marginalized populations and
developing nations. On the other hand, those in the Nationalism and Society of States traditions
deny the tenets of moral universalism and argue that beneficiaries of global development
initiatives have no substantive entitlement to call international institutions to account. The One
World Trust Global Accountability Report, published in a first full cycle 2006 to 2008, is one
attempt to measure the capability of global organizations to be accountable to their stakeholders.

Accountability is becoming an increasingly important issue for the non-profit world. Several
NGOs signed the "accountability charter" in 2005. In the Humanitarian field, initiatives such as
the HAPI (Humanitarian Accountability Partnership International) appeared. Individual NGOs
have set their own accountability systems (for example, the ALPS, Accountability, Learning and
Planning System of ActionAid)

,(


Sudbury schools choose to recognize that students are personally responsible for their acts, in
opposition to virtually all schools today that deny it. The denial is threefold: schools do not
permit students to choose their course of action fully; they do not permit students to embark on
the course, once chosen; and they do not permit students to suffer the consequences of the
course, once taken. Freedom of choice, freedom of action, freedom to bear the results of action²
these are the three great freedoms that constitute personal responsibility. Sudbury schools claim
that ã 
 ã
  
  
  
 
 They adduce that the absolutely essential
ingredient for acquiring values²and for moral action is personal responsibility, that schools will
become involved in the teaching of morals when they become communities of people who fully
respect each other¶s' right to make choices, and that the only way the schools can become
meaningful purveyors of ethical values is if they provide students and adults with real-life
experiences that are bearers of moral import. Students are given complete responsibility for their
own education and the school is run by a direct democracy in which students and staff are equals.

(, 
Scholar Viktor Frankl, neurologist and psychiatrist, founder of logotherapy and one of the key
figures in existential therapy, in his book Man's Search for Meaning recommended "that the
Statue of Liberty on the East Coast (that has become a symbol of Liberty and Freedom) should
be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast." His thought was that
"Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth.
Freedom is but the negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is
responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is
lived in terms of responsibleness."


$ / 
 #The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was founded
on the basis of free trade as a means of achieving growth and prosperity amongst its Member
States as well as promoting closer economic cooperation between the Western European
countries.

The seven founding members ± Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and
the United Kingdom began exploring the idea of a free trade agreement amongst themselves in
early 1959. The resulting EFTA Convention was agreed in Stockholm in November 1959.It
entered into force on 3 May 1960.

The Stockholm Convention established a framework with certain guiding principles and a set of
minimum rules and procedures focused on provisions for tariff reductions and the elimination of
quantitative restrictions, as well as on rules of origin. Tariffs on industrial goods traded between
the EFTA countries with few exceptions were abolished from 1967. Quantitative restrictions
were removed in 1965.

In 1999, the EFTA Ministers decided to initiate an updating of the Stockholm Convention to
reflect the increasing importance in the global economy of trade in services, foreign direct
investment and intellectual property rights. The agreement amending the EFTA Convention, the
Vaduz Convention, was adopted in 2001. The revised Convention has strengthened the cohesion
in economic relations among the EFTA Member States and provides an enhanced common
platform for developing their relations with trade partners around the world.

EFTA has seen several changes in membership. Finland became an associate member in 1961
and a full member in 1986. Iceland joined in 1970 and Liechtenstein in 1991. Denmark and the
United Kingdom left EFTA to become members of the European Communities (EC) in 1973.The
current members of EFTA are Switzerland ,Norway ,Iceland, Liechtenstein and .All the EFTA
States are members of the WTO and attach the highest priority to a well-functioning global trade
system. In EFTA¶s view the multilateral and bilateral approaches are mutually supportive.

/=
  

A series of bilateral free trade agreements were negotiated between the other EFTA States and
the EC in the early 1970s, most of which came into force in 1973. These ensured that by mid-
1977, duties on virtually all trade in industrial products between EFTA and the EC were
eliminated.       % (  
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EFTA has signed free trade agreements with 30 other countries, listed in chronological order:
Turkey, Israel, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Macedonia, Mexico, Jordan, Croatia, Singapore,
Chile, Lebanon, Tunisia, Republic of Korea, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa,
Swaziland, Egypt, Canada, Colombia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab
Emirates, Albania Serbia and Peru. Negotiations are ongoing with 5 partners (Algeria, Hong
Kong China, India, Thailand and Ukraine. Exploratory talks are being conducted with several
other countries, notably Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam.

 
  0/0A

This study examines the structure of international aid flows and the relationship betweennews
coverage and international aid allocations. Traditional perspectives on international aidhave
focused on the nation-state, limiting explanations of aid flows in the global system.
Worldsystems theory is employed to explain this phenomenon. The results of a network analysis
found:
ƒY international aid flows follow a core-periphery structure;
ƒY the relationships between donorsand recipients reflect the structural characteristics of
international interaction described byGaltung (1971).
ƒY The bystander intervention model provides a causal mechanism that
encouragesinternational aid, emphasizing the importance of communication among
members in a socialsystem and the process of decision-making on national policy to help
other countries. The globalnews media play an important role as an agenda-setting agent
in this process. The results of aregression analysis reveal that global news media
coverage is a significant determinant of thestructure of international aid flows


#
With development of communication technology, international relations among countrieshave
become more interrelated and extended. Although they may facilitate cooperation
amongcountries, advanced international relations seem to aggravate the unequal growth in the
globalsystem. According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2005), the
combined
income of the world¶s richest 500 individuals is greater than the poorest 416 million.The United
Nations is continuously trying to solve this global disparity. In September2000, the United
Nations adopted the Millennium Declaration that bound its members to joinforces in the fight
against poverty, illiteracy, hunger, lack of education, gender inequality, childand maternal
mortality, disease and environmental degradation (UN, 2003). To reach these goals,the
Monterrey Consensus (March 2002) identified the means for ensuring the availability
ofsufficient financial resources (UNESCAP, 2004). The developed countries pledged to give
0.7%of their GNP to international aid (UN, 2002).However, the developed countries have
avoided their commitments. In 2003, the richestcountries provided an average of only 0.25% of
their GNP in official development assistance(ODA). The United States provided a mere 0.15%
(Sachs, 2005). Why do the rich countries acthalf-heartedly in helping poor countries that are
suffering in severe poverty? What can be doneto encourage international aid? To find the answer
to these questions, the mechanism ofinternational aid must be understood. This paper examines
the structure of international aid flowsand the relationship between news coverage and aid
allocationsà



 

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