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Temporal Relationship—If two media objects create a presentation then the two
objects are said to be in Temporal Relationship.
E.g. movie or television--- Both audio & video objects are involved.
Content Relationship—if two objects are representing same data then they are said to
be in content relationship.
E.g. a Spreadsheet and a graphics corresponding to same data. Here the same data is
represented in two different ways.
Spatial Relationship—This defines how a media object is located in space in relation to some
reference object.
[N.B. Since the reference object is usually much bigger than the object to locate, the latter is
often represented by a point.]
A time-dependent media object always has a media stream associated with it. The media
stream can be divided into units and temporal relationship exists between the units of the
media stream.
A time-independent media object is a traditional media object like image, graphics or text. The
semantic of the media content does not depend upon a presentation in time domain.
Inter-object synchronization refers to the temporal relationship between several media objects, which
may be time-independent or time dependent
fig. below shows an example of inter media synchronization. In this example, we first have a video,
which has a synchronized audio with it. This is followed by several images, which is again followed by an
animation, synchronized with audio commentary.
If in fig above, we add to temporal offset to the audio with respect to the video or the animation, a lack
of inter object synchronization results.
Each LDU may not contain the same amount of information. For example, if we consider the
compressed frames of a video sequence as LDUs, each compressed frames may require different
number of bits to encode.
LDUs may also be classified into closed and open LDUs. Closed LDUs are the ones having predictable
duration, like the stored continuous media, e.g. audio and video. Open LDUs typically represent input
from a live source. Some typically examples of LDU based synchronization are shown below:
• Lip synchronization, which requires tight coupling between audio and video, as illustrated in fig below
The synchronization is specified in terms of maximal skew between the video and the audio streams.
• Slide show with audio commentary, which demands that the change of slides should be temporally
related to the audio commentary.
• Synchronized multimedia presentation through interactions: This may be done in a variety of ways. For
example, a synchronized audio/ video presentation could be followed by an interactive session, where
the user may exercise own choice to view a set of slides or another synchronized presentation, followed
by interactions etc.
-Parameterized as throughput, delay, loss and error etc. those are acceptable in an application.
On the Internet and in other networks, QoS (Quality of Service) is the idea that
transmission rates, error rates, and other characteristics can be measured, improved,
and, to some extent, guaranteed in advance. QoS is of particular concern for the
continuous transmission of high-bandwidth video and multimedia information.
Transmitting this kind of content dependably is difficult in public networks using
ordinary "best effort" protocols. QoS can be improved with traffic shaping techniques
such as packet prioritization, application classification and queuing at congestion
points. Using the Internet's Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), packets passing
through a gateway host can be expedited based on policy and reservation criteria
arranged in advance. UsingATM, which also lets a company or user preselect a level
of quality in terms of service, QoS can be measured and guaranteed in terms of the
average delay at a gateway, the variation in delay in a group of cells (cells are 53-byte
transmission units), cell losses, and the transmission error rate.
The Common Open Policy Service (COPS) is a protocol that allows router and layer 3
switches to get QoS policy information from the network policy server.