Yolk sac

Endoderm lining yolk sac

Diverticulum from
the posterior wall of
the yolk sac--------
connecting stalk
Mesodermal cells in the wall of the yolk
sac --------blood cells and vessels =
.ANGIOGENESIS

Undifferentiated Blood islands Primitive capillary

mesenchymal cells
Intra-embryonic mesoderm
Primitive heart tube

+Ectoderm
endoderm

Ectoderm+
endoderm
 Intraembryonic
coelom

Primitive heart
Pericardial cavity

Pleuroperitoneal canal
Derivatives of endoderm
germ layer
1. Rapid longitudinal growth of the central nervous system
especially brain vesicles.
2. Formation of rapidly growing somites.
:Cephalo-caudal Folding

With development of brain vesicles it bulge into the amniotic cavity .1

.embryonic disc folds -----------------

This is more pronounced in cephalic end (head fold) and in caudal .2

.end (tail fold)
 become
Bucco- ventral
pharyngeal
membrane

Heart
 Results:
1. Communication with the yolk sac constrict--------narrow long duct (the
vitelline duct).
2. Large part of yolk sac cavity becomes incorporated in the body of embryo :
In head fold------------foregut (begins with buccopharyngeal membrane).
In tail fold---------------hingut (end at cloacal membrane).
In between the two-------midgut (connected to vitelline duct to yolk sac).

Tail
Head fold
fold

cloaca
 End results
• Buccopharyngeal membrane ruptures in
4th week (mouth opening).
• Cloacal membrane ruptures at 7th week
(anus).
• amniotic fluid enter the foregut through
mouth opening and leave through the anal
opening.
1. Allantois is incorporated in the body of embryo------cloaca.
2. Connecting stalk contains: yolk sac duct+ allantois +
umbilical vessels.
 Lateral folding
Results from rapid growth of somites -----------flat
disc folds laterally (lateral folds) and embryo has a
round appearance
Results:
1.Ventral body wall is established except for the a small area where the
vitelline duct and connecting stalk are attached.
2. Vitelline duct becomes obliterated and midgut losses connection with
yolk sac.
Intraembryonic coelom------------------pleural,
pericardial, and peritoneal cavities
•Parietal (somatic) layer of intraembryonic mesoderm----------- forms the parietal
layer of serous membrane which line the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal
cavities.
•Visceral (splanchnic) layer of intraembryonic mesoderm --------form the visceral
layer of this serous membrane.
 Derivatives of endoderm
• Epithelial lining of primitive gut and cloaca.
• Epithelial lining of respiratory tract.
• Parenchyma of : thyroid, parathyroid, liver
and pancreas.
• Epithelial lining of urinary bladder and
urethra.
• Epithelial lining of middle ear and auditory
tube.