ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD

! Force Method of Analysis: Beams
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements;
Betti’s Law
! Force Method of Analysis: Frames
! Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
! Force Method of Analysis: General
! Composite Structures

1
Force Method of Analysis : Beams

1 Degree of freedom

• Compatibility of displacement • Compatibility of slope

P P
M1 1 2 M1 1 2
A C B A C B

R1 R2 R1 R2
L L
P P
=

=
A C B
∆´2
θ ´1
+

+
1 α11
f22 × R2 × M1

1
∆´2 + f22 R2 = ∆2 = 0 θ ´1 + α11M1 = θ 1= 0 2
2 Degree of freedom P
1 2
A B C D
Ax

Ay R1 R2 Dy
P
A B C D

∆´1 ∆´2

+ f21
A f11 D
xR
R11

1 +
f12

A f22 D
xR
R22
1
∆´1 + f11 R1 + f12 R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21 R1 + f22 R2 3
= ∆2 = 0
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law

f21 1 2
1
A B
f11 f21
m2 M 1 mm
1 • f 21 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 1 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
L
EI

1
A B
f22
f12

m2

4
f12 1 2 m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
1 L
EI
A B m1M 2 mm
1 • f12 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 2 dx
f22 L
EI L
EI
f12 m1m2
f12 = ∫ dx
m2 L
EI

f 21 = f12

Maxwell’s Theorem:
1
A B f ij = f ji

f11 f21

m1

5
f11, f22
1 2
1
A B m1M 1 mm
1 • f11 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 1 dx
f11 f21 L
EI L
EI

m2 M 2 mm
1 • f 22 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1

In general,

1 mi m j
A B 1 • f ij = f = ∫ dx
L
EI
f22
f12 m j mi
1 • f ji = f ji = ∫ dx
L
EI
m2

6
 1 2

P1
A D

d11 = f11 P1 d21 = f21 P1

P2
A D

d12 = f12 P2 d22 = f22 P2

7
Force Method of Analysis: General
Compatibility Eq.
1 2
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
0
∆´1 ∆1

=
f11 f12 R1
w + = 0
∆´2 f12 f22 R
2
∆2
∆´1 ∆´2
f11 f12 R1 ∆´1
=-
+

f12 f22 R
2
∆´2
f11 f21
xR1 General form:
1
f11 f12 f1n R1 ∆´1
+

f21 f22 f2n R2 ∆´2

.. .
f12 .. . = - ..
f22 .
xR2 fn1 fn2 fnn Rn ∆´n
8
1
Example 9-1

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

50 kN

C B
A
6m 6m

9
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement for find reaction

• Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA
B
A C

RA 6m 6m
RB

=
50 kN

∆´B

fBB x R
RBB

Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0 -----(1)

10
1
• Use formulation for ∆´B and fBB

50 kN
A 6m C 6m B ∆´C

6θ´C ∆´B
θ´C
∆´B = ∆´C+ (6 m)θ´C

P(6) 3 P ( 6) 2 50(6)3 (50)(6) 2 9000

∆'B = + ( 6) = + (6) = ,↓
3EI 2 EI 3EI 2 EI EI

fBB
B
A C

PL3 (1)(12) 3 576 1

f BB = = = ,↑
3EI 3EI EI

11
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ 'B + f BB RB = 0
9000
∆'B = ,↓
EI
9000 576 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0 f BB = ,↑
EI EI EI
RB = 15.63 kN,

50 kN
6m 6m
MA B
A C
15.63 kN
RA

Equilibrium equation :

+ ΣMA = 0: M A − 50(6) + 15.63(12) = 0, MA = 112.4 kN, +

+ ΣFy = 0: + RA − 50 + 15.63 = 0, Ra = 34.37 kN,

12
 • Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

50 kN
112.4 kN•m 6m 6m
B
A C
15.63 kN
34.37 kN

34.37
V
(kN) x (m)

-15.63 -15.63

93.78

M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12

-112.44
13
 Or use compatibility of slope to obtain reaction
• Principle of superposition 50 kN

MA 6m 6m
C B
A

=
RA RB
50 kN

A
C B
θ ´A

1
+
fAA

A xM
MAA
C B

Compatibility equation :
θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0 -----(2)
14
• Use the table on the inside front cover for θ´B and fBB
50 kN

A
C B
θ ´A
PL2
θ A'=
16 EI
1 fAA

A
C B
L
f CC =
3EI

Substitute the values in equation: θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0

PL2 L
+: − + MA =0
16 EI 3EI
3PL 3(50)(12)
MA = = = 112.5 kN•m, +
16 16
15
Or use Castigliano least work method

50 kN
x1 x2
12RB - 300 = MA
C B
A
50 - RB = RA 6m 6m
RB

M 12RB - 300 M2 = RBx2

diagram
M1 = (12RB - 300) + (50 - RB)x1
x (m)

L
∂M M
∆B = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
0= (12 − x1 )(12 R B − 300 + 50 x1 − R x
B 1 ) dx1 + x2 ( RB x2 ) dx2

2 2 3 3 3
900 x1 24 x1 50 x1 x1 6 x 6
0 = (144 RB x1 − 3600 x1 + − RB − + RB ) 0 + 2 RB
2 2 3 3 3 0

RB =15.63 kN, 16
Use conjugate beam for find the displacement
50 kN

112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12

93.6/EI
-112

Conjugate Beam

-112/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
M´C
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 V´C 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
17
EI
Use double integration to obtain the displacement
50 kN

112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6

M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
d 2υ
EI 2 = −112 + 34.4 x1
-112 dx
dυ x12
EI = −112 x1 + 34.4 + C1
dx 2
2
x1 x13
EIυ = −112.4 + 34.4 + C1 x1 + C2
2 6
1 62 63 778
∆C = (−112( ) + 34.4( ) + 0 + 0) = − ,↓
EI 2 6 EI

18
Example 9-2

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

16 kN

B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

19
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obain reaction

• Principle of superposition 16 kN

B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
∆´B

+
fBB
× RB
1 kN
Compatibility equation :

∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ 'B + f BB RB -----(1)

20
 • Use conjugate beam method for ∆´B
16 kN

Real A B
C
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m

24
M´ 16
diagram
24
24 72 16 32
EI
Conjugate EI EI EI EI
beam M´´B
40
V´´B
4 2 40 4 2 EI
56 2m 4m 4
3 3 EI 3 3
EI
32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆' B = M ' ' B = − ,↓ 21
EI
 • Use conjugate beam method for fBB

fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 vB´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − mB ' '− ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI

22
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ B = −0.005 m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB

117.33 10.67 117.33

+ ↑: − 0.005 = − + RB ∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI EI EI
10.67
(−0.005) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI
(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN

+
xRB = 5.37
1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
=
16 kN

B C
A

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN 23

• Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve
16 kN

B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m

9.31
V
diagram
-1.32
-6.69
18.62
M
diagram 5.24

Deflected
Curve
∆B = 5 mm 24
Or use Castigliano least work method
• Principle of superposition
16 kN

RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
2m 2m 4m

16 kN

=
12 4
+

0.5RB RB 0.5RB 25
 16 kN
x1 x2 x3

RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
x1 2m 2m 4m
x3
M1 = (12 - 0.5RB)x1 (4 - 0.5RB)x3 = M3
V1 M2 = 0.5x2RB + 16 - 2RB + 4 x2 V3
12 - 0.5RB 4 - 0.5RB

V2
RB 4 - 0.5RB
L
∂M i M i x2 4m
∆ B = −0.005 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
2 2
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
− 0.005 = ( − 0 . 5 x1 )(12 x1 − 0.5 x R
1 B ) dx1 + (0.5 x2 − 2)(0.5 x2 RB + 16 − 2 RB + 4 x2 )dx2
4
1
+
EI 0 ∫ (−0.5 x3 )(4 x3 − 0.5 x3 RB )dx3

26
− 0.005 EI = −117.34 + 10.66 RB , RB = 5.38 kN,
Example 9-3

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.

5 kN/m

A B
4m 4m

27
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

• Principle of superposition
5 kN/m
A B
θA=0 θB=0
4m 4m

=
5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B

+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
Compatibility equation :
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1)
28
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
 • Use formulation: θ´A, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB,

5 kN/m

θ´A θ´B

3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI 1 kN•m

αAA αBA αAB

αBB

M o L 1(8) 2.67 M o L 1(8) 2.67

α AA = = = α BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 3EI 3EI EI
M o L 1(8) 1.33 M o L 1(8) 1.33
α BA = = = α AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 6 EI 6 EI EI

Note : Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement is αAB = αBA 29

• Substitute θ´A, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB, in Eq. (1) and (2) 60
θ 'A =
EI
5 kN/m
2.67
A B
α AA =
θA=0 θB=0 EI
4m 4m
1.33
α AB =
EI

=
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1) 46.67
θ 'B =
EI
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
1.33
α BA =
60 2.67 1.33 EI
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B 2.67
EI EI EI α BB =
EI
46.67 1.33 2.67
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B
EI EI EI

Solving these equations simultaneously, we haave

MA = -18.31 kN•m, +

MB = -8.36 kN•m, +
30
 MA = -18.31 kN•m, +

MB = -8.36 kN•m, +

5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m

RA 4m 4m RB

+ ΣMA = 0: 18.31 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.36 = 0, RB = 3.76 kN,

3.76
+ ΣFy = 0: + R A − 20 + RB = 0, Ra = 16.24 kN,

31
• Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve

5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m

16.24 kN 4m 4m 3.76 kN

16.24
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.76

M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.31

Deflected
Curve
32
Force Method of Analysis : Frames

• Principle of superposition
fCC × C x
B ∆´CH
C 1 kN
Cx

Cy
w w
= +

A Ax

Ay

Compatibility equation :

∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x

33
Example 9-4

Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the Frame shown below.EI is constant.

B 6m C

2 kN/m

6m

34
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

• Principle of superposition
fCC × C x
B 6m ∆´CH
C 1 kN
Cx

Cy
2 kN/m

2 kN/m
6m
= +

A Ax

Ay

Compatibility equation :

∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)

35
 • Use Castigliano’s method for ∆´CH
∆´CH x2 M´2 = (6 + P)x2
B 6m
C P P

2 kN/m
V´2 x2
3m
2 kN/m

Cy 6+P 6+P
6m 12 kN M´1 = (12 + P)x1- x12
3m
x1 V´1
Ax -12 - P
2x1 x1
A
-12 - P
Ay -6 - P

-6 - P
6 0 6 0
L
∂M 'i M 'i 1 1
∫ ∫
2
∆ 'CH = ∫( ) dx = ( x1 ) (12 x1 + x1 P − x1 )dx1 + ( x2 )(6 x2 + x2 P) dx2
∂P EI EI 0 EI 0
0
6 6
1 1
∫ ∫
2 3 2
= (12 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + ( 6 x 2 ) dx2
EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 12 x1 x1 6 1 6 x2 6
972
= ( − )0+ ( ) = ,→
EI 3 4 EI 3 0
EI 36
 • Use Castigliano’s method for fCC
fCC m´2 = x2P
x2
B 6m
C P P
1 kN
v´2 x2
Cy P P
6m m´1 = x1P

x1 v´1
Ax -P
A x1
-P
Ay -P

-P
6 1 6 1
L
∂m' m' 1 1
f CC = ∫ ( i ) i dx =
∂P EI
∫
EI 0
( x1 )( x1 P)dx1 + ∫
EI 0
( x2 )( x2 P )dx2
0

3 3
1 x1 6 1 x2 6
144
= ( ) + ( ) = ,→
EI 3 0 EI 3 0
EI

37
 • Substitute ∆´CH and fCC in Eq. (1) ∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)

972
972 144 ∆ CH = ,→
+: 0= + Cx EI
EI EI 144
f cc = ,→
EI
Cx = -6.75 kN,

1 kN B C 6.75 kN

2 kN/m
2 kN/m

6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
+ × C x = −6.75kN =
12 kN 1 kN 5.25 kN
A
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN

38
 Or use Castigliano least work method:
x2
M2 = (6-Cx)x2
B 6m C Cx
Cx
V2 x2
2 kN/m

6 - Cx 6 - Cx
6m
M1 = (12 - Cx)x1- x12
x1
A 12 - Cx V1
2x1 x1
6 - Cx
L 12 - Cx
∂U i ∂M i M i
= ∫( ) dx = ∆ CH = 0
∂C x 0 ∂C x EI
6 - Cx
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2
0= ( − x1 )(12 x1 − C x
x 1 − x1 ) dx1 + (− x2 )(6 x2 − C x x2 )dx2

3 3 4 3 3
12 x1 C x x1 x1 6 6x C x 6
0 = (− + + ) 0 + (− 2 + x 2
3 3 4 3 3 0

0 = -972 + 144Cx , Cx = 6.75 kN, 39

 • Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve
B 6m C B C
6.75 kN - 0.75 - 0.75
- 6.75
2 kN/m

0.75 kN
6m V, (kN)

2.63 m
5.25 kN 5.25 A
A
0.75 kN

B C B -4.5 C
1.33 m
-4.5

Deflected curve 6.90 M, (kN•m)

A A
40
Force Method of Analysis : Truss (Externally indeterminate)

E D

A Ax Cx ∆'CH + f CC C x = ∆ CH = 0
B C
Ay Cy

P
=

E D E D

+
A A C 1
x Cx
B C B

P ∆´C fCC 41
Truss (Internally indeterminate)

P
D 3
6 C
1 2
5
A 4 B
∆'6 + f 66 F6 = ∆ 6 = 0

= P
D D
C f66 C
∆´6
+ 1
xF6

A B A B

42
Example 9-5

Determine the reaction at support A, C, E and all the member forces. Take E
= 200 GPa and A = 500. mm2 .

E 40 kN

4m D

C
A B
5m 5m

43
 SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction

• Principle of superposition
RE
E 40 kN

4 m Ay D

Ax C
A B
5m 5m
RC

=
40 kN
× Cy
fCC
+
∆´C

1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC -----(1)
44
 • Use unit load method for ∆´C and fcc
5.39
m
20 Σ n´iN´iLi
53.85 5.39 ∆´C =
m AiEi
E 40 kN
50 +53
.85 (53.85)(-2.69)(5.38)
D =
4 m 20 kN (200x106)(500x10-6)
85 0
-53. 0 =- 7.81 mm,
C
50 A 0 B 0 ∆´C
Σ ni´n´iLi
5m 5m fCC =
AiEi
N ´i (kN)
1 2(-2.69)2(5.385)
53.85 =
E
2.5 -2.6 (200x106)(500x10-6)
9
D 2(2.5)2(5)
0 -2.6 fCC +
0 9
0 (200x106)(500x10-6)

2.5 A +2.5 B +2.5 C = 1.41 mm,

1 kN
n´i (kN) 45
 • Substitute ∆´Cv and fCC in Eq. (1): ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC ∆ 'C = 7.81 mm, ↓

+ ↑: −7.81 + 1.41RC = 0 f CC = 1.41 mm, ↑

RC = 5.54 kN , ↑
20 1
53.85 53.85
E 40 kN E
+53 -2.6
50 .85 9
2.5 xRC = 5.54 kN
D

+
20 kN D
0 -2.6
53.85 0 0 9
- 0 0
C C
50 A 0 B 0 A +2.5 B +2.5
2.5
N ´i (kN) 1 kN
n´i (kN)

=
38.93 kN 14.46 kN
E 40 kN
+38
36.15 kN .95
D -1
20 kN 53.85 4.90
- 0 21.8o
36.15 kN
C
A +13.85 B +13.85
5.54 kN 46
N i (kN)
Or use Castigliano least work method:
5.39
m
-2.7 RC + 53.85 = RE 5.39
E -2.7 R 40 kN m
C +5
3.85
D
4m 5 -2.7
. 8 RC
-53
0 21.8o
Ax = -2.5RC +50 = Ax C
A 2.5RC B 2.5RC
RC
Ay = 20
5m 5m
Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work :

∂N i N i Li
∆ CV = 0 = ∑ ( )
∂RC AE
1
0= [(−2.7)(−2.7 RC + 53.85)(5.39) + ( −2.7)(−2.7 RC )(5.39) + 0 + 0 + 2[(2.5)(2.5 RC )(5)]]
AE
0 = 39.3RC − 783.68 + 39.3RC + 62.5 RC

RC = 5.55 kN, 47
Example 9-6

Determine the force in all member of the truss shown :

(a) If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
(b) If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by
1 mm.
(c) If (a) and (b) are both accounted.
Each bar has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.

D C

2m
A B

3m

48
 SOLUTION Part (a) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.

• Principle of superposition
6 kN
D 1
6 C
3 4 2m
5
A 2 B

3m
3m

=
D C 6 kN D C
∆´6 1 E´
1
E E´
2m + E f66 ×F6
A B A B

Compatibility equation : ∆´6 + f66 F6 = 0 ----------(1)

49
Note : AE + E ' C = L
 • Use unit load method for ∆´6 and f66
3m
D +6 C 6 kN D -0.832 C 3
∆´6 1 6 1
1 3.
+4 E E´ 0 -0.555 3.6 2
+6 2 m -0.555 1 2
1
-7.
A 2 1 B -0.832 3
6 0
A B
N ´i (kN) n´i (kN)
4 0 Li (m)
4 0
-14.98 2.08
n'i N 'i Li
1 ∆ '6 = ∑
0 6
3. Ai Ei
-4.44 -2 0 0.616 3.6 0.616
6. 0 1 1
3 = [−4.44 − 26.03 − 2(14.98)]
-14.98 2.08 AE
− 60.43
=
n´iN ´iLi (kN2•m) n´i2Li (kN2•m) AE

2
n' L 1 12.61
f 66 = ∑ i i = [2(0.616) + 2(2.08) + 2(3.61)] =
Ai Ei AE AE 50
 • Substitute ∆´6 and f66 in Eq. (1)

60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0
AE AE
F6 = 4.80 kN, (T)
3m
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
∆´6 1
+4 E E´ 0 1
+6 -7.
2m + -0.555 1
-0.555 x F6 = 4.80 kN
2 1 -0.832
6 0 A B
N ´i (kN) n´i (kN)
4 0
4 = 0
+2 6 kN
D
. 80 C
+4 -
+1.34 2.4 -2.66
1
A +2 B
6
Ni (kN) 4 51
4
 Part (b) : If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm.

12.61 12.61
f 66 = = = 1.26(10-4) m = 0.126 mm
AE (500)(200)
1 mm
F6 = (1 kN ) = 7.94 kN
0.126 mm

D -0.832 C -6.61
D
1 . 94 C
1 +7 7
-0.555 -0.555 -4.41 .94 -4.41
1

0 A -0.832 B x F6 = 7.94 kN = 6
-6.61 B
n´i (kN) A Ni (kN)
0 4
0 4

52
 Part (c) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C and the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm are both accounted.

+2 6 kN -6.61
D D
. 80 C . 94 C
+4 - +7 7
+1.34 2.4 -2.66 -4.41 .94 -4.41

+
1
A +2 -6.61
6 B 0 B
(Ni)load (kN) A (Ni)short (kN)
4 0
4 0

=
-4.61 6 kN
D
. 74 C
1 2
-3.07 5.5 -7.07
3
-4.61 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
4
53
Or use compatibility equation :
∆´6 + f66 F6 = ∆´6 = 0.001
60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0.001
AE AE
0.001AE + 60.43 0.001(500)(200) + 60.43
F6 = = = 12.72 kN, (T)
12.61 12.61
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
1 1
∆´6 1
0
+4 -7
. 21 + -0.555 f66 -0.555
x F6 = 12.72 kN
6 +6 A -0.832
0 B
N ´i (kN) n´i (kN)
=
4 0
4 0
-4.58
D 6 kN
2 C
.7
12 5.5
-3.06 -7.06
1
-4.58 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
54
4
Composite Structures
Example 9-7

Find all reaction and the tensile force in the steel support cable. Consider both
bending and axial deformation.

Steel cable
Ac = 2(10-4) m2 C
Ec = 200(103) kN/m2

2m
A
B
Ab = 0.06 m2
5 kN
Ib = 5(10-4) m4
Eb = 9.65(103) kN/m2

6m

55
 SOLUTION
C RC = T
m
6.32

2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
0.316T
T By Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work ;
M = 0.316Tx - 5x ∂
∆C = 0 = (U ib + U in )
N = -0.949T ∂T
0.949T L
∂M M
L
∂N N
V ∆C = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx + ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂ T EI 0
∂T AE
5 kN
6 6 6.32
1 1 1
Eb I b ∫0 Ab Eb ∫0 ∫ (1)(T )dx
0= ( 0 . 316 x )( 0 . 316 xT − 5 x ) dx + ( − 0 . 949 )( −0 . 949T ) dx +
Ac Ec 0

1 0.316 2 x 3 (0.316 × 5) x 3 6 1 6
1 6.32

0= [( T) − ]0+ (0.949 xT ) 0 +
2
( xT )
Eb I b 3 3 Ab Eb Ac Ec 0

0 = (1.49T - 23.58) + 9.33(10-3)T + 0.158T ; T = 14.23 kN, (tension) # 56

 4.5 kN
C RC = T = 14.23 kN
m
6.32 13.5 kN

2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By

+ ΣF = 0: Bx = Rc cos θ = 13.5 kN,

x

+ ΣFy = 0: By = 5 - Rc sin θ = 0.5 kN,

+ ΣMB = 0: MB = 13.5(2) - 5(6) = -3 kN•m, +

57