Algebra and Complex Numbers

 ( )
 For to exist, must be 1:1; ALWAYS, for ANYTHING, check an answer against the given domain
 Compound Interest: , where a is the starting amount and b is the interest rate %, n is time (y)

 Counting: A team of 5 is selected from 10 people, of which 3 are A and 2 are B. The probability of exactly 2A and 1B on the team
( )( )( )
is given by:
( )

Trigonometry
 Nature of Ratios:
o o o
o o o
o o o
 If a function is the sum of multiple functions (i.e. ), then its period is the larger of the 2 constituent periods.

Probability in Statistics
 NormalCDF(lower , upper , mean , SD)
o Gives probability that a value is within a given range
 BinomCDF(trials , probability of event , value)
o Gives cumulative probability, i.e. the number of successes within n trials is at most the value
 BinomPDF(trials , probability of event , value)
o Gives the probability for a particular number of success in n trials
 PoissonCDF(mean , value)
o Gives cumulative probability, i.e. probability of at most (value) occurrences within a time period
 PoissonPDF(mean , value)
o Gives probability of a particular number of occurrences within a time period
 invNorm(percentage)
o Given a probability, gives the corresponding z-score, i.e. standard deviations from the mean

Continuous probability density functions:

 ∫ , where a and b are the boundaries of the function
 mode: max on f(x),
 median: ∫ , where m is the median
 Mean: ∫
 Variance: ∫ *∫ +

Discrete random variables:

 Median given by middle term; if even number of terms, average of 2 middle terms. Same applies for Q1, Q3, and IQR.
 ALWAYS watch out for conditional probability (i.e. P(X) given that…)  it is often implied and not stated
∑
 ∑
∑
o , where k is a constant
o , where k is a constant
o ( )
o
∑
 ∑
 [ ]

Matrices
 For a matrix to be singular (does not have an inverse; non-unique sol ),
n
; a matrix has a unique solution when
 For a singular matrix to be solvable (i.e. line of intersection), 2 rows must be scalar multiples of each other (i.e. last line of 0)
 When solving a 3 x 3 (or 3 x 4) system, first show that 2 rows are scalar multiples before attempting a parametric solution.


Vectors
 when , a and b are perpendicular
 when | || |, a and be are parallel
 when , a and b are parallel
 Projection of a on b: | |
 When asked to determine the angle between 2 planes, give the acute angle
| |
√

| |
| |

Calculus and Differential Equations

 Volume of revolution formed by the area enclosed by 2 graphs is given by difference of the squares of y values (Because area =
𝛑r²), NOT square of difference
 Stationary points occur when (A maximum or minimum)
 When finding min. or max. distances (optimization), it is easier to use d rather than d (eliminates square root)
2

 A point of inflexion has , but does not guarantee a point of inflexion

o To prove, confirm that OR that changes sign on either side of the point.

 Integral of some weird fraction with a square root in denominator? Check your formula booklet for “arc” trig functions
 Don’t forget the +C in an indefinite integral (anti-derivative)
 An integral A is said to be convergent if (i.e. it has a value)

Different Methods for Solving Differential Equations

A) Variable Separation (For Separable Differential Equations)

Solution:

∫ ∫

B) V Substitution (For Homogenous Differential Equations)

Solution:
Let y = Vx where V is a function of x

The equation now becomes separable and viable for method A

 C) Euler’s Method (For Approximating the Solution of a Differential Equation)
Usually told the size of “increments” to use and use the initial values given to find initial rate of change then to find the
value of y for the next increment and continue until destined x value e.g. the y value to be approximated.

Example: Use step sizes of 0.25 up to x = 3 (To approximate y(3)) for

Step Number Starting x Value of Step Starting y Value of Step Rate of Change ( for step
0 2 5 1
1 2.25 5.25 1.5
2 2.5 5.625 1.875
3 2.75 6.094 2.156
4 3 6.633
Therefore approximation for y(3) is 6.633 by Euler’s method.

D) Integrating Factor (Linear Differential Equations)

E) Slope Fields (For Approximating a Differential Equation)

After creating the table, plot the rate of change at each point on a Cartesian plane to approximate the function and thereby
approximate values.

Series
When in doubt, use a comparison test. Don’t be afraid to compare with geometric series, i.e. ( )
A) P-Series Test

B) Geometric Series Test

∑ ∑ | | | |

C) Divergence Test

D) Comparison Test

∑ ∑

∑ ∑

E) Limit Comparison Test

∑ ∑

∑ ∑

∑ ∑
F) Alternating Series Test

G) Integral Test
∫

H) Ratio Test

| | ∑

| | ∑

| |
I) Root Test

∑ ∑

∫ ∫

∑ | | | |

∑ | |

∑ ∑

∑ | |

∑ | |

To determine radius of convergence for a Power series, use the ratio test, and set | | to solve for |x|
Probability
 Known as permutations. Used when order counts. E.g. 8 people race, how many different methods can be awarded
gold, silver and bronze? 8P3 is the answer.
 Known as combinations/choosing. Used when order doesn’t matter. E.g. 8 people in a race and the top 4 qualify
for next race. How many ways can this occur? 8C4
 Independent events: Two events are independent if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of occurrence of the
other
 Mutually-exclusive events: Events that MAY NOT happen simultaneously
 Non-Mutually-exclusive events: Events that MAY happen simultaneously
 When doing probability questions always draw a tree diagram and think about whether or not order matters.
 Tree diagrams:

Figure 1 0.25 R
R
0.5 B
0.75
0.15 R
B
0.5
B
0.85
P(Red) = 0.5 + (0.5)(0.15) = 0.575

 Conditional probability is asking you to find the probability of something that comes before hand provided with something that
happens afterwards. Notation is P(X|Y) read as, probability of X given Y.
 P(A|B) =
 In figure 1, P(B|R) =
 P(AnB) is represented by the overlapping region of two events in a Venn diagram (Labelled X in figure 2)
 P(AuB) is represented by the sum of the areas of events A and B in a Venn diagram

A B
X

 If two events were independent then P(AnB) would be equal to P(A)P(B). Therefore P(A|B) = P(A), P(B|A) = P(B)
 If two events do not overlap in a venn diagram (Disjoint set, mutually exclusive events), P(AnB) will be essentially equal to zero,
as AnB is an empty set
|
 Also, P(A|B) = |
(Note: A’ means the probability that it is NOT A. e.g. 1-P(A) or in other words the
|
COMPLIMENT of A)
 P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AnB) because imagine in a venn diagram if you add set A and set B you’ll be adding the overlap (P(AnB))
twice so you must subtract once from it
 P(AuB) = P(A) + P(B) when events are mutually exclusive as P(AnB) would always be 0